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Articles 52561 - 52590 of 55068
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Multivariate Calibration For Icp-Aes, Michael Lee Griffiths
Multivariate Calibration For Icp-Aes, Michael Lee Griffiths
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses
The analysis of metals is now a major application area for ICP-AES, however, the technique suffers from both spectral and non-spectral interferences. This thesis details the application of univariate and multivariate calibration methods for the prediction of Pt, Pd, and Rh in acid-digested and of Au, Ag and Pd in fusion-digested autocatalyst samples. Of all the univariate calibration methods investigated matrix matching proved the most accurate method with relative root mean square errors (RRMSEs) for Pt, Pd and Rh of 2.4, 3.7, and 2.4 % for a series of synihelic lest solutions, and 12.0, 2.4, and 8.0 % for autocatalyst …
An Investigation Of Captive Florida Manatee (Trichecus Manatus Latirostris) Behavior And Social Interactions, Jennifer Sadler Young
An Investigation Of Captive Florida Manatee (Trichecus Manatus Latirostris) Behavior And Social Interactions, Jennifer Sadler Young
College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations (1964–2006)
Human impacts such as pollution, habitat alteration, and boating have caused many injuries and deaths of the Florida manatee, Trichechus manutus latirostris. Rehabilitation centers have been established in Florida to help return sick or injured manatees back to the wild. Manatees that are released back to the wild after undergoing rehabilitation in captivity might lose some of their abilities to survive in the wild. A factor that might alter behavior in captive individuals was examined by determining if length of time spent in captivity influenced the behavior of manatees during rehabilitation. Even though all facilities follow similar guidelines, invariable …
Determination Of Co And Mn In Marine Waters Using Flow Injection With Chemiluminescence Detection, Vincenzo Cannizzaro
Determination Of Co And Mn In Marine Waters Using Flow Injection With Chemiluminescence Detection, Vincenzo Cannizzaro
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses
This thesis describes the design, optimisation and shipboard deployment of a flow injection - chemiluminescence (FI-CL) technique for the determination of cobalt (Co) and manganese (Mn) in seawater. Chapter One presents an overview of the marine environment and the biogeochemistry of Co and Mn. Current analytical methods for the determination of Co and Mn in natural waters are also reviewed. Chapter Two reports reagent clean-up techniques and the synthesis of an 8- hydroxyquinoline resin used for in-line matrix elimination and preconcentration. The resin is also characterised in terms of its chelating ability for the transition metals and the earth alkaline …
Molecular Characterisation Of Fluidised Catalytic Cracker Feedstocks Using Ruthenium Tetroxide Oxidation: A Study Of Model Hydrocarbons, Helen Frances Sturt
Molecular Characterisation Of Fluidised Catalytic Cracker Feedstocks Using Ruthenium Tetroxide Oxidation: A Study Of Model Hydrocarbons, Helen Frances Sturt
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses
The world's proven reserves of crude oil will be depleted in 42 years at the current rate of consumption. Oil refiners are under considerable economic and environmental pressure to improve the efficiency of refining and the quality and definition of products. Statistical and fundamental models are extensively used to more accurately model the important refinery processes such as Fluidised Catalytic Cracking (FCC). A major problem with the fundamental approach is that FCC feedstocks are by definition heavy petroleum fractions, and as such constitute highly complex mixtures of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons. Gas chromatography (GC) analysis of heavy petroleum fractions reveals …
Catchment Scale Monitoring And Modelling Of Phosphorus Using Flow Injection Analysis And An Export Coefficient Model, Grady Scott Hanrahan
Catchment Scale Monitoring And Modelling Of Phosphorus Using Flow Injection Analysis And An Export Coefficient Model, Grady Scott Hanrahan
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses
Acquiring high quality in situ analytical data with good temporal resolution is required for developing models of phosphorus transport and biogeochemical behaviour. Chapter One describes the behaviour of phosphorus in the aquatic environment, its sources, its role in the eutrophication process and legislation to control its release into aquatic systems. It also summarises analytical techniques for the determination of phosphorus in natural waters. An examination of the hypothesis that the export coefficient modelling approach can be used to predict phosphorus loading in the River Frome catchment, Dorset on an armual and seasonal (monthly) basis is presented in Chapter Two. The …
Magnetic Dating Of Vesuvian Lavas, Pasquale Tiano
Magnetic Dating Of Vesuvian Lavas, Pasquale Tiano
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses
A palaeomagnetic study has been carried out on Vesuvian lava flows emplaced since 79 AD. This involved both palaeodirection and palaeointensity investigations of samples from sites on the W, S and SE slopes of the volcano. Thermal demagnetization of 3 component IRMs, susceptibility measurements and coercivity analyses have been carried out on one pilot specimen per site in order to identify the magnetic carriers and to estimate the magnetic grain size. The identificatìon of the primary direction of TRM was carried out following very stringent criteria (Incoronato, 1996). Palaeointensities were evaluated using both a modification of the Modified Thellier & …
European Union/South Africa Trade, Development And Co-Operation Agreement : Decision-Making, Participation And Perceived Economic Impacts, Roger John Levermore
European Union/South Africa Trade, Development And Co-Operation Agreement : Decision-Making, Participation And Perceived Economic Impacts, Roger John Levermore
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses
The European Union-South Africa Trade, Development and Co-operation Agreement (EU/SA TDCA), signed in October 1999, is viewed by some in South Africa as not only one of the most important trade and development agreements entered into by the 'new' South African goverrunent, but also a significant agreement for setting precedents for other bi-lateral trade and development pacts between the EU and African, Caribbean and Pacific group of states. This thesis considers two major issues related to the EU/SA TDCA. First, it describes and evaluates the structures that supported the South African side of the TDCA decision-making process. Second, it discusses …
The Development Of A Holistic Expert System For Integrated Coastal Zone Management, Antoni Bruce Moore
The Development Of A Holistic Expert System For Integrated Coastal Zone Management, Antoni Bruce Moore
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses
Coastal data and information comprise a massive and complex resource, which is vital to the practice of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM), an increasingly important application. ICZM is just as complex, but uses the holistic paradigm to deal with the sophistication. The application domain and its resource require a tool of matching characteristics, which is facilitated by the current wide availability of high performance computing. An object-oriented expert system, COAMES, has been constructed to prove this concept. The application of expert systems to ICZM in particular has been flagged as a viable challenge and yet very few have taken it …
An Evaluation Of The Environmental Fate Of Reactive Dyes, Malcolm John Hetheridge
An Evaluation Of The Environmental Fate Of Reactive Dyes, Malcolm John Hetheridge
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses
Dyestuffs are widely used industrial chemicals, yet surprisingly little is known about their fate in the environment. The potential modes of transformation and removal of reactive dyes in treatment and in the environment are principally through anaerobic and aerobic biodegradation and photodegradation. The research herein describes the use of LC-MS analysis with laboratory simulations to develop a better understanding of the occurrence and fate of reactive dyes and their degradation products in the aquatic environment. One reason for the lack of information on the environmental fate of reactive dyes has been the paucity of robust analytical methods suitable for the …
The Biogeochemical Cycling Of Dissolved Organic Carbon In The Iberian Margin Upwelling System (Ne Atlantic Ocean, Geogina Spyres
The Biogeochemical Cycling Of Dissolved Organic Carbon In The Iberian Margin Upwelling System (Ne Atlantic Ocean, Geogina Spyres
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is the quantitatively most important organic carbon reservoir in the world's oceans and its determination at ocean margins, where the exchange of terrestrial and oceanic organic matter occurs, is important for estimating cross-slope fluxes to deep waters. With the increased accuracy and precision (-1%) of analytical methodologies, small changes in the DOC pool can be detected (i.e. 1- 2uM-C). This study investigated the biogeochemical cycling of DOC at the Iberian Margin upwelling system (42-43°N, --9-10°W), where contrasting seasonal hydrologic phenomena occur (e.g. summer upwelling, winter poleward current). Spatial and temporal DOC distributions were determined using high …
Absolute Geostrophic Velocity Within The Subantarctic Front In The Pacific Ocean, Kathleen A. Donohue, Erin Firing, Shuiming Chen
Absolute Geostrophic Velocity Within The Subantarctic Front In The Pacific Ocean, Kathleen A. Donohue, Erin Firing, Shuiming Chen
Graduate School of Oceanography Faculty Publications
Velocity measurements from a shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) are used as a reference for geostrophic current calculations on six sections across the Subantarctic Front (SAF) in the Pacific Ocean. The resulting cross‐track velocity estimates near the bottom range from 4 to 10 cm s−1 to the east in the eastward jet at the SAF; in adjacent regions of westward surface flow, the near‐bottom velocity is usually to the west. On one section where simultaneous lowered ADCP velocity profiles are available, they confirm the results from the shipboard ADCP. Annual mean velocity sections from the Parallel Ocean Program …
A Characterization Of The North Atlantic Stmw Layer Climatology Using World Ocean Atlas 1994 Data, Michael A. Alfultis, Peter C. Cornillon
A Characterization Of The North Atlantic Stmw Layer Climatology Using World Ocean Atlas 1994 Data, Michael A. Alfultis, Peter C. Cornillon
Graduate School of Oceanography Faculty Publications
The North Atlantic Subtropical Mode Water (STMW) layer was identified based on its temperature, large thickness, and small temperature gradient. Comparisons between this method and identifying the STMW layer using a density-based (i.e., potential vorticity) criteria indicate that this method successfully identifies the STMW layer as the remnant of the previous winter's convective mixing. By using this temperature-based characterization of the STMW layer, this method was able to develop a climatology using the large number of expendable bathythermographs (XBTs) deployed between 1968 and 1988, and contained in the World Ocean Atlas 1994 historical hydrographic database. From this climatology, the STMW …
Annual And Interannual Changes In The North Atlantic Stmw Layer Properties, Michael A. Alfultis, Peter C. Cornillon
Annual And Interannual Changes In The North Atlantic Stmw Layer Properties, Michael A. Alfultis, Peter C. Cornillon
Graduate School of Oceanography Faculty Publications
Subtropical mode waters (STWMs) are water masses formed in winter by convective mixing on the equatorward side of western boundary currents in the subtropical gyres. After the return of the seasonal stratification in spring, it is found at the stratification minimum between the seasonal and main pycnoclines. By characterizing STMW primarily at the density gradient minimum, previous studies were limited in their ability to describe STMW properties over large temporal and spatial scales. Rather than using a density-based characterization, the North Atlantic STMW layer was identified here by its much smaller temperature gradient relative to the more stratified seasonal and …
The Impact Of Ocean Coupling On Hurricanes During Landfall, Weixing Shen, Isaac Ginis
The Impact Of Ocean Coupling On Hurricanes During Landfall, Weixing Shen, Isaac Ginis
Graduate School of Oceanography Faculty Publications
The impact of ocean coupling on landfalling hurricanes is studied using a coupled hurricane‐ocean model with idealized atmospheric and oceanic conditions. We focus here on coastal sea surface temperature responses and their effects on hurricanes during landfall. We find that given the ocean thermal stratification, the hurricane‐induced sea surface cooling is nearly independent of the ocean depth as long as the ocean is considerably deeper than the mixed layer. After the storm center moves inland, the near‐surface processes around the storm core area are influenced by the sea surface cooling behind and on the right side of the storm track …
Pfiesteria: Review Of The Science And Identification Of Research Gaps. Report For The National Center For Environmental Health, Centers For Disease Control And Prevention, Jonathan Samett, Gary S. Bignami, Robert Feldman, William Hawkins, Jerry Neff, Theodore Smayda
Pfiesteria: Review Of The Science And Identification Of Research Gaps. Report For The National Center For Environmental Health, Centers For Disease Control And Prevention, Jonathan Samett, Gary S. Bignami, Robert Feldman, William Hawkins, Jerry Neff, Theodore Smayda
Graduate School of Oceanography Faculty Publications
In connection with the CDC National Conference on Pfiesteria, a multidisciplinary panel evaluated Pfiesteria-related research. The panel set out what was known and what was not known about adverse effects of the organism on estuarine ecology, fish, and human health; assessed the methods used in Pfiesteria research; and offered suggestions to address data gaps. The panel's expertise covered dinoflagellate ecology; fish pathology and toxicology; laboratory measurement of toxins, epidemiology, and neurology. The panel evaluated peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed literature available through June 2000 in a systematic conceptual framework that moved from the source of exposure, through exposure research and dose, …
Zooplankton Feeding Behavior And Particle Selection In Natural Plankton Assemblages Containing Toxic Alexandrium Spp., Gregory J. Teegarden, Robert G. Campbell, Edward G. Durbin
Zooplankton Feeding Behavior And Particle Selection In Natural Plankton Assemblages Containing Toxic Alexandrium Spp., Gregory J. Teegarden, Robert G. Campbell, Edward G. Durbin
Graduate School of Oceanography Faculty Publications
Laboratory experiments suggest that toxic Alexandrium spp. cells are unpalatable to zooplankton grazers, and that toxic cells should be selectively avoided by zooplankton when feeding in mixtures of different prey species. Such avoidance, if practised in the wild, might contribute to harmful bloom formation by reducing losses of Alexandrium spp. due to grazing. In the spring of 1998 and 1999, during Œred tide¹ outbreaks in the southwestern Gulf of Maine, weekly experiments were performed using field collected natural water samples with ambient phytoplankton and dominant mesozooplankton grazers. The feeding response of Acartia hudsonica, Semibalanus balanoides nauplii, and Calanus finmarchicus …
Nucleic Acids And Growth Of Calanus Finmarchicus In The Laboratory Under Different Food And Temperature Conditions, Melissa M. Wagner, Robert G. Campbell, Carla A. Boudreau, Edward G. Durbin
Nucleic Acids And Growth Of Calanus Finmarchicus In The Laboratory Under Different Food And Temperature Conditions, Melissa M. Wagner, Robert G. Campbell, Carla A. Boudreau, Edward G. Durbin
Graduate School of Oceanography Faculty Publications
We examined the effects of food concentration and temperature on nucleic acids and protein content of Calanus finmarchicus in order to evaluate the use of RNA as a growth rate index for this species. We measured RNA, DNA, and protein content of copepods reared from egg to adult stage in 5 combinations of food and temperature conditions (25 to 500 µg C l-1, 4 to 12°C). At 8°C, DNA, RNA and protein content and RNA:DNA differed among food treatments during Stages N6 through to adult female. Protein:DNA ratios and RNA:protein ratios were significantly different among food levels for …
Mapping Abyssal Current And Pressure Fields Under The Meandering Gulf Stream, D. Randolph Watts, Xiaoshu Qian, Karen L. Tracey
Mapping Abyssal Current And Pressure Fields Under The Meandering Gulf Stream, D. Randolph Watts, Xiaoshu Qian, Karen L. Tracey
Graduate School of Oceanography Faculty Publications
Using bottom pressure measurements and current meter measurements at 3500-m depth at 12 sites under the Gulf Stream near 68°W daily optimally interpolated (OI) maps have been constructed for June 1988 to August 1990. Prior to mapping, the pressure records were leveled (referenced to the same absolute geopotential) using the current measurements under the assumption that their mean fields are geostrophic. The leveled pressures were subsequently used together with the current measurements in a multivariate, nondivergent OI mapping procedure. This procedure significantly reduced the mapping errors, because both pressure and its (geostrophic) gradient are specified as inputs. The mapped bottom …
Bay Anchovy Anchoa Mitchilli In Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. I. Population Structure, Growth And Mortality, Amy E. Lapolla
Bay Anchovy Anchoa Mitchilli In Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. I. Population Structure, Growth And Mortality, Amy E. Lapolla
Graduate School of Oceanography Faculty Publications
Population structure, growth and mortality of Anchoa mitchilli were evaluated in Narragansett Bay (Rhode Island, USA), an estuary near the northern extent of this species¹ broad latitudinal range. The Narragansett Bay population was dominated by young fish (Age 1 and young-of-the-year, YOY); no fish were found to have survived a third winter. Growth rates were rapid, particularly during the first year of life, and annual mortality rates were estimated at >90%. A von Bertalanffy growth model fit to length-at-age data yielded parameters of asymptotic length Lƒ = 89.97, growth coefficient K = 1.15 and age at zero length t …
When Inclusion Leads To Exclusion: The Uncharted Terrain Of Community Participation In Economic Development, Audrey Mcfarlane
When Inclusion Leads To Exclusion: The Uncharted Terrain Of Community Participation In Economic Development, Audrey Mcfarlane
All Faculty Scholarship
Since the advent of federally-sponsored urban development, the federal government has sought to facilitate decentralized decision-making by local governments. These federal programs have also strongly encouraged local governments to include community participation in the development decision-making process. Participation evokes notions of democracy, egalitarianism, and inclusion and it is easy to support in principle. But participation is often less easy to support in practice because of its structural disconnect with urban development. This disconnect between principle and practice has been reflected in an ebb and flow of contrastingly strong and weak mandates for participation. This ebb and flow of federally-mandated participation …
The Idea Of Adoption: An Inquiry Into The History Of Adult Adoptee Access To Birth Records, Elizabeth Samuels
The Idea Of Adoption: An Inquiry Into The History Of Adult Adoptee Access To Birth Records, Elizabeth Samuels
All Faculty Scholarship
There has been in recent years and there continues to be intense debate around the country about whether to open original birth records to adult adoptees. Our understanding of the legal history relevant to the debate has been incomplete and inaccurate. According to this understanding, the state laws that closed court and birth records to the parties to adoptions generally closed these records for all time to all parties; the laws had a primary purpose of insuring lifelong anonymity for birth parents; and the laws became nearly universal by about the middle of the twentieth century. In fact, the history …
The Strange History Of Adult Adoptee Access To Original Birth Records, Elizabeth Samuels
The Strange History Of Adult Adoptee Access To Original Birth Records, Elizabeth Samuels
All Faculty Scholarship
In the late 1940s and early 1950s, contemporary accounts reported that most states had sealed adoption court records completely but, typically, had sealed original birth certificates from all persons except adult adoptees. Through the 1950s influential experts recommended that original birth certificates remain available to adult adoptees, while birth and court records otherwise be closed to all persons except upon court order. In 1960 the laws in some 40 percent of the states still permitted adult adoptees to inspect them, but between 1960 and 1990 all but a handful of the rest of the states closed the birth records to …
Martha's Vineyard Survey: Data Collected By Bill Schwab And Bill Danforth - Usgs, Larry A. Mayer
Martha's Vineyard Survey: Data Collected By Bill Schwab And Bill Danforth - Usgs, Larry A. Mayer
Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping
No abstract provided.
P-Glycoprotein-Associated Anthracycline Resistance In B-Cll: Potential For Cytokine Modulation, Varinia Graciela Munoz-Ritchie
P-Glycoprotein-Associated Anthracycline Resistance In B-Cll: Potential For Cytokine Modulation, Varinia Graciela Munoz-Ritchie
Other Faculty of Health Theses
The phenomenon of multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer cells is generally associated with P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression and presents an obstacle to successful chemotherapy. Attempts to overcome P-gp-associated MDR using P-gp modulators, such as verapamil, have been hindered by their intrinsic in vivo toxicity. In 1991, however, Scala et al. demonstrated the alteration of P-gp function by interferon-alpha (IFN-α) in vitro at non-toxic in vivo concentrations, suggesting a basis for the use of IFN-α clinically in patients exhibiting P-gp-associated MDR. Drug resistance in B-CLL has been linked to the phenomenon of MDR, however, publications regarding this have been conflicting. The contrasting …
Interagency Coordination And Collaboration In The Management Of Child Sexual Abuse: In Australian And England, Anne Margaret Lawrence
Interagency Coordination And Collaboration In The Management Of Child Sexual Abuse: In Australian And England, Anne Margaret Lawrence
Other Faculty of Health Theses
This thesis focuses on interagency coordination and collaboration in the management of child sexual abuse in Australia and in England. The impetus for the research arose from the experience of the author as manager and practitioner in the area of child sexual abuse, while working in these two countries. Problems regarding the management of interagency cooperation had become apparent in child protection practice and were also recognized in the literature. Personal experience, as well as a review of the literature, revealed that there was a need for the identification and validation of the key mechanisms and processes underlying effective interagency …
Prophylaxis Of Disease Caused By Bacterial Pathogens Of Man, Richard William Titball
Prophylaxis Of Disease Caused By Bacterial Pathogens Of Man, Richard William Titball
Other Faculty of Health Theses
This thesis reports research undertaken which will lead to improved pretreatments and therapies for disease caused by Clostridium perfringens, Francisella tularensis, Yersinia pestis and Burkholderia pseudomallei. C. perfringens is thought to be the most widely distributed bacterial pathogen and is the most important Clostridial species associated with enteric disease in domesticated animals. During warfare C. perfringens has been a significant causes of mortality. Between 1 and 10% of wounded personnel developed gas gangrene during the 1st and 2nd world wars. The ability of the bacterium to cause a range of diseases is due largely to the differential production of toxins. …
Cytokine Expression In Patients With B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia, Anna Kaminski
Cytokine Expression In Patients With B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia, Anna Kaminski
Other Faculty of Health Theses
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) results from a clonal accumulation of CD5+ve B-lymphocytes. This expansion of B-lymphocytes is due to increased proliferation and extended survival secondary to decreased apoptosis. Both proliferation and apoptosis are regulated by a group of soluble proteins, termed cytokines, which are secreted by cells and play a key role in the regulation of immunological responses. In view of this, the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of B-CLL was studied. Interleukin 4 (IL-4) is an anti-apoptotic cytokine which up-regulates bcl-2 in malignant B-lymphocytes. Peripheral blood samples, from untreated B-CLL patients were investigated, together with a group …
A Study Of The Role Of Cytokines In Acute Pancreatitis In Man, Alison Marie Smithies
A Study Of The Role Of Cytokines In Acute Pancreatitis In Man, Alison Marie Smithies
Other Faculty of Health Theses
Introduction: Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease with a diverse aetiology and variableclinical course. The IL-l gene cluster has been implicated in this disease.Aims: The aims of the study were to investigate polymorphisms of the genes encoded within the IL-lgene cluster in patients with acute pancreatitis and normal controls and to determine therelationship between the polymorphisms and protein levels.Methods: Genotype and allele frequencies were determined in controls (n=217) and patients withacute pancreatitis (n=137) using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by digestion withrestriction endonucleases where applicable. Protein levels were determined using in vitrostimulation of PBMCs followed by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent …
Study Of The Effect Of Turbulence On The Properties Of Flocculated Mud, Andrew Manning
Study Of The Effect Of Turbulence On The Properties Of Flocculated Mud, Andrew Manning
Other Faculty of Science and Engineering Theses
For the successful management of an estuary, an accurate simulation model predicting sediment transport patterns is a necessity. This requires a knowledge of the vertical mass settling flux (MSF), which is the product of the suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentration and the settling velocity (Ws). However the presence of cohesive sediments (i.e. mud) complicates this description due to the ability of mud particles to flocculate into larger aggregates (floes) which demonstrate faster settling velocities and lower effective densities (pe) than the component cohesive particles. The generation of turbulent shear stress (TSS) within the water column is regarded as having a …
The Synthesis Of Estuarine Bathymetry From Sparse Sounding Data, Janet Eirlys Burroughes
The Synthesis Of Estuarine Bathymetry From Sparse Sounding Data, Janet Eirlys Burroughes
Other Faculty of Science and Engineering Theses
The two aims of the project involved: 1. Devising a system for prediction o f areas of bathymetric change within the Fal estuary 2. Formulating and evaluating a method for interpolating single beam acoustic bathymetry to avoid artefacts o f interpolation. In order to address these aims, sources of bathymetric data for the Fal estuary were identified as Truro Harbour Office, Cornwall County Council and the Environment Agency. The data collected from these sources included red wavelength Lidar, aerial photography and single beam acoustic bathymetry from a number of different years. These data were input into a Geographic Information System …