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2003

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The Relationship Between Self-Efficacy Expectations And Career-Choice., Geraldine January Jan 2003

The Relationship Between Self-Efficacy Expectations And Career-Choice., Geraldine January

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Analysis of responses from (N = 64) undergraduate students enrolled in Learning Strategies and Orientation courses on the Career Decision Making Self-Efficacy scale and the Occupational Self-Efficacy Scale, revealed that participants who selected male-dominated careers scored higher on the goal selection subscale compared to participants in the female-dominated group. Similar results were observed for career decision-making, self-efficacy and major status. As predicted, the scores for males on the OSES indicated that males reported equally higher scores for male and female-dominated occupations, whereas females reported higher self-efficacy for female-dominated occupations compared to male-dominated occupations.

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Preserving Art Music In The Mountain State: A Study Of The West Virginia Federal Music Project Orchestras, 1935-1939., Travis D. Stimeling Jan 2003

Preserving Art Music In The Mountain State: A Study Of The West Virginia Federal Music Project Orchestras, 1935-1939., Travis D. Stimeling

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The Federal Music Project of the Works Progress Administration (FMP) came to West Virginia in 1936 to establish orchestras in the state’s cities and to provide short-term employment for instrumentalists left destitute by the Depression and the advent of recorded sound. These ensembles were also designed to serve a subsidiary purpose: presenting free musical entertainment to the general public to alleviate temporarily the psychological burdens of the Depression. Implicit in their concerns for both displaced audiences and unemployed performers was the existence, prior to the onset of the economic crises of the 1930s, of a thriving culture for art music …

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A Content Analysis Of Calvin Klein Jean Advertisements In Relationship To Consumers' Purchase Intentions Through A Qualitative And Quantitative Approach., Shana Bock Jan 2003

A Content Analysis Of Calvin Klein Jean Advertisements In Relationship To Consumers' Purchase Intentions Through A Qualitative And Quantitative Approach., Shana Bock

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The following literature review and methods focused on understanding what effect advertisements have on consumers by demonstrating past and present methods and findings. The qualitative research aimed to seek a better understanding of the ways Calvin Klein expressed sexual and image content in his jean advertisements over an 11-year time span by analyzing and evaluating 25 jean advertisements. Each advertisement was coded for type of gaze, weight, gender, hair color, age, ethnicity, and pose (see appendix A for codebook). The quantitative research focused on a survey that was used to investigate the relationship between three types of gazes (seductive, soft/introverted, …

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Cortisol Responsivity: Association With Fear And Pain Related To Root Canal Therapy., Lori L. Gochenour Jan 2003

Cortisol Responsivity: Association With Fear And Pain Related To Root Canal Therapy., Lori L. Gochenour

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Salivary cortisol levels were evaluated along with fear and pain ratings at three points during root canal therapy to determine whether informational videotapes could affect responsivity. Sixty-three emergency and routine root canal patients participated. Informed consent first was obtained and salivary samples collected. Individuals were then asked to rate fear and pain based on a numeric rating scale. This procedure was repeated after cleaning and shaping the root canal system and at the conclusion of treatment. Results indicated that root canal therapy increased cortisol levels regardless of the type of videotape. Pain increased during the procedure, but then declined markedly …

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A Framing And Cultivation Analysis Of Sexually Provocative Material Used In "Seventeen" From 1990-2000: A Qualitative And Quantitative Approach., Brandy Ellen Keener Jan 2003

A Framing And Cultivation Analysis Of Sexually Provocative Material Used In "Seventeen" From 1990-2000: A Qualitative And Quantitative Approach., Brandy Ellen Keener

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to use a qualitative as well as quantitative approach to examining the sexual content, messages and images in Seventeen from 1990-2000, while applying the results to compare how it affects the relationship between the seductive gaze used in the advertisements in Seventeen and the self-worth of its audience. Qualitatively, 52 advertisements from the prom issues in Seventeen were analyzed. How the advertisements influenced the sexual attitudes and behaviors of female adolescents over a 10-year period was observed. Research indicated that the most predominant gaze that remained consistent in theme over time and increased in …

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Examining The Value Of Banner Ads: A Uses And Gratifications Study., Ashley E. Norman Jan 2003

Examining The Value Of Banner Ads: A Uses And Gratifications Study., Ashley E. Norman

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

As clickthrough rates for banner ads decrease and scrutiny toward online advertising rises, finding a way to assess the effectiveness of online advertising is becoming increasingly important. Advertising value is one theory that has been proposed as a means of determining what gratifications consumers receive from advertising. This study applies advertising value to the Web and studies how three banner ad designs – animated, static and content-specific – rate in terms of the three predictors of advertising value – information, entertainment and irritation.

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The Influence Of Birth Order On Verbal Aggressiveness And Argumentativeness., Marissa F. Rodgers Jan 2003

The Influence Of Birth Order On Verbal Aggressiveness And Argumentativeness., Marissa F. Rodgers

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study examined the influence of birth order on verbal aggressiveness and argumentativeness. Participants were 207 (111 men, 94 women; M age = 19.80) students. Participants completed the Verbal Aggressiveness Scale (Infante & Wigley, 1986) and the Argumentativeness Scale (Infante & Rancer, 1982). Results indicated first-born children reported significantly more argumentativeness than did youngest children. Men reported significantly more verbal aggressiveness and argumentativeness than females. A significant difference did not exist between the verbal aggressiveness of first-born children, only-children, and laterborn children. Future research should compare siblings’ reports of verbal aggressiveness, argumentativeness, and other salient communication behaviors to assess differing …

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The Role Of Parenting Stress, Difficult Child Behavior, And The Use Of Routines In Management Of Pediatric Asthma., Melissa Demore Jan 2003

The Role Of Parenting Stress, Difficult Child Behavior, And The Use Of Routines In Management Of Pediatric Asthma., Melissa Demore

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of child behavior problems, parenting distress, and child routines in relation to (a) family management of pediatric asthma and (b) children’s adherence to daily maintenance medication. Participants included 30 asthmatic children and their families. Assessment included questionnaires, an interview, and a medication dose-count monitor. Mean percent adherence rates obtained were comparable to the existing literature using similar methods. Scores on measures of parental distress, difficult child behavior, and child care routines were within the normal range. Although data suggested effective asthma management, no significant relations were found between this …

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Communication Apprehension And Accuracy Of Decoding Nonverbal Signals: A Replication And Extension Of Schroeder And Ketrow (1997)., Abigail L. Sopko Jan 2003

Communication Apprehension And Accuracy Of Decoding Nonverbal Signals: A Replication And Extension Of Schroeder And Ketrow (1997)., Abigail L. Sopko

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study was intended to be a replication and extension of Schroeder and Ketrow’s study (1997) of communication apprehension and nonverbal decoding ability, using the Interpersonal Perception Task -15 (Costanzo & Archer, 1993). This study explored specific nonverbal behaviors that are utilized by individuals who report high levels of communication apprehension when making judgments about an interaction. Moreover, the relationship between nonverbal decoding ability and interaction involvement was investigated. Results did not indicate any relationship between individuals’ scores on the IPT-15 and any other variable included in the study. Future research should attempt to develop a more reliable and valid …

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A Qualitative Examination Of Persuasive Messages And Ethical Responsibility In The Public Relations Industry., Ryan L. Hayes Jan 2003

A Qualitative Examination Of Persuasive Messages And Ethical Responsibility In The Public Relations Industry., Ryan L. Hayes

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This research is an exploration of the public relations industry and its correlation between persuasive messages and ethical responsibility. The design tested public relation firms’ websites and the content of their persuasive messages to potential clients. It applies a qualitative analysis to the top 50 Public Relations corporation’s websites homepages and systematically breaks down their persuasive messages as they apply to the industry’s code of ethics. This research shows that the ethical principle of “expertise” is a significant factor when presenting persuasive messages on most Public Relations firms’ corporate websites and that the industry as a whole is partaking in …

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Physical Activity Perceptions In Adolescents: A Qualitative Analysis., Lindsey M. Parker Jan 2003

Physical Activity Perceptions In Adolescents: A Qualitative Analysis., Lindsey M. Parker

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this research was to investigate adolescent perceptions of overweight and physical activity. Focus groups were used to collect information. Eight age- and gender- specific focus groups consisting of 48 participants (10 middle school males, 10 middle school females, 15 high school males, and 13 high school females). Perceptions of overweight, benefits, barriers and facilitators to being physically active were gathered among the groups and compared using age and gender. Males and females were found to differ in their overweight perceptions, perceived benefits of physical activity, their activity preferences, and barriers to physical activity. High school aged adolescents …

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A Comparison Of Distraction Strategies For Venipuncture In Young Children., Jill E. Maclaren Jan 2003

A Comparison Of Distraction Strategies For Venipuncture In Young Children., Jill E. Maclaren

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Distraction has been used successfully as an intervention to decrease children’s distress during painful procedures. However, distraction protocols differ in various ways, most notably in the attention required by the participant to engage in the distraction. This study compared two empirically supported distraction strategies that differed in the degree to which they required children’s interaction (interactive toy and cartoon movie) during venipunctures. Standard treatment was used as a control condition. In addition to the examination of treatment effects, exploratory analyses evaluated relations among children’s age, engagement in distraction, and distress. Results indicated that children watching the movie were more distracted …

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Forgiveness Of Interpersonal Betrayal: The Effects Of Empathy And Trauma Symptomology., Benjamin T. Parker Jan 2003

Forgiveness Of Interpersonal Betrayal: The Effects Of Empathy And Trauma Symptomology., Benjamin T. Parker

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study investigated the relations among forgiveness, empathy, trauma symptomology, and relationship characteristics. Participants included 116 female and 113 male undergraduates. Forgiveness was measured by the Acts of Forgiveness Scale, empathy by the Batson Empathy Scale, and trauma symptomology by the PTSD Checklist. The Relationship Rating Form and the Commitment Inventory measured relationship characteristics. Results indicated a significant positive relation between forgiveness and empathy (r = .215) and a significant inverse relation between forgiveness and trauma symptomology (r = -.307). No significant direct associations were observed between forgiveness and relationship characteristics. Hierarchical multiple regression revealed that forgiveness was significantly predicted …

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A Longitudinal Content Analysis Of Violence, Sex, And Drugs In Rap Music., Melina Sissum Jan 2003

A Longitudinal Content Analysis Of Violence, Sex, And Drugs In Rap Music., Melina Sissum

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study is a longitudinal study of violence, sexual references, and drug use in popular rap music lyrics. The top ten rap songs were gathered from 1994 through 2002 and analyzed. Results indicated that though there is violence in popular rap music it is not predominate. It was also found that when violence is present it is most often without consequences or rationale. Further, it was found that popular rap music contained more sexual references than violence. Also, when sexual references were present it was gratuitously, without reference to relationships. It was also found that there is a high correlation …

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An Investigation Of Advances In Digital Cartography Through The Mapping Of West Virginia University., Brenden Duffy Jan 2003

An Investigation Of Advances In Digital Cartography Through The Mapping Of West Virginia University., Brenden Duffy

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The traditional map metaphor has evolved beyond two dimensions and is now accompanied by a family of new ‘map’ types. Maps now encompass two dimensional displays, multi-dimensional digital representations, and static or interactive maps in both hard and softcopy formats. This research project examines the role of cartography within the context of developing 2-dimensional (2D) static maps, interactive 2D Internet maps, and 2.5D interactive Internet maps of West Virginia University (WVU). The contributing literature includes reviews of traditional cartographic processes, GIS and cartography, Internet mapping, and virtual reality and the Internet. In the production of a traditional paper map of …

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The Relationship Between Fibromyalgia And Emotional Expressivity And Its Influence On Locus Of Control, Ways Of Coping, And Quality Of Life., Avril D. Zaharoff Jan 2003

The Relationship Between Fibromyalgia And Emotional Expressivity And Its Influence On Locus Of Control, Ways Of Coping, And Quality Of Life., Avril D. Zaharoff

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The impact of fibromyalgia on quality of life is well documented. Quality of life issues confront individuals with fibromyalgia daily. For these individuals, coping with the challenges to obtain effective treatment, can become a daunting process. Feeling a sense of control over their condition is important to sustaining a reasonable quality of life. The purpose of this study was to test a theoretically based model describing the factors that influence quality of life in individuals with fibromyalgia. The theoretical (hypothesized) model suggested that impact of fibromyalgia, emotional expressivity, locus of control, and coping process, all influenced quality of life. A …

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Dark Wilderness A Phenomenological Exploration Of The Idea Of Cave Wilderness, Patricia E. Seiser Jan 2003

Dark Wilderness A Phenomenological Exploration Of The Idea Of Cave Wilderness, Patricia E. Seiser

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It has been almost forty years since the passage of the 1964 Wilderness Act and the establishment of the National Wilderness Preservation System. Forty years later, we still have not seen a wilderness that is not a surface environment. There exist neither subterranean nor marine wilderness areas. Efforts on behalf of cave wilderness have focused on the 1964 Wilderness Act legal definition of wilderness. Perhaps what is required is a different concept for the establishment of cave wilderness. This study explored the idea of cave wilderness from a human dimension perspective, via focus groups, using stakeholders from two cave regions …

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The Use Of Cooperative Grouping In Inclusive Elementary Classrooms., Stephanie G. Pack Jan 2003

The Use Of Cooperative Grouping In Inclusive Elementary Classrooms., Stephanie G. Pack

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

With the advent of inclusion students with disabilities have been placed in settings that can maximize their opportunities to interact with their nondisabled peers. However, the inappropriate social behaviors of students with disabilities often prevented them from acceptance or classroom membership. Cooperative learning has been seen as one means of teaching all students in an inclusive classroom. Teacher support in the form of management systems and reward structures used in cooperative groupings are examined in this study. The use of qualitative research methods (observations, interviews, document analysis) in combination with a quantitative element (simple count) helped to determine the effectiveness …

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The Cycle Of Abuse: Factors That Put Survivors At Risk For Perpetration Of Child Physical And/Or Sexual Abuse., Aline E. Rabalais Jan 2003

The Cycle Of Abuse: Factors That Put Survivors At Risk For Perpetration Of Child Physical And/Or Sexual Abuse., Aline E. Rabalais

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Investigators have hypothesized that survivors of child sexual abuse may be at increased risk for becoming perpetrators of sexual abuse against children. Much of the available information about this cycle of abuse, however, is anecdotal and not based on empirical evidence. Furthermore, there has been little investigation of whether or not a history of sexual abuse may put one at risk for becoming a perpetrator of other types of child maltreatment, such as physical abuse. It is also unclear whether or not gender differences with respect to level of psychopathology and repeated exposure to traumatic events might increase the likelihood …

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An Exploratory Examination Of The Relationship Between Motivational Factors And The Degree To Which The Higher Education Faculty Integrate Computer -Mediated Communication (Cmc) Tools Into Their Courses., Francis Ndwiga Murage Jan 2003

An Exploratory Examination Of The Relationship Between Motivational Factors And The Degree To Which The Higher Education Faculty Integrate Computer -Mediated Communication (Cmc) Tools Into Their Courses., Francis Ndwiga Murage

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The stated research problem of this study was to examine the relationship between motivational factors and the degree to which the higher education faculty integrate CMC tools into their courses. The study population and sample involved higher education faculty teaching in science departments at one public university and three public colleges in the state of West Virginia (N = 153). A Likert-type rating scale survey was used to collect data based on the research questions. Two parts of the survey were adopted from previous studies while the other two were self-constructed. Research questions and hypothesis were analyzed using both descriptive …

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"The Journey Is The Destination": A Study Of The Professional Career Development Of Dr. Dorothy June Skeel, 1932-1997. An Exemplary Teacher Educator., Gale Renee Ayanru Jan 2003

"The Journey Is The Destination": A Study Of The Professional Career Development Of Dr. Dorothy June Skeel, 1932-1997. An Exemplary Teacher Educator., Gale Renee Ayanru

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study investigated through qualitative design Dr. Dorothy Skeel’s professional career and scholarly development within the sociocultural context and life history that helped shape her ideas and actions to identify patterns in her life which reflected the social structure in which it was imbedded. The research questions guiding this study were: (1)How were significant aspects of Dr. Dorothy Skeel’s life history and professional knowledge represented in her practice? (2)What patterns and changes occurred in Dr Dorothy Skeel’s career development (3) What meanings and possible interpretations can be understood from the patterns and themes in Dr. Dorothy Skeel’s personal and professional …

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Making Instructional Decisions: What Teacher Specialists Decide About And Do For Middle School Students With Reading Difficulty., Frances Laurel Boyd Jan 2003

Making Instructional Decisions: What Teacher Specialists Decide About And Do For Middle School Students With Reading Difficulty., Frances Laurel Boyd

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Concern about the efficacy of American education programs in reading is noted. Amid conflicting reports of what is wrong with American schools, steps must be taken which allow for growth among reading educators, especially those who work with older students who have not yet achieved grade appropriate reading skills. However, those who provide support programs need a body of information which allows them to address real needs that teachers have. The voice of teachers is under represented in program planning, yet could provide information crucial to the development of the most beneficial training and support programs. This study investigated the …

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The Effects Of Science Engineering Mathematics Aerospace Academy (Semaa) Participation On Engagement Rates Of Sixth- And Seventh-Grade Students In Regular Mathematics Classes., Donna R. Carr Jan 2003

The Effects Of Science Engineering Mathematics Aerospace Academy (Semaa) Participation On Engagement Rates Of Sixth- And Seventh-Grade Students In Regular Mathematics Classes., Donna R. Carr

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of participation in a short-term, co-curricular, mathematics and science program (Science Engineering Mathematics Aerospace Academy, SEMAA) on the engagement rates of sixth and seventh grade students in public school mathematics classes. The outcome variable (engagement) was measured with the Student Record of Behavior at three time intervals. A 22.3 mixed ANOVA design was utilized to investigate three main effects (participation, grade level, and time) and their primary and secondary interactions. Results reflected no discernable impact of the SEMAA program on student engagement rates. Conclusions include alignment of ancillary programs and …

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The Craft And Concepts Of Interpretation: A Look At How National Park Service Interpreters Reveal And Facilitate Opportunities For Connections., Wei-Li Jasmine Chen Jan 2003

The Craft And Concepts Of Interpretation: A Look At How National Park Service Interpreters Reveal And Facilitate Opportunities For Connections., Wei-Li Jasmine Chen

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The Interpretive Development Program (IDP) of the National Park Service (NPS) develops and maintains the national standards for interpretation by providing professional development opportunities and administrating a peer review certification process of interpretive products. This study explores the little-understood phenomena of how opportunities for intellectual and emotional connections between the resource and the visitor are created by NPS interpreters. Analyzing the program content from forty-nine interpretive talks and writing examples submitted to the IDP for review from July to November of 2001, the researcher has identified four interpretive strategies interpreters used in developing opportunities for intellectual and emotional connections with …

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A Qualitative Study Of A Capacity -Building Professional Development Experience., Theodora R. Cox Jan 2003

A Qualitative Study Of A Capacity -Building Professional Development Experience., Theodora R. Cox

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Capacity building in schools is of great interest to educators and policy makers who see an ongoing need for improvement in schools. This qualitative study investigates a professional development program provided in a school system to determine: (1) the dynamics of the experience that inspired participants to want to change practices to better facilitate student learning; (2) how selected educators exemplified that inspiration in their daily professional experience; and (3) how the training has impacted classrooms, schools, and the school system. The study took the shape of a funnel. Wiersma (1995) explains that the funnel approach begins with a general …

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Say-Do Correspondence: Effects Of Reinforcer Magnitude, Response Requirement, And Prior Experience On Choices., Stephanie P. Da Silva Jan 2003

Say-Do Correspondence: Effects Of Reinforcer Magnitude, Response Requirement, And Prior Experience On Choices., Stephanie P. Da Silva

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The effects of reinforcer magnitude, response requirement, and prior experience on choices in say-do correspondence were assessed in three experiments. In each of the experiments, correspondence was trained on red, green, and white key colors using Lattal and Doepke's (2001) homologue of correspondence. In Experiment 1, the duration of food presentations following correspondence on each key color was manipulated across conditions. As the duration of food presentation increased (e.g., from 3 s to 6 s), the number of say responses on that key color increased and, as the duration of food presentation decreased (e.g., from 3 s to 1 s), …

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The Future Of Electronic Editing: Theory And Practice., Hilary M. Attfield Jan 2003

The Future Of Electronic Editing: Theory And Practice., Hilary M. Attfield

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This dissertation investigates the theory and practice of editing as it moves into the electronic era. As an example of the type of material which scholars may now be interested in working with, it centers on an edition of a lecture given by the West Virginia artist-journalist David Hunter Strother on John Brown nine years after the insurrection at Harper's Ferry. This material was chosen because it was locally available, unpublished, both locally and nationally important, and of the dimension which would have formerly placed it on the margin of paper publication. Chapter one shows how the theory of editing …

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The Relationship Between The Emotional Intelligence Competencies Of Principals In The Kanawha County School System In West Virginia And Their Teachers' Perceptions Of School Climate., Leonard J. Allen Jan 2003

The Relationship Between The Emotional Intelligence Competencies Of Principals In The Kanawha County School System In West Virginia And Their Teachers' Perceptions Of School Climate., Leonard J. Allen

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to determine if a significant relationship exists between teachers' perceptions of school climate and their principals' emotional intelligence competencies. The CFK Ltd. School Climate Profile was used to assess teachers' perceptions of school climate. Principals' emotional intelligence competencies were measured by the BarOn Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i). Teachers and principals were all employees of the Kanawha County School System in West Virginia. The entire population of principals (N = 68) and the entire population of school-based classroom teachers (N = 2081) were provided surveys. One hundred percent of the principals participated and 57% (N …

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Reducing Pausing During Rich -To -Lean Schedule Transitions: Effects Of Reinforcer Context And Cue Accuracy., Chad Michael Galuska Jan 2003

Reducing Pausing During Rich -To -Lean Schedule Transitions: Effects Of Reinforcer Context And Cue Accuracy., Chad Michael Galuska

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Transitions from rich-to-lean conditions of reinforcement often produce extended pausing in operant responding and may underlie maladaptive behavior in natural settings. Reducing their disruptive effects is of basic and applied interest. Experiment 1 assessed the effects of the overall reinforcement rate on pausing. Pigeons were exposed to a multiple fixed-ratio (FR) 50 FR 100 schedule. The number of rich (FR 50) and lean (FR 100) components varied across conditions. Pausing during the rich-to-lean transition was inversely related to the overall rate of reinforcement for two of three pigeons. As the number of rich components comprising the multiple schedule increased, pausing …

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Cumulative Review: Effects Of Random Alternation Of Review Items On Mathematics Problem Solving., Christine Kim Jan 2003

Cumulative Review: Effects Of Random Alternation Of Review Items On Mathematics Problem Solving., Christine Kim

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The present study evaluated the differences between three methods of reviewing basic algebra skills. Five component rules were trained: the use of four laws of exponents and a combination rule that included simplifying mathematical expressions (i.e., “order of operations”) and perfect squares. All methods used the same procedures to teach the rules and included review sessions interspersed among the training of the individual rules. The differences among methods involved the kinds of practice provided during the review sessions. The simple review group (n = 12) received extra questions on each rule learned. The nonrandom cumulative review group (n = 12) …

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