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2002

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Borrowing Patterns For Small Firms: A Comparison By Race And Ethnicity, Susan Coleman Dec 2002

Borrowing Patterns For Small Firms: A Comparison By Race And Ethnicity, Susan Coleman

The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance

This article explores the use of debt capital by small firms using data from the 1998 Survey of Small Business Finances. An examination of the data reveals differences in the characteristics and borrowing experience of small firms by race and ethnicity. Results indicate that although minority firm owners were just as likely to apply for loans, they were significantly less likely to be approved for them. Further, black small business owners were less likely to even bother applying for a loan, because they assumed they would be denied. These findings have implications for the ability of minority small business owners …

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Dear Author, Your Book Is Important To Me, Wilma D. Kuhlman, Carol L. Moutray Dec 2002

Dear Author, Your Book Is Important To Me, Wilma D. Kuhlman, Carol L. Moutray

Reading Horizons: A Journal of Literacy and Language Arts

Research with letters written to authors for a contest showed that students often responded to literature in different ways according to the subgenre. Contemporary realistic fiction elicited many personalized responses while historical fiction elicited more responses that informed students' lives. Students noted that high fantasy and science fiction affected their writing skills, while mystery and other science fiction supported reading growth. The research indicates that writing letters to authors is a viable response activity for students.

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A Survey Of Contexts For Successful Literacy Tutoring, Dorothy Leal, Cathy Mowrer, Jodi Cunningham Dec 2002

A Survey Of Contexts For Successful Literacy Tutoring, Dorothy Leal, Cathy Mowrer, Jodi Cunningham

Reading Horizons: A Journal of Literacy and Language Arts

Effective tutoring is key to successful literacy learning for at-risk children. This report provides an overview of answers to the question: "What are the contexts for effective literacy tutoring?" The research shows that successful reading tutoring is commonly found in four contexts: home, school, professional/community, and university settings.

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Peaks Island Star : December 2002, Vol. 22, Issue 12, Service Agencies Of The Island Dec 2002

Peaks Island Star : December 2002, Vol. 22, Issue 12, Service Agencies Of The Island

Peaks Island Star, 2002

The Peaks Island Star is the newsletter of the island's service agencies and other community news.

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La Enfermedad En La Historiografía De América Latina Moderna, Diego Armus Dec 2002

La Enfermedad En La Historiografía De América Latina Moderna, Diego Armus

History Faculty Works

En este artículo se discute las tendencias y tópicos dominantes en la historiografía sobre la enfermedad en América latina moderna. Las tendencias dominantes son la historia sociocultural de la enfermedad, la historia de la salud pública y la nueva historia de la medicina. Los tópicos más trabajados son el estudio de las epidemias, el de la transmisión de saberes desde el centro a las áreas periféricas, la medicina tropical y las dimensiones socioculturales de la enfermedad.

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Cole Train | V.1, No.1 (Fall 2002), Houston Cole Library Dec 2002

Cole Train | V.1, No.1 (Fall 2002), Houston Cole Library

Library Annual Reports & Newsletters

No abstract provided.

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The First Establishment Clause: Article Vii And The Post-Constitutional Confederation, Gary Lawson, Guy Seidman Dec 2002

The First Establishment Clause: Article Vii And The Post-Constitutional Confederation, Gary Lawson, Guy Seidman

Notre Dame Law Review

No abstract provided.

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Special Protection In The Air[Line Industry]: The Historical Development Of Section 1110 Of The Bankruptcy Code, Gregory P. Ripple Dec 2002

Special Protection In The Air[Line Industry]: The Historical Development Of Section 1110 Of The Bankruptcy Code, Gregory P. Ripple

Notre Dame Law Review

No abstract provided.

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The Velvet Divorce: Slovakia's Divorcement Of Her Abusive Spouse, Steven C. Page Dec 2002

The Velvet Divorce: Slovakia's Divorcement Of Her Abusive Spouse, Steven C. Page

Sigma: Journal of Political and International Studies

No abstract provided.

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Issue No. 58: December 2002, Historical Society Of New Mexico Dec 2002

Issue No. 58: December 2002, Historical Society Of New Mexico

La Crónica de Nuevo México

1 Historical Society of New Mexico Annual Meeting in Gallup, NM
1 Historical Society Offers $1,000 Scholarships
2 Nathan Augustus Monroe Dudley, Rogue, Hero or Both?
3 A Brief Sketch of Ramah's Early History
4 History of the Ramah Trees

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Water Current, Volume 34, No. 6. December 2002 Dec 2002

Water Current, Volume 34, No. 6. December 2002

Water Current Newsletter

• UNL Aquaculturist Sees Fish Farming Niche in Empty Hog Barns by Steve Ress

• From the Director

• Meet the Faculty

• The Army Corps’ Missouri River Mission by Brig. Gen. David A. Fastabend

• Water News Briefs

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The Faculty Notebook, December 2002, Provost's Office Dec 2002

The Faculty Notebook, December 2002, Provost's Office

Faculty Notebook

The Faculty Notebook is published periodically by the Office of the Provost at Gettysburg College to bring to the attention of the campus community accomplishments and activities of academic interest. Faculty are encouraged to submit materials for consideration for publication to the Associate Provost for Faculty Development. Copies of this publication are available at the Office of the Provost.

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Who Are The Entrepreneurs? Evidence From Taxpayer Data, Donald Bruce, Douglas Holtz-Eakin Dec 2002

Who Are The Entrepreneurs? Evidence From Taxpayer Data, Donald Bruce, Douglas Holtz-Eakin

The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance

The United States has experienced a revival of interest in entrepreneurs. While much of the public fascination has focused on "dot com" millionaires and similar high-profile phenomena, a coincident surge in research has focused on the economic foundations of this boom. In executing their research strategy, analysts are confronted with the interrelated issues of deciding "who is an entrepreneur" and identifying data sources suitable to analyze retrepreneurial behavior. In many instances, the focus has been on those individuals who identify themselves as self-employed in large cross-sectional data sets like the Census or Current Population Survey (CPS), or panel data sets …

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Value Creation And The Entrepreneurial Business, Michael F. Spivey, Jeffrey J. Mcmillan Dec 2002

Value Creation And The Entrepreneurial Business, Michael F. Spivey, Jeffrey J. Mcmillan

The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance

The need to finance high growth and manage the interests and needs of investors makes value creation a critical concern for entrepreneurial businesses. Almost any financial endeavor, such as attracting new investors or making investment decisions, necessitates the consideration of the equity value created by the endeavor. The perceived value creation, for example, has a direct effect on the percentage of the firm outside investors will require if they are to invest in the business. Measuring the value created by publicly traded businesses, depending on the assumptions made, is relatively straightforward. If public markets are at least semi-strong form efficient …

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Venture Capital Finance In China, Xiaoqing Eleanor Xu Dec 2002

Venture Capital Finance In China, Xiaoqing Eleanor Xu

The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance

The globalization of capital flow has resulted in an increasing number of firms choosing to cross-list their stocks in foreign stock exchanges to raise public equity capital abroad, and more recently, the booming of venture capital (VC) inflow to developing nations to finance the start-ups and growth companies in those emerging economies. The dramatic rise in venture-funded activity in developing nations has been largely fueled by institutional investors in the United States and other developed nations. Among the developing nations, China, in the transition from a central planning regulated economy to a free market economy, has progressed quickly in grasping …

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Closely Held Firms As Going Concerns, Michael S. Long, Stephan E. Sefcik Dec 2002

Closely Held Firms As Going Concerns, Michael S. Long, Stephan E. Sefcik

The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance

This current GAAP determination of a going concern is shortsighted for two important reasons. The most important deals with creditors and other stakeholders involved with the business. Do they enter into contracts with the business or with the individual owner/manager? Currently, they contract with both since, in reality, they make no determination whether a separate firm (entity) exists. The second deals with valuing a business. If the business is not really a separate going concern, it would typically be valued as the sum of its individual assets instead of the present value of its future cash flows. Many times when …

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Inter-Firm Networking Propensity In Small And Medium-Sized Enterprises (Smes), Jean-Marie Nkongolo-Bakenda Dec 2002

Inter-Firm Networking Propensity In Small And Medium-Sized Enterprises (Smes), Jean-Marie Nkongolo-Bakenda

The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance

In the past decade, market globalization has not only been a threat for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), but also an opportunity to expand their activities in many countries (Murphy and al., 1991). In fact, some of SMEs are worldwide leaders in their sectors (Simon, 1990; Entreprise, 1995). Moreover, few of these worldwide SME leaders started businesses directly on an international level (Christensen, 1991; Brush, 1992; McDougall and al., 1994). This suggests that these SMEs use many processes to overcome resource and competency constraints, which would otherwise impede the success of a transnational business in the new global environment (Barlett …

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Letter From Guest Editor Yochanan Shachmurove, Yochanan Shachmurove Dec 2002

Letter From Guest Editor Yochanan Shachmurove, Yochanan Shachmurove

The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance

At the heart of entrepreneurship is small business creation. Small business ownership is an accessible means for economic independence and self-fulfillment of one’s expectations. Small business entrepreneurs capitalize on their human capital and willingness to work long and hard to improve their quality of life. They often struggle to establish sustainable businesses that may one day become legacies for them and for their children. Entrepreneurship plays an international role as well. Successful entrepreneurs expand a nation’s economy. Countries compete for entrepreneurs by creating an inviting atmosphere and using beneficial laws and plentiful opportunities, such as emerging markets. Countries used to …

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Entrepreneurship, Innovation And Growth: The David-Goliath Symbiosis, William J. Baumol Dec 2002

Entrepreneurship, Innovation And Growth: The David-Goliath Symbiosis, William J. Baumol

The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance

Investment in innovation in industrialized economies increasingly is taken over by large firms that operate their own R&D divisions and transform technological change into a routine bureaucratized process. Powerful competitive forces require firms to do this for survival. But such routinized innovation has not replaced the individual independent innovator, the traditional source of technical change. The latter have tended to provide the more revolutionary breakthroughs, to which corporate research has added reliability, enhanced power and ease of utilization. Thus, both make a vital contribution to growth. While the results of big business research are often less spectacular, they have typically …

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Small Business Financing: Differences Between Young And Old Firms, Alicia M. Robb Dec 2002

Small Business Financing: Differences Between Young And Old Firms, Alicia M. Robb

The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance

Financial capital is necessary not only for business formation but also for business survival and expansion: its role is well documented in the literature. While venture capital and IPOs often make the popular press, the fact is most firms are unable to tap into this market. Instead, they depend on owner equity, other private equity, and debt financing. Survey data from the Federal Reserve Board allow an in depth look at the patterns of small business financing in the late nineties. Evidence suggests that debt financing for small businesses was extremely important, especially for young firms.

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Collegiate Athletic Directors As Entrepreneurs, Michael A. Leeds Dec 2002

Collegiate Athletic Directors As Entrepreneurs, Michael A. Leeds

The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance

One can define entrepreneurship, at its most basic level, as rent-seeking behavior. This behavior can be productive, as when firms innovate to create new or better products or when they enter a market to increase output where price exceeds marginal cost. Rent-seeking can also be unproductive, particularly when it interfaces with the public sector. In such cases, firms may try to create or preserve rents by securing monopoly power from the government. Traditionally, economists have analyzed rent-seeking behavior solely in the private and government sectors of the economy. I extend the concept to the not-for-profit sector, in particular to the …

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Letter From Guest Editor Yochanan Shachmurove, Yochanan Shachmurove Dec 2002

Letter From Guest Editor Yochanan Shachmurove, Yochanan Shachmurove

The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance

Whereas the last issue of the journal concentrated more on entrepreneurial finance, this issue presents a few studies concentrating on business ventures in the United States, the emerging Polish economy and the developed economy of Italy. Small firms are a powerful economic force in the economies of the United States, Italy and Poland. According to the United States Small Business Administration (SBA), small firms are defined as those having 500 or fewer employees. Firms of this size represent 99 percent of all firms in the U.S. These business ventures generate the majority of net new jobs and are a major …

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Earnings In Poland: The Private Versus The Public Sector, Jacob Weisberg, Mieczslaw Waclaw Socha Dec 2002

Earnings In Poland: The Private Versus The Public Sector, Jacob Weisberg, Mieczslaw Waclaw Socha

The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance

The transition of Poland to a free market economy, concurrent to a substantial increase of the private sector, promoted entrepreneurship, joint ventures, self-employment, labor reallocation, growth of financial markets and direct foreign investments. Previous studies have provided inconclusive evidence regarding earning disparities in Poland. The present study proposes a model that employs demographic, employment and organizational characteristics, revealing that earnings in the private sector are 9.8% higher than in the public sector; human capital characteristics are more influential in the private than in the public sector; the return to general training is higher for both workers with a higher education …

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Why New Ventures Grant Employee-Stock-Options, Elli Kraizberg, Vassilios N. Gargalas Dec 2002

Why New Ventures Grant Employee-Stock-Options, Elli Kraizberg, Vassilios N. Gargalas

The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance

As of 1998, nine percent of the shares of all firms in the US, primarily young and small ones, have been owned, essentially by about 17 million employees. The recent trend of new ventures to grant company-wide stock options plans is an alignment of the interests of management, shareholders, and non-managerial employees. This paper empirically explores the hypothesis that company-wide stock options plans primarily serve the interests of the firm?s management. This is true, whether or not, management owns a stake in the firm?s equity, though the degree of his or her motivation varies depending on the size of his/her …

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Entrepreneurship, Firm Size And The Structure Of The Italian Economy, Pellegrino Manfra Dec 2002

Entrepreneurship, Firm Size And The Structure Of The Italian Economy, Pellegrino Manfra

The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance

Since World War II, Italy's economic growth has been one of the highest in the world. The objective of this study is to examine the structure of the Italian economy and causes of this growth. It was found that small and medium-sized firms, most of them family-owned, have been the dynamic force behind the country?s extraordinary economic performance. The vital role of the family and that of the entrepreneur – as the supreme spirit of enterprise and initiative - has been paramount in this process. Production by small and medium-sized firms have concentrated in a specific geographical area called “industrial …

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New Bank Start-Ups: Entrepreneurs Funding Other Entrepreneurs, Robert Deyoung Dec 2002

New Bank Start-Ups: Entrepreneurs Funding Other Entrepreneurs, Robert Deyoung

The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance

There has traditionally been a symbiotic link between new business ventures and new banking ventures. This article finds that the traditional link between small businesses and small banks – the small business loan – has weakened in recent years. While new banks have intensified their reliance on small business customers, small business borrowers have become less reliant on small banks for their credit needs. These findings are consistent with rapid changes in the structure of the banking industry, financial instruments and markets, and communications and information technology over the past two decades.

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Subchapter S, An Entrepreneurial Survival Strategy For Small Banks, Steven G. Craig, Polly T. Hardee Dec 2002

Subchapter S, An Entrepreneurial Survival Strategy For Small Banks, Steven G. Craig, Polly T. Hardee

The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance

With the passage of the Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996, many small banks throughout the United States became eligible to reorganize as a Subchapter S corporation. This allows these banks to eliminate double taxation, and increase shareholder value. Consequently, employing this entrepreneurial survival tool extends “new life” to the small bank. Accompanying this strategy are differences in corporate governance, primarily more concentration of ownership. Thus, this paper examines the behavior of Subchapter S banks as compared to banks of similar size in order to determine significant performance differences. It also focuses on bank structure and small business lending …

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Ruffner Roots And Ramblings, Vol. 5, Issue 4, Ruffner Family Association Dec 2002

Ruffner Roots And Ramblings, Vol. 5, Issue 4, Ruffner Family Association

Ruffner Roots & Ramblings

No abstract provided.

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Ard News December 2002 Dec 2002

Ard News December 2002

Agricultural Research Division: News and Annual Reports

CONTENTS:

Comments from the ARD Office Staff
How to State the Value of Your Research
Proposals Submitted for Federal Grants
Grants and Contracts Received October and November, 2002
ARD Budget Reductions - Round 3
Undergraduate Honors Research Program
Recognition of Junior Faculty for Excellence in Research
ARD-Administered Grant and Awards Programs

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The Economic Situation, 2002 December, Bruce Yandle Dec 2002

The Economic Situation, 2002 December, Bruce Yandle

Publications

Quarterly report on the economic situation of the United States and South Carolina.

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