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Articles 17551 - 17580 of 18903
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Social Complexity And Transitive Inference In Corvids, Alan B. Bond, Alan Kamil, Russell P. Balda
Social Complexity And Transitive Inference In Corvids, Alan B. Bond, Alan Kamil, Russell P. Balda
Papers in Behavior in Biological Sciences
The social complexity hypothesis asserts that animals living in large social groups should display enhanced cognitive abilities along predictable dimensions. To test this concept, we compared highly social pinyon jays, Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus, with relatively nonsocial western scrub-jays, Aphelocoma californica, on two complex cognitive tasks relevant to the ability to track and assess social relationships. Pinyon jays learned to track multiple dyadic relationships more rapidly and more accurately than scrub-jays and appeared to display a more robust and accurate mechanism of transitive inference. These results provide a clear demonstration of the association between social complexity and cognition in animals.
Functional Copper At The Acetyl-Coa Synthase Active Site, Javier Seravalli, Welwel Gu, Annie Tam, Erick Strauss, Stephen P. Cramer, Stephen W. Ragsdale
Functional Copper At The Acetyl-Coa Synthase Active Site, Javier Seravalli, Welwel Gu, Annie Tam, Erick Strauss, Stephen P. Cramer, Stephen W. Ragsdale
Department of Biochemistry: Faculty Publications
The bifunctional CO dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA synthase (CODH/ACS) plays a central role in the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway of autotrophic CO2 fixation. A recent structure of the Moorella thermoacetica enzyme revealed that the ACS active site contains a [4Fe-4S] cluster bridged to a binuclear Cu-Ni site. Here, biochemical and x-ray absorption spectroscopic (XAS) evidence is presented that the copper ion at the M. thermoacetica ACS active site is essential. Depletion of copper correlates with reduction in ACS activity and in intensity of the ‘‘NiFeC’’ EPR signal without affecting either the activity or the EPR spectroscopic properties associated with CODH. In contrast, Zn content …
The Many Faces Of Vitamin B12: Catalysis By Cobalamin-Dependent Enzymes, Ruma Banerjee, Stephen W. Ragsdale
The Many Faces Of Vitamin B12: Catalysis By Cobalamin-Dependent Enzymes, Ruma Banerjee, Stephen W. Ragsdale
Department of Biochemistry: Faculty Publications
Vitamin B12 is a complex organometallic cofactor associated with three subfamilies of enzymes: the adenosylcobalamin-dependent isomerases, the methylcobalamin-dependent methyltransferases, and the dehalogenases. Different chemical aspects of the cofactor are exploited during catalysis by the isomerases and the methyltransferases. Thus, the cobalt-carbon bond ruptures homolytically in the isomerases, whereas it is cleaved heterolytically in the methyltransferases. The reaction mechanism of the dehalogenases, the most recently discovered class of B12 enzymes, is poorly understood. Over the past decade our understanding of the reaction mechanisms of B12 enzymes has been greatly enhanced by the availability of large amounts of enzyme …
Impact Of Fire Management On The Ecology Of Collared Lizard (Crotaphytus Collaris) Populations Living On The Ozark Plateau, Jennifer A. Brisson, Jared L. Strasburg, Alan R. Templeton
Impact Of Fire Management On The Ecology Of Collared Lizard (Crotaphytus Collaris) Populations Living On The Ozark Plateau, Jennifer A. Brisson, Jared L. Strasburg, Alan R. Templeton
School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications
Eastern collared lizards (Crotaphytus collaris collaris) on the Ozark Plateau of southern Missouri are restricted to islands of rocky glade habitat located throughout the oak–hickory forests of the region. Human mediated suppression of fire negatively impacts collared lizard populations by permitting the overgrowth and consequent disappearance of this glade habitat and also leads to a dense forest understorey that impedes movement of lizards between glades. We present data examining the effects of a fire management regime on collared lizard populations we monitored via mark/recapture from 1998 to 2001. We demonstrate increased glade-to-glade dispersal, colonization of previously unoccupied glades, …
Single-Cell Protein Profiling Of Wastewater Enterobacterial Communities Predicts Disinfection Efficiency, Gomathinayagam Ponniah, Han Chen, Ronda Michielutti, Nancy Salonen, Paul H. Blum
Single-Cell Protein Profiling Of Wastewater Enterobacterial Communities Predicts Disinfection Efficiency, Gomathinayagam Ponniah, Han Chen, Ronda Michielutti, Nancy Salonen, Paul H. Blum
School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications
The efficiency of enterobacterial disinfection is dependent largely on enterobacterial community physiology. However, the relationship between enterobacterial community physiology and wastewater processing is unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate this relationship. The influence of wastewater treatment processes on enterobacterial community physiology was examined at the single-cell level by using cultureindependent methods. Intracellular concentrations of two conserved proteins, the growth-related protein Fis and the stationary-phase protein Dps, were analyzed by epifluoresence microscopy of uncultivated cells by using enterobacterial group-specific polyclonal fluorochrome-coupled antibodies. Enterobacterial single-cell community protein profiles were distinct for different types of biological treatment. The differences were …
Searching By Rules: Pigeons’ (Columba Livia) Landmark-Based Search According To Constant Bearing Or Constant Distance, Marcia C. Spetch, Tiana B. Rust, Alan Kamil, Juli E. Jones
Searching By Rules: Pigeons’ (Columba Livia) Landmark-Based Search According To Constant Bearing Or Constant Distance, Marcia C. Spetch, Tiana B. Rust, Alan Kamil, Juli E. Jones
Papers in Behavior in Biological Sciences
Pigeons (Columba livia) searched for a goal location defined by a constant relative spatial relationship to 2 landmarks. For one group, landmark-to-goal bearings remained constant while distance varied. For another group, landmark-to-goal distances remained constant while direction varied. Birds were trained with 4 interlandmark distances and then tested with 5 novel interlandmark distances. Overall error magnitude was similar across groups and was larger than previously reported for Clark’s nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana). During training, error magnitude increased with interlandmark distance for constant-bearing but not constant-distance birds. Both groups searched less accurately along the axis parallel to landmarks …
Applying The Categorical Imperative In Kant's Rechtslehre, Nelson T. Potter Jr.
Applying The Categorical Imperative In Kant's Rechtslehre, Nelson T. Potter Jr.
Department of Philosophy: Faculty Publications
During the last forty years there has been considerable discussion of the application of the categorical imperative to derive conclusions concerning particular moral duties and rights in Kant's moral philosophy. Much attention was focused on the four examples of such applications that occur in Chapter Two of the Groundwork, especially the first presentation of those examples, in relation to the "universal law" formulation of the categorical imperative, as opposed to their second run through in the same chapter, in relation to the second formulation of the categorical imperative, on respect for persons. In more recent years the often fuller …
Where Are The Women Geoscience Professors?, Mary Anne Holmes, Suzanne O'Connel
Where Are The Women Geoscience Professors?, Mary Anne Holmes, Suzanne O'Connel
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences: Faculty Publications
Compiles an extensive set of data on the status of women in the geosciences, identifying successful strategies for increasing diversity as well as obstacles that hinder efforts. The lessons learned and best practices that arise from this report will help geoscientists continue to increase the gender diversity of their community. Some of these lessons also provide insight into ways to improve the racial and ethnic diversity of the geosciences.
Low Fluence, Robert Katz, F. A. Cucinotta
Low Fluence, Robert Katz, F. A. Cucinotta
Robert Katz Publications
The question of the appropriate extrapolation to low dose has long been a subject of controversy. A linear no-threshold model is favored by regulatory bodies as the basis of RBE assignments and estimates of radiation hazards to the general population. This model is largely supported by extensive application of the linear-quadratic survival formula "fitted" statistically to a wide variety of experimental data obtained at doses typically exceeding 1 Gy, and then extrapolated to mGy for practical applications, and even to the prediction of hazards from single electrons. Such extrapolations are questionable at best, and may even prove hazardous for risk …
Saudi Medical Journal - A College By Itself!, Basim A. Yaqub, Saleh M. Al-Deeb
Saudi Medical Journal - A College By Itself!, Basim A. Yaqub, Saleh M. Al-Deeb
Saudi Medical Journal
No abstract provided.
Genetics And Heart Disease, Hassan Chamsi Pasha
Genetics And Heart Disease, Hassan Chamsi Pasha
Saudi Medical Journal
Production of genome sequence has recently skyrocketed with many advances in the understanding and etiology of certain diseases. Researchers have localized a region of the human genome that plays a role in determining a persons susceptibility to myocardial infarction. A new apolipoprotein gene that influences triglyceride levels in humans is also described. A recent study from Finland showed that certain families are likely to carry a genetic form of insulin resistance syndrome that predisposes them to accelerated atherosclerosis. Researchers identified 3 mutations in the gene producing a protein called metavinculin, which appears to be linked to abnormalities in cellular structures …
Obesity Among Saudi Male Adolescents In Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Mohammed O. Al-Rukban
Obesity Among Saudi Male Adolescents In Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Mohammed O. Al-Rukban
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity and its correlates among Saudi male adolescents in Riyadh. As well as evaluating their knowledge, attitude and practice towards obesity. METHODS: A cross-sectional study conducted in intermediate and secondary schools in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia was carried out during a 5-month period, September 2001 - January 2002. A sample of 894 Saudi male adolescents (age 12-20 years) was selected through the multi-stage sampling technique. Socio-demographic characteristics; dietary and activity history; obesity-related knowledge and behavior; and family and past medical history data were obtained by a self-administered …
Luteal Phase Support In Ovarian Induction Cycles Using Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Or Oral Progestagens, Faheem F. Zayed, Mohammad F. El-Jallad, Haifa A. Al-Chalabi
Luteal Phase Support In Ovarian Induction Cycles Using Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Or Oral Progestagens, Faheem F. Zayed, Mohammad F. El-Jallad, Haifa A. Al-Chalabi
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of luteal phase support with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or oral progesterone during human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) ovulation induction. METHODS: Between September 1999 and March 2001, a total of 91 couples with infertility were recruited at Al-Hammadi Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Badeea Hospital, Jordan. In this prospective trial 46 couples were allocated to luteal phase support with hCG injections, while 45 couples were allocated to Duphaston (oral progestogens) as luteal support. RESULTS: In the group of hCG luteal support, 46 patients completed 46 cycles of hMG therapy, and 8 pregnancies (5 ongoing …
Uterine Rupture Incidence, Risk Factors, And Outcome, Abdulrahim A. Rouzi, Asmaa A. Hawaswi, Mohammed Aboalazm, Fathia Hassanain, Othman Sindi
Uterine Rupture Incidence, Risk Factors, And Outcome, Abdulrahim A. Rouzi, Asmaa A. Hawaswi, Mohammed Aboalazm, Fathia Hassanain, Othman Sindi
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of uterine rupture and to analyze risk factors and outcome in a local hospital in Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, (KSA). METHODS: The hospital records of the Maternity and Children9s Hospital (MCH), in Makkah, KSA from April 1999 to December 2000 were retrospectively reviewed to identify women with ruptured uterus. The relevant data relating to the clinical features, risk factors, operative procedures, and maternal and fetal outcomes were assessed. RESULTS: During the study period, there were 23245 deliveries and 23 women were diagnosed to have uterine rupture giving an incidence of one in 1011 deliveries. …
Cauterization Of Inferior Nasal Turbinate For Idiopathic Headache, Qasim A. Khader, Khader J. Abdul-Baqi, Abbas H. Mansour, Faisal I. Mohammed
Cauterization Of Inferior Nasal Turbinate For Idiopathic Headache, Qasim A. Khader, Khader J. Abdul-Baqi, Abbas H. Mansour, Faisal I. Mohammed
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: Idiopathic headache is a stressful complaint, whose treatment is not well established. Our study is an attempt to examine the relationship between idiopathic headache and inferior turbinate cauterization as a surgical treatment, and to explain the central physiological effect of cauterization. METHODS: Thirty-four patients, 15 females and 19 males complaining of idiopathic headache were treated by inferior turbinate cauterization. Cauterization of the inferior-medial aspect of the turbinate was carried out once under local anesthesia for few seconds. This study was performed between November 1993 and December 1996, a joint project of the Zarka Government Hospital, Zarka and Faculty of …
Hearing Screening Of Neonates At Risk, Alwan M. Maisoun, Siraj M. Zakzouk
Hearing Screening Of Neonates At Risk, Alwan M. Maisoun, Siraj M. Zakzouk
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to screen infants admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) for hearing loss. METHODS: One hundred and thirty newborns admitted to NICU were screened for hearing loss using otocaustic emission (OAE). Tympanometry was performed using Grason Stadler Incorporation (GSI) 37 and auditory brain response (ABR). RESULTS: Ninety-six of the infants had known risk factors such as prematurely, low birth weight, hyperbilirubinemia, asphyxia and congenital abnormalities. Out of 130 infants 80 passed the OAE test, 50 had to be rescreened, and 19 had ABR. Only 13 were found with moderate to severe hearing …
Silicosis In A Housewife, Wassef F. Safa, Jose L. Machado
Silicosis In A Housewife, Wassef F. Safa, Jose L. Machado
Saudi Medical Journal
Silicosis is an occupational respiratory disease caused by inhaling respirable crystalline silica dust. We report the case of silicosis in a 50-year-old woman that presented with pulmonary fibrosis and later developed pulmonary tuberculosis. Her condition is believed to be due to inhalation of dust produced by scrubbing a silica rich surface during usual daily housework.
Spontaneous Cure Of An Oropharyngeal Hamartoma, Othman M. El-Mustafa, Ahmed A. Badie
Spontaneous Cure Of An Oropharyngeal Hamartoma, Othman M. El-Mustafa, Ahmed A. Badie
Saudi Medical Journal
No abstract provided.
Troponin 1 In Acute Myocardial Infarction, Abdulhalim J. Kinsara, Boniface O. George
Troponin 1 In Acute Myocardial Infarction, Abdulhalim J. Kinsara, Boniface O. George
Saudi Medical Journal
No abstract provided.
Human Physiology, Luke O. Nwoye, Mohammad Mohammad
Human Physiology, Luke O. Nwoye, Mohammad Mohammad
Saudi Medical Journal
No abstract provided.
Administrative Support And Challenges In Nebraska Public School Early Childhood Programs: Preliminary Study, Christine Marvin, Barbara Lacost, Marilyn Grady, Paul Mooney
Administrative Support And Challenges In Nebraska Public School Early Childhood Programs: Preliminary Study, Christine Marvin, Barbara Lacost, Marilyn Grady, Paul Mooney
Department of Special Education and Communication Disorders: Faculty Publications
One hundred seventy-six teachers employed in prekindergarten programs in Nebraska’s public schools were surveyed regarding their perceptions of the administrative supports and challenges associated with their programs. Both early childhood and early childhood special education teachers participated. Overall findings suggest that most administrators of early childhood programs advocate for quality programs and support teachers’ unique budgetary requests and work-hour schedules. Consistent with the findings from reports by Brotherson et al. (2001) and Lieber et al. (1997), teachers indicated that their supervisor (principal or other type of administrator) relied on them for knowledge about recommended practices in early childhood programs. Teachers …
Hyperthermophilic Alpha-Glucosidase Gene And Its Use, Paul Blum
Hyperthermophilic Alpha-Glucosidase Gene And Its Use, Paul Blum
School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications
Recombinant, thermostable alpha-glucosidases from archaeal micro-organisms and isolated DNA encoding for such alpha-glucosidases are provided. The isolated DNA is obtained by use of DNA or antibody probes prepared from the DNA encoding S. sulfataricus alpha-glucosidase. Also provided are methods for producing recombinant archaeal thermostable alpha-glucosidase and transformants incorporating thermostable alpha-glucosidase. Autoprocessing of plant tissue through the use of transgenic thermostable glycosyl hydrolases is described.
The Safety Of Genetically Modified Foods Produced Through Biotechnology, Robert M. Hollingworth, Leonard F. Bjeldanes, Michael Bolger, Ian Kimber, Barbara Jean Meade, Steve L. Taylor, Kendall B. Wallace
The Safety Of Genetically Modified Foods Produced Through Biotechnology, Robert M. Hollingworth, Leonard F. Bjeldanes, Michael Bolger, Ian Kimber, Barbara Jean Meade, Steve L. Taylor, Kendall B. Wallace
Department of Food Science and Technology: Faculty Publications
The Society of Toxicology (SOT) is committed to protecting and enhancing human, animal, and environmental health through the sound application of the fundamental principles of the science of toxicology. It is with this goal in mind that the SOT defines here its current consensus position on the safety of foods produced through biotechnology (genetic engineering). These products are commonly termed genetically modified foods, but this is misleading, since conventional methods of microbial, crop, and animal improvement also produce genetic modifications and these are not addressed here.
The available scientific evidence indicates that the potential adverse health effects arising from biotechnology-derived …
Characterization Of Escherichia Coli O157:H7 From Downer And Healthy Dairy Cattle In The Upper Midwest Region Of The United States, C. M. Byrne, I. Erol, J. E. Call, C. W. Kaspar, D. R. Buege, C. J. Hiemke, P. J. Fedorka-Cray, Andrew K. Benson, F. M. Wallace, J. B. Luchansky
Characterization Of Escherichia Coli O157:H7 From Downer And Healthy Dairy Cattle In The Upper Midwest Region Of The United States, C. M. Byrne, I. Erol, J. E. Call, C. W. Kaspar, D. R. Buege, C. J. Hiemke, P. J. Fedorka-Cray, Andrew K. Benson, F. M. Wallace, J. B. Luchansky
Department of Food Science and Technology: Faculty Publications
While cattle in general have been identified as a reservoir of Escherichia coli O157:H7, there are limited data regarding the prevalence and clonality of this pathogen in downer dairy cattle and the potential impact to human health that may occur following consumption of meat derived from downer dairy cattle. In the present study, conducted at two slaughter facilities in Wisconsin between May and October of 2001, we established a higher prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in fecal and/or tissue samples obtained aseptically from intact colons of downer dairy cattle (10 of 203, 4.9%) than in those from healthy dairy cattle …
Genome Diversification In Phylogenetic Lineages I And Ii Of Listeria Monocytogenes: Identification Of Segments Unique To Lineage Ii Populations, Chaomei Zhang, Min Zhang, Jingliang Ju, Joseph Nietfeldt, John Wise, Phillip M. Terry, Michael Olson, Stephen D. Kachman, Martin Wiedmann, Mansour Samadpour, Andrew K. Benson
Genome Diversification In Phylogenetic Lineages I And Ii Of Listeria Monocytogenes: Identification Of Segments Unique To Lineage Ii Populations, Chaomei Zhang, Min Zhang, Jingliang Ju, Joseph Nietfeldt, John Wise, Phillip M. Terry, Michael Olson, Stephen D. Kachman, Martin Wiedmann, Mansour Samadpour, Andrew K. Benson
Department of Food Science and Technology: Faculty Publications
Thirteen different serotypes of Listeria monocytogenes can be distinguished on the basis of variation in somatic and flagellar antigens. Although the known virulence genes are present in all serotypes, greater than 90% of human cases of listeriosis are caused by serotypes 1/2a, 1/2b, and 4b and nearly all outbreaks of food-borne listeriosis have been caused by serotype 4b strains. Phylogenetic analysis of these three common clinical serotypes places them into two different lineages, with serotypes 1/2b and 4b belonging to lineage I and 1/2a belonging to lineage II. To begin examining evolution of the genome in these serotypes, DNA microarray …
Web-Based Research: Methodological Variables' Effects On Dropout And Sample Characteristicsweb-Based Research: Methodological Variables' Effects On Dropout And Sample Characteristics, Kevin M. O'Neil, Steven D. Penrod, Brian H. Bornstein
Web-Based Research: Methodological Variables' Effects On Dropout And Sample Characteristicsweb-Based Research: Methodological Variables' Effects On Dropout And Sample Characteristics, Kevin M. O'Neil, Steven D. Penrod, Brian H. Bornstein
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Previous research has made a beginning in addressing the importance of methodological differences in Web-based research. The present paper presents four studies investigating whether sample type, financial incentives, time when personal information is requested, table design, and method of obtaining informed consent influence dropout and sample characteristics (both demographics and measured attitudes). Undergraduates were less likely to drop out than nonstudents, and nonstudents offered a financial incentive were less likely to drop out than those offered no incentive. Complex tables, tables that were too wide, requests for personal information on the first page, and the imposing of additional informed consent …
Comparison Of Implicit And Explicit Learning Processes In A Probabilistic Task, Thomas D. Green, John H. Flowers
Comparison Of Implicit And Explicit Learning Processes In A Probabilistic Task, Thomas D. Green, John H. Flowers
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
This experiment compared the performance with explicit (rule-application and rule-discovery) and implicit (nonrule-instructed) learning approaches on the performance of a probabilistic video game task requiring fine motor control. The task required visual tracking of a small ball of light and “catching” it by means of joystick manipulation. A general pattern of improvement with practice occurred for all conditions. All conditions showed use of predictive relations among stimulus events. However, task performance of the rule-application and rule-discovery conditions were inferior to the nonrule-instructed implicit condition, particularly during the early phases of rule acquisition and application. This pattern strongly suggests substantial performance …
Geographic Variation In Song Of The Bright-Rumped Attila (Tyrannidae: Attila Spadiceus): Implications For Species Status, Daniel Leger, D. James Mountjoy
Geographic Variation In Song Of The Bright-Rumped Attila (Tyrannidae: Attila Spadiceus): Implications For Species Status, Daniel Leger, D. James Mountjoy
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Bright-rumped Attilas (Attila spadiceus) have two song forms, one sung primarily at dawn, the other primarily during the rest of the day. Both songs consist of a main phrase and an optional terminal phrase. Our recordings of dawn and day songs in Costa Rica were very similar to those made elsewhere in Central America. However, Central American dawn songs were significantly different than dawn songs from South America, both in terms of quantitative features (temporal and frequency variables) and qualitative characteristics (note shape). Day songs from Central and South America were similar. Song differences suggest that the Bright-rumped …
Family Factors That Differentiate Sexually Abused And Nonabused Adolescent Psychiatric Inpatients, Dawn H.S. Reinemann, Kevin D. Stark, Susan M. Swearer Napolitano
Family Factors That Differentiate Sexually Abused And Nonabused Adolescent Psychiatric Inpatients, Dawn H.S. Reinemann, Kevin D. Stark, Susan M. Swearer Napolitano
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Sexual abuse research has traditionally focused on adult, retrospective accounts of potential correlates of abuse and their impact on functioning. However, only a few studies have examined sexually abused adolescents’ perceptions of their families, and results have proven inconclusive. This study examined whether family factors would differentiate sexually abused and nonabused adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Fifty-seven psychiatric inpatients, ages 11 to 17, who either had experienced sexual abuse or had no history of sexual victimization completed a diagnostic interview and were assessed on a variety of family indices. Results indicated that after controlling for level of depression, sexually abused adolescents could …
Evolution From A Conventional Well Field To A Riverbank-Filtration System, John D. North, Douglas J. Schnoebelen, Shelli Grapp, Roy E. Hesemann
Evolution From A Conventional Well Field To A Riverbank-Filtration System, John D. North, Douglas J. Schnoebelen, Shelli Grapp, Roy E. Hesemann
United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications
The City of Cedar Rapids is located in east-central Iowa and has a population of 121,000. The Cedar River alluvial aquifer is the sole source of drinking water for the City. Within the last few years, the Cedar River — which drains a major agricultural watershed — has experienced extended periods of elevated levels of nitrate and herbicides (notably, atrazine and its degradation byproducts) that were above the maximum contaminant level for drinking water. Fortunately, during these extended periods of compromised water quality in the river, RBF enabled the Cedar Rapids Water Department to obtain and treat adequate quantities of …