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2003

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The Exercise Of Contract Freedom In The Making Of Arbitration Agreements, Thomas E. Carbonneau Jan 2003

The Exercise Of Contract Freedom In The Making Of Arbitration Agreements, Thomas E. Carbonneau

Faculty Scholarship

A universal principle of contemporary arbitration law is that contract plays a vital role in the governance of arbitration. The vitality of that role can vary by legal system, court,statute, or treaty. Nonetheless, party agreement often provides the most significant rules for regulating arbitrations and conducting arbitral proceedings. This is especially true in international commercial arbitration. There, the lack of a functional transborder legislativeand adjudicatory process made contract the principal source of law for internationalcommercial transactions and arbitrations. Although law-making is more possible withinindividual national legal systems, the rule of contract freedom is also firmly established inmatters of domestic arbitration. …

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Inmate Litigation, Margo Schlanger Jan 2003

Inmate Litigation, Margo Schlanger

Articles

In 1995, prison and jail inmates brought about 40,000 new lawsuits in federal court nearly a fifth of the federal civil docket. Court records evidence a success rate for inmate plaintiffs under fifteen percent. These statistics highlight two qualities long associated with the inmate docket: its volume and the low rate of plaintiffs' success. Then, in 1996, Congress enacted the Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA), which dramatically altered the litigation landscape, restricting inmates' access to federal court in a variety of ways. This Article examines inmate litigation before and after the PLRA. Looking first at the litigation process itself, it …

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Bayh-Dole Reform And The Progress Of Biomedicine, Arti K. Rai, Rebecca S. Eisenberg Jan 2003

Bayh-Dole Reform And The Progress Of Biomedicine, Arti K. Rai, Rebecca S. Eisenberg

Articles

Advances in fundamental biomedical research play an important and growing role in the development of new therapeutic and diagnostic products. Although the development of pharmaceutical end products has long been a proprietary enterprise, biomedical research comes from a very different tradition of open science. Within this tradition, long-standing norms call for relatively unfettered access to fundamental knowledge developed by prior researchers. The tradition of open science has eroded considerably over the past quarter century as proprietary claims have reached farther upstream from end products to cover fundamental discoveries that provide the knowledge base for future product development.

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Understanding Climatic Impacts, Vulnerabilities, And Adaptation In The United States: Building A Capacity For Assessment, Edward A. Parson, Robert W. Corell, Eric J. Barron, Virginia Burkett, Anthony Janetos, Linda Joyce, Thomas R. Karl, Michael C. Maccracken, Jerry Melillo, M. Granger Morgan, David S. Schimel, Thomas Wilbanks Jan 2003

Understanding Climatic Impacts, Vulnerabilities, And Adaptation In The United States: Building A Capacity For Assessment, Edward A. Parson, Robert W. Corell, Eric J. Barron, Virginia Burkett, Anthony Janetos, Linda Joyce, Thomas R. Karl, Michael C. Maccracken, Jerry Melillo, M. Granger Morgan, David S. Schimel, Thomas Wilbanks

Articles

Based on the experience of the U.S. National Assessment, we propose a program of research and analysis to advance capability for assessment of climate impacts, vulnerabilities, and adaptation options. We identify specific priorities for scientific research on the responses of ecological and socioeconomic systems to climate and other stresses; for improvement in the climatic inputs to impact assessments; and for further development of assessment methods to improve their practical utility to decision-makers. Finally, we propose a new institutional model for assessment, based principally on regional efforts that integrate observations, research, data, applications, and assessment on climate and linked environmental-change issues. …

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Redistributing Optimally: Of Tax Rules, Legal Rules, And Insurance, Kyle D. Logue, Ronen Avraham Jan 2003

Redistributing Optimally: Of Tax Rules, Legal Rules, And Insurance, Kyle D. Logue, Ronen Avraham

Articles

From the beginning of the law and economics movement, normative legal economists have focused almost exclusively on evaluating the efficiency of alternative legal rules. The distributional consequences of legal rules, therefore, have largely been ignored. It is tempting to conclude that legal economists are hostile or indifferent to concerns of distributional fairness. In fact, however, the discipline of economics has a great deal to say about distributional policy. The normative branch of economics, known as welfare economics, has always been deeply concerned with distributional issues. It is not that welfare economists purport to know a priori the "right" or "optimal" …

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Teaching The Early Female Canon: Gothic Feminism In Wollstonecraft, Radcliffe, Austen, Dacre, And Shelley, Diane Hoeveler Jan 2003

Teaching The Early Female Canon: Gothic Feminism In Wollstonecraft, Radcliffe, Austen, Dacre, And Shelley, Diane Hoeveler

English Faculty Research and Publications

No abstract provided.

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Tyranny Of Sentimental Form: Wollstonecraft’S Mary And The Gendering Of Anxiety, Diane Hoeveler Jan 2003

Tyranny Of Sentimental Form: Wollstonecraft’S Mary And The Gendering Of Anxiety, Diane Hoeveler

English Faculty Research and Publications

No abstract provided.

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Specialized Courts: Not A Cure-All, Phylis Skloot Bamberger Jan 2003

Specialized Courts: Not A Cure-All, Phylis Skloot Bamberger

Fordham Urban Law Journal

This article argues that while specialized courts, such as drug courts, dealing with defendants charged with crimes are of critical importance, sole or primary reliance on specialized courts are not sufficient. Instead, centralized resources should be available as necessary to all courts in a county or city in which alternatives to incarceration are possible, although not automatic because not all defendants are serviced by specialized court.

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Emotional Harm In Housing Discrimination Cases: A New Look At A Lingering Problem, Victor M. Goode, Conrad A. Johnson Jan 2003

Emotional Harm In Housing Discrimination Cases: A New Look At A Lingering Problem, Victor M. Goode, Conrad A. Johnson

Fordham Urban Law Journal

This Article explores relevant social science data and examines how it affects the analysis and understanding of evidence of emotional harm. Part I provides an overview of the current state of emotional harm cases. Part II discusses the issue of bias in the process of reviewing discrimination cases from the perspective of critical race theory and recent social science data. In Part III, this Article examines the cycles of ignorance that have contributed to an under-valuation of emotional harm in housing discrimination litigation. Finally, suggestions are made about how to gather relevant psychological and medical information on the effects of …

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Just The (Unweildy, Hard To Gether, But Nonetheless Essential) Facts, Ma'am: What We Know And Don't Know About Problem-Solving Courts, Greg Berman, Anne Gulick Jan 2003

Just The (Unweildy, Hard To Gether, But Nonetheless Essential) Facts, Ma'am: What We Know And Don't Know About Problem-Solving Courts, Greg Berman, Anne Gulick

Fordham Urban Law Journal

This article asses what is known and what remains to be understood about problem-solving courts. Specifically, the article asserts that drug courts serve a needy population, court mandated treatment programs have higher retention rates, those who participate longer have better outcomes, those in drug courts had lower rates of recidivism, drug use, and that graduated sanctions have statistically significant impact on offenders behavior, sanctions are crucial to the model's effectiveness, post-program studies are sparse, drug courts are less costly than traditional adjudication, but cost savings for jail and prison beds are less clear. The article also addresses questions that remain …

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Specialized Courts: Not A Cure-All, Phylis Skloot Bamberger Jan 2003

Specialized Courts: Not A Cure-All, Phylis Skloot Bamberger

Fordham Urban Law Journal

This article argues that while specialized courts, such as drug courts, dealing with defendants charged with crimes are of critical importance, sole or primary reliance on specialized courts are not sufficient. Instead, centralized resources should be available as necessary to all courts in a county or city in which alternatives to incarceration are possible, although not automatic because not all defendants are serviced by specialized court.

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Recent New York Appellate Decisions Will Impact Municipal Tort Litigation, John M. Shields Jan 2003

Recent New York Appellate Decisions Will Impact Municipal Tort Litigation, John M. Shields

Fordham Urban Law Journal

This article discusses and summarized the recent decisions by the New York State Court of Appeals and other appellate courts that will alter or greatly impact future tort litigation, especially with regard to municipal liability. The article addresses time limitations for filing claims against the state, the "serious injury" standard under insurance law, the case of Rangolan v. County of Nassau.

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The Fordham Urban Law Journal: A New Millennium, Constantine N. Katsoris Jan 2003

The Fordham Urban Law Journal: A New Millennium, Constantine N. Katsoris

Fordham Urban Law Journal

A general overview of the journal's progress and publications.

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Homeless Legal Advocacy: New Challenges And Directions For The Future, L. Hafetz Jan 2003

Homeless Legal Advocacy: New Challenges And Directions For The Future, L. Hafetz

Fordham Urban Law Journal

This Article examines the role of lawyers for homeless people. It argues that while even the most zealous legal advocacy cannot alone solve homelessness, it remains an important tool because of the assistance it provides to individuals, its impact on broader legal rules, and its potential role in shaping public perception and debate. The Article also maintains that legal advocacy works best when combined with a holistic approach that addresses homeless clients' non-legal needs, such as housing placement, case management, medical and psychiatric care, job training, and substance abuse counseling. It further argues that, to the extent possible, lawyers for …

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The Fordham Urban Law Journal: Twenty Years Of Progress, Constantine N. Katsoris Jan 2003

The Fordham Urban Law Journal: Twenty Years Of Progress, Constantine N. Katsoris

Fordham Urban Law Journal

An overview of different topics covered by the journal throughout the years.

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From Equity To Adequacy: The Legal Battle For Increased State Funding Of Poor School Districts In New York, Brian J. Nickerson, Gernard M. Deenihan Jan 2003

From Equity To Adequacy: The Legal Battle For Increased State Funding Of Poor School Districts In New York, Brian J. Nickerson, Gernard M. Deenihan

Fordham Urban Law Journal

This Article evaluates the influence of federal courts' school finance cases on the New York school finance groups' decision to litigate in the New York courts. It then analyzes the importance of other states' legal precedents in school finance cases as a factor influencing interest groups in New York to challenge the state's public education funding formulas. This Article discusses the progression of public elementary and secondary school funding formula litigation in New York, focusing on the legal arguments raised by various interest group-plaintiffs and tracing the development of those arguments to school finance cases in other states. The conclusion …

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Reciprocal Effects Of Crime And Incarceration In New York City Neighborhoods, Jeffrey Fagan, Valerie West, Jan Holland Jan 2003

Reciprocal Effects Of Crime And Incarceration In New York City Neighborhoods, Jeffrey Fagan, Valerie West, Jan Holland

Fordham Urban Law Journal

This Article identifies and estimates the ecological dynamics of increasing spatial and social concentration of incarcerated individuals in urban neighborhoods using data from New York City between 1985 and 1997. It argues that this dynamic becomes self-sustaining and reinforcing over time. In conclusion, the Article discusses how high incarceration rates impact the relationships between citizens and the law, directly affecting residents and influencing policy preferences of non-residents.

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Abusing State Power Or Controlling Risk?: Sex Offender Commitment And Sicherungverwahrung, Nora V. Demleitner Jan 2003

Abusing State Power Or Controlling Risk?: Sex Offender Commitment And Sicherungverwahrung, Nora V. Demleitner

Fordham Urban Law Journal

This article addresses civil commitment of sexually predatory offenders. It first outlines the most common American approaches to controlling sexual offenders, then details the German concept of Sicherungsverwahrung and greater state control, and finally proposes adopting a modified German approach that assures proportionality and public safety without sacrificing individual liberties. The article concludes by arguing that criminal penalties and safety-based detention should both be seen as elements of social control, which requires that safety measures with clearly punitive components be recognized as part of the punishment process.

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Are Collateral Sanctions Premised On Conduct Or Conviction?: The Case Of Abortion Doctors, Gabriel J. Chin Jan 2003

Are Collateral Sanctions Premised On Conduct Or Conviction?: The Case Of Abortion Doctors, Gabriel J. Chin

Fordham Urban Law Journal

Traditionally, collateral sanctions are viewed as civil measures designed to prevent undue risk by proven lawbreakers. If a collateral sanction were a criminal penalty instead, that would trigger constitutional provisions like the Ex Post Facto Clause, which would mean the sanction could not be imposed retroactively. This Article argues that collateral sanctions based on conduct and not conviction indicate a civil regulatory measure, but that when the sanctions only apply in the event of conviction, the sanction looks more like punishment. Conviction is not the only way to show risky conduct, and it is the conduct that civil sanctions should …

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Starting Over With A Clean Slate: In Praise Of A Forgotten Section Of The Model Penal Code, Margaret Colgate Love Jan 2003

Starting Over With A Clean Slate: In Praise Of A Forgotten Section Of The Model Penal Code, Margaret Colgate Love

Fordham Urban Law Journal

Convicted felons have no realistic hope of full reintegration into society when jurisdictions do not provide for eventual removal of collateral penalties and when relief mechanisms are insufficient or ineffective. Because Americans are uncomfortable with such an unforgiving system and states are considering the economic burdens of such a system, jurisdictions should take steps to limit the scope and duration of these collateral consequences. This Article proposes a legal framework aimed to fully reintegrate an offender into society post incarceration. It urges a return to the reforms of the 1960s and 70s, the ABA Standards on Collateral Sanctions, and Section …

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Determining The Retroactive Effect Of Laws Altering The Consequences Of Criminal Convictions, Nancy Morawetz Jan 2003

Determining The Retroactive Effect Of Laws Altering The Consequences Of Criminal Convictions, Nancy Morawetz

Fordham Urban Law Journal

This Article explores when laws altering the consequences of conviction can retroactively apply. It traces the roots of the current emphasis on plea agreements to the current confusion about how to determine retroactivity in cases involving quasi-economic transactions and those involving wrongful conduct. Using I.N.S. v. St. Cyr, 533 U.S. 298 (2001), it focuses on the open issue of the date against which new legal consequences are measured. Finally, the Article argues that reliance is an improper indicia of retroactivity for laws governing wrongful conduct and that the proper question is whether the offender had fair notice of the degree …

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A New Code Of Ethics For Commercial Arbitrators: The Neutrality Of Party-Appointed Arbitrators On A Tripartite Panel, Olga K. Byrne Jan 2003

A New Code Of Ethics For Commercial Arbitrators: The Neutrality Of Party-Appointed Arbitrators On A Tripartite Panel, Olga K. Byrne

Fordham Urban Law Journal

This article discusses ABA and AAA revisions to the ethics code for commercial arbitrators with respect to the neutrality of arbitrators. This Note describes the importance of the tripartite panel and the new standards in the revised code of ethics. It further examines the opposing arguments concerning the role of party-appointed arbitrators with respect to neutrality. Finally, the Note proposes that the revisers educate participants in the arbitral process of the new standard demanded of all arbitrators, so as to maintain confidence and stability in arbitration.

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A Second Take: Re-Examining Our Regulatory Takings Jurisprudence Post-Tahoe, Robert W. Diubaldo Jan 2003

A Second Take: Re-Examining Our Regulatory Takings Jurisprudence Post-Tahoe, Robert W. Diubaldo

Fordham Urban Law Journal

This Note discusses the aftermath of the landmark case, Tahoe-Sierra Preservation Council, Inc. v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agencey. This Comment first discusses the background of regulatory takings jurisprudence, from Justice Holmes' landmark Pennsylvania Coal opinion to the present. It further analyzes the recent Tahoe decision, focusing on both the strengths and weaknesses of the decision and its potential impact on the future of takings. Finally, the Comment offers a different analytical framework from which to analyze regulatory takings. Under this theory, courts would abandon the partial/total distinction, and instead focus on the actual loss from the landowner's point of view. …

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Day Laborers, Friend Or Foe: A Survey Of Community Responses, Mauricio A. Espana Jan 2003

Day Laborers, Friend Or Foe: A Survey Of Community Responses, Mauricio A. Espana

Fordham Urban Law Journal

This comment discusses the various ways that communities that benefit from day laborers respond to the presence of the "underground" employment phenomenon. Part I provides some background into the day laborers' situation, livelihood, and legal rights. Part II discusses the competing issues faced by day laborers, as well as the issues the laborers present to community residents, employers, and the United States Government. Finally, Part III discusses the different solutions that communities confronted with day laborers have proposed and implemented, and concludes that it is in the best interests of all parties involved that communities accept day labors and accommodate …

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Examining How The Inclusion Of Disabled Students Into The General Classroom May Affect Non-Disabled Classmates, Marissa L. Antoinette Jan 2003

Examining How The Inclusion Of Disabled Students Into The General Classroom May Affect Non-Disabled Classmates, Marissa L. Antoinette

Fordham Urban Law Journal

This Comment discusses the effectiveness of the inclusion of disabled students in general classrooms, focusing particularly on the effects on non-disabled classmates. Part I of this Comment outlines the history of inclusion as established through federal legislation, as well as its gradual implementation in New York City. Part II examines the issues concerning inclusion, looking at the consequences inappropriate inclusion of disabled students may have on the non-disabled ("general") student. Finally, Part III proposes a solution, suggesting that a school district give a disabled student a "three strikes" policy regarding disruptions, after which she may be removed, permanently or temporarily, …

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Identity Crisis: The Obsolescence Of Jasopersaud V. Rho And The Medical Malpractice Expert Exception, Mark D. Shifton Jan 2003

Identity Crisis: The Obsolescence Of Jasopersaud V. Rho And The Medical Malpractice Expert Exception, Mark D. Shifton

Fordham Urban Law Journal

This Comment discusses the provision of the New York Civil Practice Law and Rules ("CPLR") governing the disclosure of medical malpractice expert witnesses, and how medical malpractice litigants strive to protect the identities of their experts. The Comment discusses the initial judicial decisions dealing with the amended CPLR 3101, and how courts initially struggled to apply the medical malpractice expert exception. Special attention is paid to Jasopersaud v. Rho, which attempted to create a workable standard to further the competing goals of CPLR 3101(d)(1)(i) and Thomas v. Alleyne. The Comment further discusses whether the policy goals behind the medical malpractice …

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Watching Out For Grandma: Video Cameras In Nursing Homes May Help To Eliminate Abuse, Tracey Kohl Jan 2003

Watching Out For Grandma: Video Cameras In Nursing Homes May Help To Eliminate Abuse, Tracey Kohl

Fordham Urban Law Journal

This Comment examines the arguments for and against the proposal to grant nursing home residents and their guardians a legal right to install video cameras for protection. Part I discusses the current state of federal nursing home regulation. It focuses on the problems impeding effective enforcement of these regulations that have led to the current crisis in nursing home quality of care. Part II examines how the proposed video surveillance might affect various privacy interests within a nursing home setting. Part III addresses the economic concerns of granny cam opponents. Part IV concludes that with careful drafting, federal legislation requiring …

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Transformative Criminal Defense Practice: Truth, Love, And Individual Rights- The Innovative Approach Of The Georgia Justice Project, Douglas Ammar, Tosha Downey Jan 2003

Transformative Criminal Defense Practice: Truth, Love, And Individual Rights- The Innovative Approach Of The Georgia Justice Project, Douglas Ammar, Tosha Downey

Fordham Urban Law Journal

Georgia Justice Project has a unique approach to criminal defense and rehabilitation which is based on a relationship and community-oriented ethic. Focused on only accepting clients who are willing to make a serious commitment to changing their lives, the GJP ensures that the client moves beyond social, emotional and personal challenges that contributed to their legal problems. This article describes the unique factors of the GJP that have contributed to its continued success.

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It Takes A Region , Angela Glover Blackwell Jan 2003

It Takes A Region , Angela Glover Blackwell

Fordham Urban Law Journal

Suburbanization and sprawl present new issues and challenges of regional inequity and equal opportunity. As awareness of the effects of the impacts of uneven and unhealthy development patterns grow, the debate for dealing with the fallout of sprawl is being taken up and policy agenda is emerging to address smart growth. With the emergence of the region rather than the city as the dominant economic and social geographic unit and key policy changes, the article propounds that the mistakes of the past fifty years can be reversed and regional equity achieved. The article makes it clear that life changes are …

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Clarifying The Federal Fair Housing Act’S Exemption For Reasonable Occupancy Restrictions, Tim Iglesias Jan 2003

Clarifying The Federal Fair Housing Act’S Exemption For Reasonable Occupancy Restrictions, Tim Iglesias

Fordham Urban Law Journal

The 1988 Fair Housing Act Amendments (FHAA) for “reasonable” governmental occupancy standards contains a deceptively simple “exemption” that has been the subject of interpretation by numerous courts. This article argues that this “exemption” has been misinterpreted by these courts, particularly by the Sixth Circuit in Affordable Housing Advocates v. City of Richmond Heights. The article describes how this misinterpretation undercuts the protection from housing discrimination that the FHAA provides for families, especially families of color. The article details the FHAA’s familial status provision and “reasonable” standard exemption, and goes on to “analyze relevant case law and the legislative history to …

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