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2003

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Performance Measurement Using Trained Observer Ratings: The Effect Of Environmental Variables On Comparative Measures In Local Government, Donald Patrick Giancoli Jan 2003

Performance Measurement Using Trained Observer Ratings: The Effect Of Environmental Variables On Comparative Measures In Local Government, Donald Patrick Giancoli

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2000 - 2009

Comparative performance measurement is an anathema to most government officials. While internal comparison with national benchmarks or other similar agencies is an accepted management analysis tool, public comparisons are deemed too politically risky for all but a few governments, agencies, and non-profits. To avoid the unappealing prospect of being unfavorably ranked versus comparable agencies, governments cite two primary objections. First, performance measurement is considered an inexact science, subject to manipulation of input data and outcome scores that affects comparisons. Second, comparative measurement is considered unfair by governments because they maintain each operates in a unique environment of demographic and physical …

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(Modern) Detroit-As-Experience: Understanding Joyce Carol Oates's "Them", Tai Lynden Houser Jan 2003

(Modern) Detroit-As-Experience: Understanding Joyce Carol Oates's "Them", Tai Lynden Houser

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2000 - 2009

Joyce Carol Oates's novel them and Wallace Stevens's poetry can be examined in light of Oates's critical essay "Against Nature." These fictions illustrate Oates's idea of Nature not existing as a noun, Nature, but as an experience which we attempt to understand through language. Indirectly, Oates calls on other authors and theorists to argue for a redefinition of Nature. She comes to conclude that what we call "Nature" in reality exists as Nature-as-experience. Once we fully understand Nature-as-experience, we can utilize those principles to understand a relatively new occurrence in history and literature: the manmade city. In them, the city, …

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A Comparison Of Different Methods For Improving Hamstring Flexibility, Kenric. Lai Jan 2003

A Comparison Of Different Methods For Improving Hamstring Flexibility, Kenric. Lai

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2000 - 2009

Active-isolated (AI = 11) stretching was compared to static stretching (SS = 8), proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching (PNF = 10), and a control group (C = 9) at improving hamstring flexibility. Pre- and post-assessments of flexibility were performed with a goniometer on the right leg. All subjects performed a warm-up on an ergometer; after which, subjects in the stretching groups performed mode-specific stretching of both hamstrings 4 days per week for 4 weeks. A significant increase was found in flexibility after training for all stretching groups (p < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in flexibility between groups (ANOVA: p > 0.05). It is possible the small number of subjects may have contributed to …

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A Relational Algebra Implementation, Gene Richard Rivero Jan 2003

A Relational Algebra Implementation, Gene Richard Rivero

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2000 - 2009

Although the Relational Algebra (RA) is a fundamental component of the relational model of database storage and retrieval, it has not been widely implemented in commercial database systems. The Structured Query Language (SQL) has been for some time the most widely implemented relational database language. This thesis provides and describes the first implementation of a particularly powerful version of the relational algebra that includes an n-ary join operator as well as including the division operator, and nested expressions. With this implementation, that powerful version of the relational algebra can be used as a front end to any SQL-92 compliant database …

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Analysis Of A New Protocol For Bluetooth Network Formation, Vishakh. Madhusoodanan Jan 2003

Analysis Of A New Protocol For Bluetooth Network Formation, Vishakh. Madhusoodanan

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2000 - 2009

This research work deals with analyzing the performance of a new protocol for distributed network formation and re-formation in Bluetooth ad-hoc networks. The Bluetooth network may be a piconet or a scatternet consisting of a number of piconets. One of the salient features of this protocol is that, there is no leader election process involved. We can establish simultaneous multiple connections between masters and slaves. The delay in formation of the network is analyzed with respect to the number of devices in the network. Also, the network diameter, the number of piconets formed and the impact of device failures are …

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Ash Nazg: A Biography, Jason Phillip Bernabei Jan 2003

Ash Nazg: A Biography, Jason Phillip Bernabei

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2000 - 2009

At the center of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings lies an epic power struggle between good and evil, the latter embodied by the "One Ring," "Ash Nazg" in the speech of Mordor. Although Tolkien scholarship has heretofore treated the Ring as a non-sentient object, "Ash Nazg" has a surprisingly dramatic life story as well as a dynamic relationship with other characters in the epic. His character development is here chronicled from conception to death, and his relationships thoroughly examined. As a machiavel of royal birth, abducted after the defeat of his father by the Numenoreans, Ash …

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Analytical Evaluation Of Marine Concrete Pile Repairs, Zaher A Abou Saleh Jan 2003

Analytical Evaluation Of Marine Concrete Pile Repairs, Zaher A Abou Saleh

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2000 - 2009

The purpose of the thesis is to determine and compare the performance characteristics of marine piles corroded by chloride diffusion and repaired by several different methods for both uncracked and cracked concrete and to determine their structural integrity. The long-term objective is the comparison of the analytical values with those from an on-going experimental evaluation. The time for chloride concentration reach the threshold value that initiates corrosion in the reinforcement has been determined by Fick's law, extended to 2-D and 3-D chloride diffusion, for (a) uncracked concrete, and (b) for cracked concrete with the Simplified Smeared Approach (SSA). The structural …

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Application Of Wavelets To Image And Video Coding, Esfandiar Zolghadr Jan 2003

Application Of Wavelets To Image And Video Coding, Esfandiar Zolghadr

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2000 - 2009

In this thesis we applied wavelet transforms to image and video coding. First, a survey of various wavelets and their features is presented, including continuous, discrete, and orthogonal wavelets. Theories and concepts underlying one and two-dimensional wavelet transforms are introduced and compared to Fourier transform and sub-band coding. The core of the thesis is the implementation of two-dimensional and three-dimensional codec architectures and their application to coding images and videos, respectively. We studied performance of the wavelet codec by comparing it to DCT and JPEG coding techniques. We applied these techniques for compression of a variety of test images and …

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Canals At Cape Sable: A Remote Sensing Perspective, Catherine Ann Ferik Jan 2003

Canals At Cape Sable: A Remote Sensing Perspective, Catherine Ann Ferik

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2000 - 2009

Florida is home to five known aboriginal canoe canal complexes, most of which have been destroyed by urban development and the ravages of time. These canals were large undertakings suggesting an organized, chiefdom society and sedentary populations. Two of these complexes, Mud Lake and Snake Bight canals, are located on Cape Sable in South Florida. These canals remain fairly intact and are observable in the field and on high resolution aerial photographs. Digital image enhancement and traditional ground truthing methods add valuable information to the study of Cape Sable's canals. Field work was completed with permission from Everglades National Park, …

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Assessing The Impacts Of Tourism In Post-Socialist Countries: A Case Study Of The Czech Republic, Lenka. Soukupova Jan 2003

Assessing The Impacts Of Tourism In Post-Socialist Countries: A Case Study Of The Czech Republic, Lenka. Soukupova

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2000 - 2009

The Czech Republic underwent many political and economic changes in the past decades, especially after the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989, when communism was brought down and democracy reinstated. The changes affected tourism as well as other areas. This research looks at the evolution of the tourism industry in the Czech Republic, especially concentrating on two vertical themes, comparing different tourism variables on time periods before and after 1989. Quantitative and descriptive methods are applied to economic, sociocultural and environmental impacts of tourism to provide a detail comparison of the two time periods. As the Czech Republic is …

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Building A Template Of Electoral Strategies For Women Who Aspire To The Superintendency In Appointed School Districts Within The Southern United States, Marianne Russo Swain Jan 2003

Building A Template Of Electoral Strategies For Women Who Aspire To The Superintendency In Appointed School Districts Within The Southern United States, Marianne Russo Swain

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2000 - 2009

Based on an observation that women have been more successful in ascending to the level of school superintendent within southern school districts that use electoral procedures, this study examined unique electoral strategies women superintendents use that maybe transferable to women who aspire to the superintendency within districts in which appointment is the only means of ascension. The researcher interviewed five superintendents in districts within the southern United States. The data were analyzed using three conceptual frameworks: (a) Murphy's governance theory, (b) Ferguson's bureaucratic theory, and (c) Lather's emancipatory theory. The data were also evaluated in terms of elected and appointed …

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Characterization Of Normal Mitochondrial Inheritance In C. Elegans And A Reverse Genetic Approach To Identify Possible Genes Involved, Amber Diane Wilson Jan 2003

Characterization Of Normal Mitochondrial Inheritance In C. Elegans And A Reverse Genetic Approach To Identify Possible Genes Involved, Amber Diane Wilson

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2000 - 2009

Mitochondria are inherited uniparentally in almost all eukaryotic models studied to date. The fathers mitochondria are eliminated and there have been several hypothesis as to how this occurs. One hypothesis is that the sperm mitochondria are actively targeted and destroyed. Ubiquitin has been proposed a possible candidate involved in this process. My research investigated the normal mitochondrial inheritance pattern in C. elegans. I also examined the possible role of the C34F11.1 gene in mitochondrial inheritance. This gene is sperm-specific and has ubiquitin-ligase properties. It was determined that the normal mitochondrial inheritance pattern in C. elegans is maternal and that the …

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Binary Representation Of Dna Sequences Towards Developing Useful Algorithms In Bioinformatic Data-Mining, Shivani. Pandya Jan 2003

Binary Representation Of Dna Sequences Towards Developing Useful Algorithms In Bioinformatic Data-Mining, Shivani. Pandya

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2000 - 2009

This thesis refers to a research addressing the use of binary representation of the DNA for the purpose of developing useful algorithms for Bioinformatics. Pertinent studies address the use of a binary form of the DNA base chemicals in information-theoretic base so as to identify symmetry between DNA and complementary DNA. This study also refers to "fuzzy" (codon-noncodon) considerations in delinating codon and noncodon regimes in a DNA sequences. The research envisaged further includes a comparative analysis of the test results on the aforesaid efforts using different statistical metrics such as Hamming distance Kullback-Leibler measure etc. the observed details supports …

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Chest Pain Monitor: A Gender Comparison Of Diagnostic Treatments In The Emergency Department, Patricia A. Burns Jan 2003

Chest Pain Monitor: A Gender Comparison Of Diagnostic Treatments In The Emergency Department, Patricia A. Burns

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2000 - 2009

The purpose of this study was to detect if gender affected the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for chest pain in an Emergency Department (ED). This study evaluated the use of a chest pain assessment, Electrocardiograph (ECG), care path protocol, myocardial markers and notification of a cardiologist for an acute myocardial infarction (AMI), as well as, elapsed time of ED arrival to 1st ECG, and 1st ECG interpretation. The eleven-month retrospective analyses used abstracted data on 1870 discharges. Chi-squared analysis and ANOVA were used to determine if a gender bias existed in the use of the different diagnostic procedures (p < 0.05). Results indicated men were not treated more aggressively on the initial presentation of chest pain in the ED. Our findings may suggest that the use of a care path protocol by well-trained ED physicians at this hospital helped in identifying the typical and atypical presentations of chest pain regardless of gender.

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Characterizing The Western Boundary Current Front Between The Florida Current And The Littoral Waters At 26°N Latitude, Ariel. Meir Jan 2003

Characterizing The Western Boundary Current Front Between The Florida Current And The Littoral Waters At 26°N Latitude, Ariel. Meir

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2000 - 2009

Six survey missions of one day duration were preformed at 26°N latitude off the coast of south Florida in order to examine the characteristics of the Florida Current front on the coastal side of the current. Observations were made from the R/V Stephan using a conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) package and an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP), corresponding meteorological observations were recorded by NOAA C-MAN stations at Fowey Rocks and Lake Worth Florida. The six survey missions were preformed over an 8-month period of March 2002 to October 2002. The data collected confirms observations made by previous theoretical studies, …

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Computation Of Hydrodynamic Coefficients And Determination Of Dynamic Stability Characteristics Of An Underwater Vehicle Including Free Surface Effects, Olivier. Saout Jan 2003

Computation Of Hydrodynamic Coefficients And Determination Of Dynamic Stability Characteristics Of An Underwater Vehicle Including Free Surface Effects, Olivier. Saout

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2000 - 2009

The inviscid hydrodynamic coefficients of an underwater vehicle (Ocean EXplorer), including the nonlinear effects of the wave surface, are computed using a boundary-integral method. A mixed Eulerian-Lagrangian formulation (Longuet-Higgins and Cokelet, 1976) is used for the treatment of nonlinear free-surface conditions. The algorithm is validated using the work-energy theorem (Yeung, 1982) and experimental data. Results, in the form of free-surface elevations and hydrodynamic coefficients, are obtained for a range of body geometries and maneuvers. The open-loop dynamics of underwater vehicles are then investigated by solving the 3DOF rigid-body equations of motion (OXY plane). The advantages and possible usage of the …

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Civic Environmentalism: A Model For Everglades Restoration And A Sustainable South Florida, Teresa U. Jabour Jan 2003

Civic Environmentalism: A Model For Everglades Restoration And A Sustainable South Florida, Teresa U. Jabour

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2000 - 2009

The Everglades restoration is now the centerpiece for environmental policymaking in South Florida. The 1991 settlement of the Everglades lawsuit marked a new era of environmental politics known as civic environmentalism. Concepts of civic environmentalism are used in this study to determine if policies developed since the 1991 lawsuit settlement support a successful Everglades restoration and a sustainable South Florida, a vital connection that ensures the socio-economic health of the built environment as well as the environmental health of South Florida's unique ecosystems. Indicators reveal that legislation supports a democratic process, but a nonformal model of civic environmentalism demonstrates that …

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Classification Of Mature Australian Pines (Casuarina Equisetifolia) Using Lidar Data In Broward County, Florida, Jennifer M. Zumbado Jan 2003

Classification Of Mature Australian Pines (Casuarina Equisetifolia) Using Lidar Data In Broward County, Florida, Jennifer M. Zumbado

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2000 - 2009

The development of high resolution LIDAR DSM combined with digital infrared ortho-photography data enhances the ability to map canopy structures with a higher degree of accuracy and precision than with either data set alone. The purpose of this thesis is to map Australian Pine (Casuarina equisetifolia with a 85% or greater accuracy by creating a methodology that uses LIDAR and color infrared ortho-photography and to test it within three different landscape types within Broward County. LIDAR features below a determined height threshold (i.e. Deerpoint 25 ft) were eliminated and recoded to 0 to create Mask 1. NDVI technique separated non-vegetative …

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Computer Simulation For The Optimization Of Reverse Osmosis Seawater Desalination Pretreatment, Brieuc. Corlay Jan 2003

Computer Simulation For The Optimization Of Reverse Osmosis Seawater Desalination Pretreatment, Brieuc. Corlay

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2000 - 2009

A computer program was developed to simulate and optimize the chemical pretreatment of seawater prior to desalination by reverse osmosis. The model was created using LabViewRTM programming language. The automation of the process was achieved using a PID (proportional, integrative, derivative) controller. The effects of a variety of operating conditions were modeled to optimize the chemical pretreatment. We focused on three parameters: hardness removal, iron removal and control of biogrowth. The validity of the model was verified with laboratory scale experiments. In the range of the model, the predicted values differ by a maximum of 11% from experimental results.

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Concept Of Time In "2001: A Space Odyssey", Rishi S. Ramnath Jan 2003

Concept Of Time In "2001: A Space Odyssey", Rishi S. Ramnath

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2000 - 2009

The concept of time in Stanley Kubrick's 1968 film 2001: A Space Odyssey is examined from social, biological, psychological, and spiritual perspectives. In Arthur C. Clarke's novel, his version of the film, he treats the nature of time as a cyclical process. He eventually explains that the notion of physical time is non-existent or an impermanent illusion. While Clarke's novel interprets time, the film projects and manipulates the nature of space and time, which spectators may experience as reality. Time's direction can be viewed or experienced as a cycle from an Eastern philosophical perspective. However, a Western interpretation requires a …

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Comparison Of Demographics, Motivation, And Learning Strategies Of College Students Taking Traditional Campus-Based Courses And Internet-Based Distance Learning Courses, Deborah L. Maupin Jan 2003

Comparison Of Demographics, Motivation, And Learning Strategies Of College Students Taking Traditional Campus-Based Courses And Internet-Based Distance Learning Courses, Deborah L. Maupin

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2000 - 2009

The purpose of this study was to examine some the differences between students in traditional face-to-face courses and those in distance learning courses. Differences in teaming strategies, motivation, and demographics were examined. The study used an online version of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) to assess the motivation and learning strategies used by college students. The instrument was administered to 111 students at a 4-year, public university in the southeast region of the United States during the Spring of 2003. The subjects included 64 students enrolled in the traditional campus-based version of Applied Educational Technology and 47 students …

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Comparisons Of Education Majors' Perception Of Aging, Sara. Marvin Jan 2003

Comparisons Of Education Majors' Perception Of Aging, Sara. Marvin

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2000 - 2009

The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not differences exist between perceptions regarding aging and the realities of aging between graduate and undergraduate education students within the College of Education at Florida Atlantic University. Data was gathered from 143 undergraduate and graduate students who were enrolled in various majors in the College of Education, on the Boca Raton and Davie campuses during the Spring 2002 semester. The Aging, Learning and Work Quiz (Galbraith and Venable, 1985), was the inventory that was utilized. It has six subscales: Biology, Psychology, Learning, Decision-Making, Work Performance and Health. Six hypotheses were …

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Cvd Synthesis Of Carbon Nanotubes As Active Materials For Electrochemical Capacitors, Ryan Patrick Merritt Jan 2003

Cvd Synthesis Of Carbon Nanotubes As Active Materials For Electrochemical Capacitors, Ryan Patrick Merritt

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2000 - 2009

Results are reported on a method to synthesize multi-wall carbon Nanotubes (MWNTs) using a liquid injection chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method centered around ferrocene as the catalyst precursor. These materials were specifically targeted as active materials for electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs). A parameteric study was developed to optimize material synthesis based on growth parameters, characterize physical growth properties, and evaluate the performance of the MWNTs as electrodes in electrochemical capacitors. Physical data includes scanning electron micrographs (SEM), transmission electron micrographs (TEM), and x-ray powder diffraction (XRD). Electrochemical performance data is given based on cyclic voltammetry (CV) and impedance spectroscopy …

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Decentralization, Land Use Change And Commercial Growth In Daytona Beach, Florida, Christopher David Glatz Jan 2003

Decentralization, Land Use Change And Commercial Growth In Daytona Beach, Florida, Christopher David Glatz

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2000 - 2009

Daytona Beach is known as a center for automobile and motorcycle racing, a famous spring break destination for thousands of college students, and its world famous beaches. The city, like so many other American cities underwent a decentralization of the downtown. Businesses left for the suburbs and thus reshaped the city. This research examines the land use changes in the central business district through time and examines the build up of a new commercial corridor located around the Daytona International Speedway. The research also examines the redevelopment process the city of Daytona Beach used to reinvent itself. Finally, this research …

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Data Warehousing And Mining: Customer Churn Analysis In The Wireless Industry, Shyam Varan Nath Jan 2003

Data Warehousing And Mining: Customer Churn Analysis In The Wireless Industry, Shyam Varan Nath

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2000 - 2009

This study looks at the database technique of data warehousing and data mining to analyze the business problems related to customer churn in the wireless industry. The customer churn due to new industry regulations has hit the wireless industry hard. The study uses data warehousing and data mining to model the customer database to predict churn rates and suggest timely recommendations to increase customer retention and thereby increase overall profitability. The Naive Bayes algorithm for supervised learning was the prediction algorithm used for data modeling in the study. The data set used in the study consists of one hundred thousand …

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Design, Implementation And Testing Of A Bio-Inspired Propulsion System For Autonomous Underwater Vehicles, Goff Ivan Le Jan 2003

Design, Implementation And Testing Of A Bio-Inspired Propulsion System For Autonomous Underwater Vehicles, Goff Ivan Le

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2000 - 2009

Some Autonomous Underwater Vehicles have recently been designed to mimic the locomotion of underwater animals. A new way of propulsion which uses Oscillating Fin Thrusters (OFTs) has been implemented on the AUV Morpheus, with the Nektor module. In particular, first a low level adaptive controller has been developed with the purpose of studying the characteristics of the OFT. Then, a new vehicle using Morpheus' base has been built in order to implement this module and test it. This required for the Lonworks network to be interfaced with QNXnet to create a multi communication protocol vehicle. Concerning the high level control, …

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Design And Testing Of An Untethered Vertically Ascending Profiler For Use In Measuring Near-Surface Turbulence, Jeffrey Isaac Bogin Jan 2003

Design And Testing Of An Untethered Vertically Ascending Profiler For Use In Measuring Near-Surface Turbulence, Jeffrey Isaac Bogin

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2000 - 2009

The Vertically Ascending Micro-scale Profiler, or VAMP, has been designed, constructed, and tested to be used in conjunction with FAU's Turbulence Package in order to collect vertical turbulence profiles close to the free surface. Unique to VAMP is that it has been specifically designed as an untethered ascending profiler. Examination of turbulence data collected using VAMP shows that the measured shear spectrum and the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation closely matches the Nasmyth Spectrum. Data processing techniques made it possible to filter out motion generated by surface wave action, which allowed VAMP to collect data at depths as shallow as the …

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Effect Of Music As A Nursing Intervention To Reduce Anxiety In Coronary Bypass And Valve Replacement Surgery Patients, Elizabeth J. Twiss Jan 2003

Effect Of Music As A Nursing Intervention To Reduce Anxiety In Coronary Bypass And Valve Replacement Surgery Patients, Elizabeth J. Twiss

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2000 - 2009

The study investigated the effects of music to reduce anxiety and decrease intubation times in coronary artery bypass graft and valve replacement surgical patients in an acute care hospital. Anxiety can contribute to everything from heightened emotional stress, increased pain, blood pressure changes as well as lethal cardiac dysrhythmia and reduction in peripheral and renal perfusion. Research has shown, music as a therapeutic modality, relieves anxiety and pain in patients before and after surgery. What patients hear during surgery can be a rich source of anxiety. Wearing earphones during surgery will eliminate this source of anxiety. Music is reported to …

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Do Investors Attach Higher Valuation Weights To Cash Flow-Based Measures Than To Accrual-Based Measures In Valuing Intangible-Intensive, High-Technology Stocks?, Abdullah D. Al-Harbi Jan 2003

Do Investors Attach Higher Valuation Weights To Cash Flow-Based Measures Than To Accrual-Based Measures In Valuing Intangible-Intensive, High-Technology Stocks?, Abdullah D. Al-Harbi

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2000 - 2009

This study provides empirical evidence on the impact of high-tech firms' unrecognized intangible investments on the market valuation of cash flow and accrual amounts. In particular, this study empirically examines the different valuation weights that capital market participants attach to accrual-based versus cash flow-based measures when valuing intangible-intensive, high-technology stocks, and finds that investors appear to value, on average, a dollar of cash flows higher than a dollar of accruals for intangible-intensive high-technology firms. Based on samples of Compustat high- and low-technology firms between 1992--2001, the empirical results suggest that cash flows have larger multiplier than aggregate accruals, and have …

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Effects Of Disability Labels On Special Education And General Education Teachers' Referrals For Gifted Programs, Margarita Bianco-Cornish Jan 2003

Effects Of Disability Labels On Special Education And General Education Teachers' Referrals For Gifted Programs, Margarita Bianco-Cornish

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2000 - 2009

This study investigated the effect of the disability labels learning disabilities (LD) and emotional handicaps (EH) on general education and special education teachers' willingness to refer students to gifted programs. Referral differences between general education and special education teachers were also examined. Two hundred forty-seven teachers (195 general education teachers and 52 special education teachers) from one south Florida school district participated in this study. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions (no label, LD, EH) and asked to read a vignette describing a gifted student. All vignettes were identical except for one statement added to the LD …

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