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2003

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The Subcircuit Extraction Problem, Nian Zhang, Donald C. Wunsch, Frank Harary Jan 2003

The Subcircuit Extraction Problem, Nian Zhang, Donald C. Wunsch, Frank Harary

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The steady down scaling of CMOS device dimensions has been the main stimulus to the growth of microelectronics and computer aided very large scale integration (VLSI) design. But the more an integrated circuit (IC) is scaled, the higher its packing density becomes. The increasing size of chips, measured in either area or number of transistors, and the waste of the large capital investment involved in fabricating and testing circuits that do not work, make layout analysis and verification an important part of physical design automation. The most efficient way to overcome these difficulties is to identify a related collection of …

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A Discrete-Time Model For Spatio-Temporally Correlated Mimo Wssus Multipath Channels, Chengshan Xiao, Jingxian Wu, Sang-Yick Leong, Y. Rosa Zheng, Khaled Ben Letaief Jan 2003

A Discrete-Time Model For Spatio-Temporally Correlated Mimo Wssus Multipath Channels, Chengshan Xiao, Jingxian Wu, Sang-Yick Leong, Y. Rosa Zheng, Khaled Ben Letaief

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

In this paper, a statistical discrete-time model is proposed for simulating wideband MIMO channels which experience spatially and temporally correlated, widesense stationary uncorrelated scattering (WSSUS) multipath Rayleigh fading. A new method is also presented to efficiently generate the correlated MIMO channel coefficients, which can be used for accurate simulation of physical continuous-time MIMO channel. The statistic accuracy of the discrete-time MIMO channel model is rigorously verified through theoretical analysis and extensive simulations in different criteria.

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Electrochemical And Hydrodynamic Interferences On The Performance Of An Oxygen Microsensor With Built-In Electrochemical Microactuator, Chang-Soo Kim, Chae-Hyang Lee Jan 2003

Electrochemical And Hydrodynamic Interferences On The Performance Of An Oxygen Microsensor With Built-In Electrochemical Microactuator, Chang-Soo Kim, Chae-Hyang Lee

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

An in situ self-diagnostic technique for a dissolved oxygen microsensor is proposed in an effort to devise an intelligent microsensor system with an integrated electro-chemical actuation electrode. With a built-in platinum microelectrode that surrounds the microsensor, two kinds of microenvironments (oxygen-saturated or oxygen-depleted phases) can be created by water electrolysis depending on the polarity. The functionality of the microsensor can be checked during these microenvironment phases. The polarographic oxygen microsensor is fabricated on a flexible polyimide substrate (Kapton/sup ©/) and the influences of electrochemical and hydrodynamic conditions on the sensor responses have been investigated.

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Evolving Digital Circuits Using Particle Swarm, Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy, Venu Gopal Gudise Jan 2003

Evolving Digital Circuits Using Particle Swarm, Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy, Venu Gopal Gudise

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Particle swarm optimization (PSO) motivated by the social behavior of organisms is proposed for evolution of combinational logic circuits. Results are presented to show that PSO based evolution of digital circuits are equivalent to or even with better solutions (with minimum number of logic gates) than that of a human designer and other genetic algorithm (GA) based techniques. This PSO based approach converges faster than other approaches reported in literature using genetic algorithms and as a result the computational intensity involved in hardware evolution is reduced. Examples taken from the literature are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed …

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Measurement Of Mode Patterns In A High-Power Microwave Cavity, Sergey Kharkovsky, U. C. Hasar Jan 2003

Measurement Of Mode Patterns In A High-Power Microwave Cavity, Sergey Kharkovsky, U. C. Hasar

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A wet thermal paper method for measuring of mode patterns and heat distributions in a high-power microwave multimode cavity is developed. The exposure time of the paper is evaluated. It is shown that this method allows measuring and recording mode patterns in the loaded and unloaded cavity, and the heat distribution inside the cavity with a load movement. The mode patterns and heat distributions along horizontal and vertical planes of the cavity are presented. Possible applications of the method in medicine and biology are discussed, and a calibration protocol of a microwave oven for microwave radiation exposure on cell cultures …

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Neural Networks Skin Tumor Diagnostic System, Zhao Zhang, William V. Stoecker, Randy Hays Moss Jan 2003

Neural Networks Skin Tumor Diagnostic System, Zhao Zhang, William V. Stoecker, Randy Hays Moss

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

In this study, a malignant melanoma diagnostic system is designed using a straightforward neural network with the back-propagation learning algorithm. Eleven features are automatically extracted from skin tumor images. The correct diagnostic rate of this system is better than the average rate of 16 dermatologists who based their diagnosis with only the slide images.

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Introduction, Mohammad H. Fadel Jan 2003

Introduction, Mohammad H. Fadel

Fordham International Law Journal

Fordham International Law Journal's special issue on Islamic law includes articles that present a broad variety of themes, from the historical to the contemporary, from the philosophical to the empirical, and from the theoretical to the practical. In light of the generally poor understanding of Islamic law among American lawyers, one can only hope that a publication such as this succeeds in generating greater intellectual curiosity about Islamic law among readers of American law journals. The authors hope that this collection of Articles will lead to renewed interest in Islamic law and theology as intellectually gratifying topics of inquiry in …

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Islam And The Challenge Of Democratic Commitment, Dr. Khaled Abou El-Fadl Jan 2003

Islam And The Challenge Of Democratic Commitment, Dr. Khaled Abou El-Fadl

Fordham International Law Journal

The author questions whether concurrent and simultaneous moral and normative commitments to Islam and to a democratic form of government are reconcilable or mutually exclusive. The author will argue in this Article that it is indeed possible to reconcile Islam with a commitment in favor of democracy. The author will then present a systematic exploration of Islamic theology and law as it relates to a democratic system of government, and in this context, address the various elements within Islamic belief and practice that promote, challenge, or hinder the emergence of an ideological commitment in favor of democracy. In many ways, …

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"Interest" And The Paradox Of Contemporary Islamic Law And Finance, Mahmoud A. El-Gamal Jan 2003

"Interest" And The Paradox Of Contemporary Islamic Law And Finance, Mahmoud A. El-Gamal

Fordham International Law Journal

In Sections 1 and 2, the article shall provide a brief introduction to various notions of Islamic law as they exist today, as well as the common-law nature of Islamic jurisprudence to establish the possibility of finding a compromise that renders minor modifications of the existing juristic positions coherent. In Sections 3 and 4, the article will provide translations of the entire Azhar Islamic Research Institute (IRI) fatwa, and large excerpts from the Council of the Islamic Jurisprudence Academy's (IJA) rebuttal together with discussions of the juristic backgrounds of each opinion. In Section 5, the author will discuss the ideological …

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An Islamic Perspective On Domestic Violence, Azizah Y. Al-Hibri Jan 2003

An Islamic Perspective On Domestic Violence, Azizah Y. Al-Hibri

Fordham International Law Journal

In this Article, the author addresses the traditional Islamic view of domestic violence. To understand the Islamic perspective on domestic violence, the author will explore the Islamic view of gender relations, especially within the family. This view is rooted in the Qur'an, which is examined in this Article.

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Judicial Activism Of The Shari'ah Appeals Court In Israel (1994 - 2001): Rise And Crisis, Dr. Moussa Abou Ramadan Jan 2003

Judicial Activism Of The Shari'ah Appeals Court In Israel (1994 - 2001): Rise And Crisis, Dr. Moussa Abou Ramadan

Fordham International Law Journal

The main thesis of this Article is that after 1994, with the nomination of new qadis to the Shari‘ah Court, a process of judicial activism began, which continues until this day. This process has been characterized by the qadis' attempts to strengthen the position of the Shari‘ah Appeals Court. In some fields the qadis' activism has been more successful than in others. Recently however, it seems that the Shari‘ah system is undergoing a crisis. The author will analyze the actions of the Shari‘ah Appeals Court on several parallel levels: (1) the strengthening of its position compared with those of the …

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Martyrdom, Suicide, And The Islamic Law Of War: A Short Legal History, Bernard K. Freamon Jan 2003

Martyrdom, Suicide, And The Islamic Law Of War: A Short Legal History, Bernard K. Freamon

Fordham International Law Journal

This Article is concerned with one key aspect of the law of the military jihad: the Islamic concept of martyrdom [shahada or istishhad]. This Article will demonstrate that the current Islamist financing and systematic organization and direction of self-annihilatory acts of violence is only weakly supported, if at all, by the classical sources on martyrdom in Islamic law and jurisprudence. The Article will show that current justifications for self-annihilatory violence are instead the result of a major reinterpretation of the theology and religious law on martyrdom and the military jihad advanced by Shi'ite theologians and jurists in Iraq and Iran …

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Penumbras, Privacy, And The Death Of Morals-Based Legislation: Comparing U.S. Constitutional Law With The Inherent Right Of Privacy In Islamic Jurisprudence, Seema Saifee Jan 2003

Penumbras, Privacy, And The Death Of Morals-Based Legislation: Comparing U.S. Constitutional Law With The Inherent Right Of Privacy In Islamic Jurisprudence, Seema Saifee

Fordham International Law Journal

In an effort to separate the Islamic regulatory scheme with respect to the criminalization of consensual sexual conduct from the caricature espoused by many Western thinkers, this Note provides a comparative analysis of the criminalization of private consensual sexual conduct in Islamic law and U.S. constitutional jurisprudence on the right of privacy. Part I provides a brief background of Islamic and U.S. criminal regulations on consensual sex and outlines the evolution of constitutional privacy jurisprudence in the U.S. Supreme Court. Part II first examines the evidentiary and procedural requirements pertaining to the criminalization of consensual sexual intercourse in Islamic law, …

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Secession From The European Union: Checking Out Of The Proverbial "Cockroach Motel", Raymond J. Friel Jan 2003

Secession From The European Union: Checking Out Of The Proverbial "Cockroach Motel", Raymond J. Friel

Fordham International Law Journal

This Article examines the likelihood of secession from the Union and whether or not it legally possible. It asks what process would have to be invoked and examines the role and function of a European army in secession and whether such an army may be called upon to intervene to prevent secession. This Article, finally, looks at the current proposals being discussed in regards to reforming the Union.

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Introducing Eu Competition Law And Policy In Central And Eastern Europe: Requirements In Theory And Problems In Practice, Frank Emmert Jan 2003

Introducing Eu Competition Law And Policy In Central And Eastern Europe: Requirements In Theory And Problems In Practice, Frank Emmert

Fordham International Law Journal

This Article gives an overview of the requirements that must be fulfilled before a Central and Eastern European Country ("CEEC") can truly claim to be willing and able to apply the acquis communautaire in the field of competition law and policy and thus to be ready for full membership in the European Union ("EU").

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Enlargement Of The European Union – The Discrepancy Between Membership Obligations And Accession Conditions As Regards The Protection Of Minorities, Christophe Hillion Jan 2003

Enlargement Of The European Union – The Discrepancy Between Membership Obligations And Accession Conditions As Regards The Protection Of Minorities, Christophe Hillion

Fordham International Law Journal

This Article will focus on one particular accession condition that is illustrative of this phenomenon, namely, the protection of minorities. The Copenhagen criteria encompass the "respect for and protection of minorities" as one of the conditions for acceding to the Union, but the Treaty on European Union ("TEU") does not explicitly mention the protection of minorities as one of the EU's principles, objectives, or competences. It is argued that the question of minority rights could find its way onto the EU internal policy agenda not only as a concern of various new Member States, but also as an unintended consequence …

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A New Perspective, Volume 27 Jan 2003

A New Perspective, Volume 27

Fordham International Law Journal

No abstract provided.

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Fundamental Facets Of The United States-Jordan Free Trade Agreement: E-Commerce, Dispute Resolution, And Beyond, Mohammad Nsour Jan 2003

Fundamental Facets Of The United States-Jordan Free Trade Agreement: E-Commerce, Dispute Resolution, And Beyond, Mohammad Nsour

Fordham International Law Journal

Part I of this Article discusses e-commerce in the U.S.-Jordan FTA. Part I begins with definitions of basic issues in the e-commerce regime, such as electronic signatures. Thereafter, Part I highlights the ways in which some of the important international regimes have dealt with e-commerce, as in the GATS. Finally, and most importantly, Part I will provide a legal analysis of issues related to e-commerce, which are mentioned in the U.S.-Jordan Joint Statement on E-Commerce, such as privacy. Due to the fact that the World Trade Organization's ("WTO") dispute settlement system is the dominant one for trade disputes, Part II …

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Regulation Without Borders: The Impact Of Sarbanes-Oxley On European Companies, Maria Camilla Cardilli Jan 2003

Regulation Without Borders: The Impact Of Sarbanes-Oxley On European Companies, Maria Camilla Cardilli

Fordham International Law Journal

The purpose of this study is to: (i) outline the key provisions of Sarbanes-Oxley, highlighting the aspects of the Act which are most likely to impact European companies as well as their officers and directors; (ii) point out the provisions of the Act which conflict with EU national laws; and (iii) illustrate the key points of the proposed European reform of corporate governance, as formulated on November 4, 2002 by the High Level Group of Company Law Experts appointed by the European Commission.

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A Consumer's Dream Or Pandora's Box: Is Arbitration A Viable Option For Cross-Border Consumer Disputes?, Donna M. Bates Jan 2003

A Consumer's Dream Or Pandora's Box: Is Arbitration A Viable Option For Cross-Border Consumer Disputes?, Donna M. Bates

Fordham International Law Journal

This Note discusses current consumer arbitration policies and analyzes whether traditional arbitration is adequate to address consumer disputes in the new cross-border shopping environment. Part I discusses the importance of consumer protection and reviews the consumer arbitration regimes of the United States and the European Union. Part II discusses the criticisms of the current policies toward consumer arbitration in the United States and the European Union. Part II also highlights the unique problems of consumer dispute resolution in cross-border transactions and raises some concerns unique to dispute resolution on the Internet. Part III concludes that traditional arbitration systems are not …

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Law "Of Our Own Style": The Evolution And Challenges Of The North Korean Legal System, Patricia Goedde Jan 2003

Law "Of Our Own Style": The Evolution And Challenges Of The North Korean Legal System, Patricia Goedde

Fordham International Law Journal

In this Essay, I first briefly present theoretical contexts that may aid in defining the North Korean legal system. Next, I trace the evolution of the North Korean legal system by examining the North Korean reaction to various legal influences of the Japanese occupation, Soviet tutelage, and traditional Korean practices, and outline the current politico-legal structure. In the final section, I inquire whether the North Korean legal structure can accommodate a different legal system necessitating rule-of-law requirements, as applied to its foreign investment regime and, perhaps some day, nationwide. Although the main purpose of this Essay is to introduce the …

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The Challenges Of Attracting Foreign Investment Into North Korea: The Legal Regimes Of Sinuiju And Gaeseong, Joongi Kim Jan 2003

The Challenges Of Attracting Foreign Investment Into North Korea: The Legal Regimes Of Sinuiju And Gaeseong, Joongi Kim

Fordham International Law Journal

Though still in its infant stages, the process of establishing the Sinuiju Special Administrative Region and the Gaeseong Industrial Complex heralds a tremendous paradigm shift on the part of North Korea. This Essay will seek to analyze the comprehensive legal structure that North Korea has adopted for these regions. It will seek to offer a glimpse into the future of how North Korea will establish similar economic zones throughout the country and, eventually, a market-based economic system across the entire country. This Essay will first offer an overview of the impetus behind North Korea's efforts to develop Sinuiju and Gaeseong. …

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The Legal Development Of The Environmental Policy In The Democratic People's Republic Of Korea, Sangmin Nam Jan 2003

The Legal Development Of The Environmental Policy In The Democratic People's Republic Of Korea, Sangmin Nam

Fordham International Law Journal

Credited with transforming North Korea into a green and livable people's land due to his environmental vision, Kim Il Sung often pointed out serious environmental degradation, such as air pollution in industrial cities, water pollution, and deforestation. Eventually, the leadership turned to laws for better implementation of environmental protection. In explaining this law-making process, this Essay first discusses the understanding and interpretation of the environment in the DPRK. It is critical to discuss North Korean leaders' perceptions of the environment because their interpretation precedes the decisions and laws of the Cabinet and the Korean Workers' Party. After discussing the failings …

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The Special Economic Zones And North Korean Economic Reformation With A Viewpoint Of International Law, Eric Yong-Joong Lee Jan 2003

The Special Economic Zones And North Korean Economic Reformation With A Viewpoint Of International Law, Eric Yong-Joong Lee

Fordham International Law Journal

This Article is composed of three Parts. Part I reviews the establishment of the SEZs in North Korea. This Part will introduce four SEZs currently in action and the grand scheme of the Tumen River Area Development Project. The backgrounds, purposes, and roles of the SEZs will also be addressed in this part. Part II deals with the legal instruments of North Korea involved in the economic reformation in these zones. This Part will systematically analyze the laws and regulations relating to inducing foreign investment in SEZs. Part III investigates protection against political risks in the SEZs, which is one …

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The Sword In The Mirror – The Lawfulness Of North Korea's Use And Threat Of Use Of Nuclear Weapons Based On The United States' Legitimization Of Nuclear Weapons, Charles J. Moxley, Jr. Jan 2003

The Sword In The Mirror – The Lawfulness Of North Korea's Use And Threat Of Use Of Nuclear Weapons Based On The United States' Legitimization Of Nuclear Weapons, Charles J. Moxley, Jr.

Fordham International Law Journal

This Article addresses the lawfulness of the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons by the Democratic People's Republic of Korea ("North Korea" or "DPRK"). I address the topic from three perspectives: 1) North Korea's own statements of the matter; 2) U.S. statements of the law as applied to its own nuclear weapons; and 3) my evaluation of the matter based on international law as stated by the United States and as found by the International Court of Justice in the Nuclear Weapons Advisory Decision.

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Moving Forward, Never Backwards: Preventing Fraud In The European Union And Defining European Central Bank Independence , Shaun A. Reader Jan 2003

Moving Forward, Never Backwards: Preventing Fraud In The European Union And Defining European Central Bank Independence , Shaun A. Reader

Fordham International Law Journal

Part I of this Note will describe the need for anti-fraud measures within the Community. Part I will also detail the various legislative actions taken by the Commission, the Parliament and Council, and by the ECB and by the EIB to combat fraud. Part II will present the Commission's case against the ECB, the ECB's defense, the views expressed by Advocate General Jacobs and the ultimate judgment of the ECJ. Part II will focus primarily on the Commission v. ECB, but will note similarities and variances from the Commission's case against the EIB. Finally, Part III will discuss the leeway …

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America's De Facto Guest Workers: Lessons From Germany's Gastarbeiter For U.S. Immigration Reform, Nicole Jacoby Jan 2003

America's De Facto Guest Workers: Lessons From Germany's Gastarbeiter For U.S. Immigration Reform, Nicole Jacoby

Fordham International Law Journal

Part I of this Note describes West Germany's post-war Gastarbeiter [guest worker] program from 1961 to 1972. Part II focuses on the long-term results of the Gastarbeiter program, with special emphasis on the legal status of Turkish Gastarbeiter in Germany. This assessment concludes that guest worker programs inevitably result in the permanent settlement of foreigners in the host country. If not properly anticipated and planned for, this settlement leads to social stratification and political divisiveness. Part II also presents for comparison U.S. immigration policies and their effect on Mexican immigrant workers. The section asserts that the United States over the …

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No Recourse: Transnational Corporations And The Protection Of Economic, Social, And Cultural Rights In Bolivia , Maria Mcfarland Sánchez-Moreno, Tracy Higgins Jan 2003

No Recourse: Transnational Corporations And The Protection Of Economic, Social, And Cultural Rights In Bolivia , Maria Mcfarland Sánchez-Moreno, Tracy Higgins

Fordham International Law Journal

This Report analyzes two cases in which TNC activities have had an impact on Bolivian citizens' enjoyment of economic, social, and cultural rights (“ESC rights”). In so doing, it analyzes not only corporate conduct but also the Bolivian government's role in protecting ESC rights from violation. The cases involve an oil spill by Transredes, a TNC partly owned by Enron and Shell, in Bolivia's Desaguadero River, which affected over one hundred indigenous communities; and the water war that took place in the city of Cochabamba over the privatization of Cochabamba's water system and its operation by the consortium Aguas del …

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Developments, Issues, And New Remedies – The Duties Of National Authorities And Courts Under Article 10 Of The Ec Treaty , John Temple Lang Jan 2003

Developments, Issues, And New Remedies – The Duties Of National Authorities And Courts Under Article 10 Of The Ec Treaty , John Temple Lang

Fordham International Law Journal

The Court of Justice is using Article 10 of the EC Treaty more frequently, in a wide variety of cases. This Article summarizes and comments briefly on more than forty cases which have been decided and issues which have arisen since the Congress of FIDE, the Fédération Internationale pour le Droit Européen, in Helsinki in 2000, where the case law on Article 10 was discussed at length. The Court is continuing to draw a variety of practical conclusions from the general words of the Article, elaborating and applying existing case-law, and ruling on both positive and negative duties resulting from …

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Two Roads Diverged In A Yellow Wood: The European Community Stays On The Path To Strict Liability, Josephine Liu Jan 2003

Two Roads Diverged In A Yellow Wood: The European Community Stays On The Path To Strict Liability, Josephine Liu

Fordham International Law Journal

Part I of this Note will briefly outline Community policy on product liability as detailed by the Product Liability Directive, then review the development of product liability law in various Member States of the European Community. Part II will analyze how the concept of state-of-the-art highlighted tensions between a strict liability regime and a negligence regime in U.S. product liability. It will then review similar discord in the European Community caused by the development risk defense. Finally, Part III of this Note will argue that in contrast to the United States, the European Community has thus far chosen to stay …

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