Digital Commons Network^™

Washington's Growth Management Revolution Goes To Court, Richard L. Settle

Seattle University Law Review

The purpose of this Article is to analyze and explain court decisions in cases involving challenges to the GMA itself, Growth Board rulings on local compliance, and GMA constraints on specific projects. Special emphasis will be given to the relative degrees of judicial deference accorded to the decisions of local governments and Growth Boards, respectively. Because most GMA requirements are conceptual, not definitive, and often ambiguous, a pervasive, recurring issue is whether the legislature intended to authorize local governments or the Growth Boards to fill in GMA's blanks, that is, to give specific meaning to GMA's often broadly stated requirements. …

Principal Health Care Packet, 1999, Blue Cross And Blue Shield Of Florida, Inc.

Florida Blue Archives Printed Materials

Packet includes: Special Sales Bulletin, 1999, Principal Health Care letter to members, Principal Health Care Q&A, and Principal Health Care Primary Care Physicians/Lab Facilities Directory. Box 22A, Folder 1

Principal Healthcare - Important New Contact Information Sheet, Blue Cross And Blue Shield Of Florida, Inc.

Florida Blue Archives Printed Materials

Important New Contact Information for Tampa and Orlando informational guide.1999.

1999-2000 Corporate Directory, Blue Cross And Blue Shield Of Florida, Inc.

Florida Blue Archives Printed Materials

1999-2000 corporate directory.

Principal Health Care Agent Update, Blue Cross And Blue Shield Of Florida, Inc.

Florida Blue Archives Printed Materials

1999 agent update regarding changes to Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Florida products.

State Sovereign Immunity And The False Claims Act: Respecting The Limitations Created By The Eleventh Amendment Upon The Federal Courts, James Y. Ho

Fordham Law Review

No abstract provided.

Change, Consolidation, And Competition In Health Care Markets, Martin Gaynor, Deborah Haas-Wilson

Economics: Faculty Publications

The health care industry is being transformed. Large firms are merging and acquiring other firms. Alliances and contractual relations between players in this market are shifting rapidly. Within the next few years, many markets are predicted to be dominated by a few large firms. Antitrust enforcement authorities like the Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission, as well as courts and legislators at both the federal and state levels, are struggling with the implications of these changes for the nature and consequences of competition in health care markets. In this paper we summarize the nature of the changes in …

Transitions To Adulthood: A National Survey Of Adolescents In Egypt (1st Edition), Sahar El Tawila, Omaima El-Gibaly, Barbara L. Ibrahim, Fikrat El Sahn, Sunny Sallam, Susan M. Lee, Barbara Mensch, Hind Wassef, Sarah Bukhari, Osman Galal

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Egypt holds a unique place among developing countries due to its longstanding commitment to gather information on the numbers and well-being of its population. But until now, there has never been a systematic effort to gather data on the group of young Egyptians poised between childhood and adulthood—its adolescents. Today, Egypt has the largest cohort of adolescents in its history, more than 13 million boys and girls between the ages of 10 and 19 according to its 1996 census. Their experiences during the transition to adulthood will profoundly affect how the nation makes its transition into the next century. This …

Aprendiendo Sobre Sexualidad: Una Manera Practica De Comenzar, Sondra Zeidenstein, Kirsten Moore

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

“Aprendiendo sobre sexualidad” está dividido en tres partes principales. La primera parte incluye los enfoques que algunos proveedores/as, activistas e investigadoras/es están utilizando para comprender las experiencias de las personas en relación a la sexualidad. La segunda explora las conexiones explícitas e implícitas entre la búsqueda de la salud, las prácticas anticonceptivas, la salud reproductiva y la sexualidad. Los capítulos de la tercera parte se centran en actividades que desafían actitudes y conductas arraigadas en cuanto a la sexualidad, cuyos efectos son real y potencialmente dañinos para la salud reproductiva de mujeres y hombres. El libro presenta programas y trabajos …

The Fertility Impact Of Changes In The Timing Of Childbearing In The Developing World, John Bongaarts

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

This study examines the role of tempo effects in the fertility declines of developing countries. These effects temporarily inflate the total fertility rate (relative to the actual fertility of cohorts of women) during periods when the age at childbearing declines and they deflate it when childbearing is postponed. An analysis of data from the World Fertility Surveys and the Demographic and Health Surveys demonstrates that fertility trends observed in many developing countries are likely to be distorted by changes in the timing of childbearing. In most countries women are delaying childbearing, which implies that observed fertility is lower than it …

Population Weights In The International Order, Geoffrey Mcnicoll

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Population relativities play little part in the international system. A nation’s economic and military power is influenced by population size, but as one factor among many. Formal relations among states exclude population from consideration by the principle of sovereign equality. Three sources of possible change in this situation are explored, in which states would be “population-weighted” to a greater degree than before. Convergence of productivity levels around the world, expected by many, would bring the economic and population rankings of states more into line. Such convergence is occurring, but selectively and for the most part quite slowly. Anticipation of its …

Premarital Sex And School Dropout In Kenya: Can Schools Make A Difference?, Barbara Mensch, Wesley H. Clark, Cynthia B. Lloyd, Annabel Erulkar

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Although an overall decline has occurred in adolescent fertility in Kenya, the proportion of births to teenagers that takes place prior to marriage is rising. At the same time that premarital sex and childbearing have increased, educational participation has expanded considerably, especially for girls. Using data from nearly 600 adolescents aged 12-19 in combination with data collected from 33 primary schools that the adolescents attended, this paper explores whether certain aspects of the school environment affect the likelihood of early and unprotected sex among adolescent girls and boys in three districts of Kenya. Because of the concern with “schoolgirl pregnancy” …

Mortality Decline And The Demographic Response: Toward A New Agenda, Mark R. Montgomery

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

A central proposition of demographic transition theory is that declines in infant and child mortality can encourage subsequent declines in fertility. Even the earliest formulations of the theory recognized that fertility decline would occur only with a lag, but neither theory nor empirical work has explored the length of such lags. This paper urges that individual perceptions and beliefs about mortality risks, conspicuously absent from the demographic research agenda, be studied directly. It proceeds to link mortality perceptions to health care decisionmaking and investments in children. The paper concludes by calling for a new agenda on mortality decline. This agenda …

The Decline Of Female Circumcision In Egypt: Evidence And Interpretation, Omaima El-Gibaly, Barbara L. Ibrahim, Barbara Mensch, Wesley H. Clark

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Female circumcision is widespread in Egypt. Research suggests that the practice persists because of a belief that circumcision will moderate female sexuality, that it will assure a girl’s marriageability, and that it is sanctioned by Islam. Using data from a nationally representative survey of adolescents, this paper investigates the prevalence and social correlates of circumcision among girls aged 10-19, the circumstances surrounding the procedure, and the attitudes of adolescents towards it. While the vast majority of adolescents are circumcised, a life table analysis indicates that girls today are at least 10 percentage points less likely to undergo female circumcision than …

The Spread Of Primary Schooling In Sub-Saharan Africa: Implications For Fertility Change, Cynthia B. Lloyd, Carol E. Kaufman, Paul C. Hewett

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Caldwell has hypothesized that the onset of the fertility transition would be linked with the achievement of “mass formal schooling.” In sub-Saharan Africa, a region where some countries have begun the fertility transition but many have not, the extent of progress toward mass schooling has not yet been assessed. This paper fills a gap in the literature using newly available Demographic and Health Survey data to assess schooling patterns and trends for 17 sub-Saharan African countries. As background to that assessment, the paper includes a literature review, an overview of the recent history of African education, and an evaluation of …

Fertility Preferences And Contraceptive Change In Developing Countries, Bamikale J. Feyisetan, John B. Casterline

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Fertility has declined substantially in developing countries in the period since 1960, primarily as the result of increases in contraceptive prevalence. Little dispute is found on this point, but considerable debate has arisen about the causes of the increase in contraceptive prevalence. One unresolved issue is the causal contribution of changes in fertility desires. The sources of increase in contraceptive prevalence are analyzed in 22 countries in Latin America, Asia, and Africa in the period from the 1970s to the 1990s, using World Fertility Surveys and Demographic and Health Surveys data. Through regression decomposition, change in prevalence is attributed to …

Urban Growth In Developing Countries: A Review Of Projections And Predictions, Martin Brockerhoff

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Comparison of the United Nations’ earliest and most recent projections to the year 2000 suggests that urban and city growth in developing regions has occurred much more slowly than was anticipated as recently as 1980. A modified “urban population explosion” in developing countries since the 1970s conforms to explanatory models of urban growth developed by economists around 1980. Trends in productivity and terms of trade, in particular, have been highly favorable to agriculture as compared to manufacturing, presumably slowing migration to urban centers. Increases in national population growth rates have produced less than commensurate in rates of city growth, further …

Measuring Living Standards With Proxy Variables, Mark R. Montgomery, Michele Gragnolati, Kathleen A. Burke, Edmundo Paredes

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Very few demographic surveys in developing countries gather information on household income or consumption expenditure, despite the theoretical importance of these measures. Consequently, researchers have been forced to rely on ad hoc collections of proxy measures for living standards, and the properties of these proxies have not been systematically analyzed. In this research, we ask what hypotheses can be tested using proxy variables, and evaluate the performance of proxy measures in relation to consumption expenditures per adult, our preferred measure of living standards. We find that the proxy variables commonly employed in demographic research are very weak predictors of consumption …

The Decline Of Female Circumcision In Egypt: Evidence And Interpretation [Arabic], Omaima El-Gibaly, Barbara L. Ibrahim, Barbara Mensch, Wesley H. Clark

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Female circumcision is widespread in Egypt. Research suggests that the practice persists because of a belief that circumcision will moderate female sexuality, that it will assure a girl’s marriageability, and that it is sanctioned by Islam. Using data from a nationally representative survey of adolescents, this paper investigates the prevalence and social correlates of circumcision among girls aged 10-19, the circumstances surrounding the procedure, and the attitudes of adolescents towards it. While the vast majority of adolescents are circumcised, a life table analysis indicates that girls today are at least 10 percentage points less likely to undergo female circumcision than …

Two Constitutional Theories For Invalidating Extortionate Exactions, Alan Romero

Nebraska Law Review

I. Introduction

II. The Supreme Court's Opinions on Extortionate Exactions ... A. Nollan v. California Coastal Commission ... B. Dolan v. City of Tigard

III. In Defense of the Restated Nollan Theory ... A. Land-Use Restrictions Are Uncompensated Takings or Deny Substantive Due Process If They Do Not Substantially Advance Legitimate State Interests … B. Substantive Due Process or Takings ... 1. Takings ... 2. Substantive Due Process

IV. The Consequences of the Theory ... A. The Exacted Interest Need Not Be a Taking ... B. Cash Fees Must Be Proportional and Related ... C. The Government Cannot Constitutionally Reverse …

In Defense Of Mutuality Of Obligation: Why "Both Should Be Bound, Or Neither", Val D. Ricks

Nebraska Law Review

I. Introduction

II. The Development of the Mutual Promise Rule

III. The Development of the Mutuality of Obligation Rule … A. Genesis and Confusion ... B. Later Development and Clarification: Rejection of Negative Mutuality of Obligation ... C. Why the Mutuality of Obligation Doctrine Remains Vital: Affirmative Mutuality of Obligation

IV. Why Mutuality of Obligation Has Nothing to Do with Value ... A. Consideration Reform and Mutuality of Obligation … B. Why Courts and the Restatement (Second) Tried to Overrule Mutuality of Obligation

V. Conclusion

International Security, Barry Kellman, Stephen Dycus

The International Lawyer

No abstract provided.

European Law, Mark J. Smith, Donald Garner, David Church, Paulette Vander Schueren

The International Lawyer

No abstract provided.

Recent Developments In The International Law Of The Sea, Barry Hart Dubner

The International Lawyer

No abstract provided.

Canadian Law, John F. Clifford, Jeffrey P. Roode, Stephen Heller, Phil Rogers

The International Lawyer

No abstract provided.

International Employment, Angela R. Broughton, Donald C. Dowling Jr., David Larson, Holly M. Robbins

The International Lawyer

No abstract provided.

Female Circumcision And The Girl Child In Africa And The Middle East: The Eyes Of The World Are Blind To The Conquered, John Tochukwu Okwubanego

The International Lawyer

No abstract provided.

Recent Developments In International Health Law, Mark E. Wojcik

The International Lawyer

No abstract provided.

International Investment, Development, And Privatization, Stephen H. Willard, Robert H. Edwards Jr., Bonnie Weinstein

The International Lawyer

No abstract provided.

Do Antitrust Laws Hinder American Technological Innovation, Rob Pivnick

Journal of Air Law and Commerce

No abstract provided.