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The Effects Of Autocorrelation In The Estimation Of Process Capability Indices., Lawrence Lee Magee
The Effects Of Autocorrelation In The Estimation Of Process Capability Indices., Lawrence Lee Magee
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
The current popularity of the process capability index, a measure of a supplier's ability to meet the product specifications demanded by a customer, has become a matter of some controversy. While admitting the validity of much existing criticism, this research demonstrates that sample estimation of the triple index (Cpl, Cp, Cpu), a variant of the widely used index pair (Cp, Cpk), is equivalent to estimation of the natural parameters (mu, sigma) whenever the measured process characteristic X has an unconditional (marginal) normal probability density function. This includes processes which obey the strictly stationary, normal ARMA( p, q) model. By this …
Beta-Carotene And Exercise Performance: Effects On Race Performance, Oxidative Stress, And Maximal Oxygen Consumption., Kim Edward Leblanc
Beta-Carotene And Exercise Performance: Effects On Race Performance, Oxidative Stress, And Maximal Oxygen Consumption., Kim Edward Leblanc
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
There is evidence in the literature that suggests a possible worthwhile role of antioxidants during athletic endeavors and exercise performance. Several studies have evaluated the antioxidant ability of beta-carotene and demonstrated a beneficial influence. However, these studies have investigated beta-carotene's effects within an antioxidant mixture which included other antioxidant vitamins. Consequently, this study attempted to isolate the antioxidant role of beta-carotene during exercise. Three parameters of beta-carotene influence were measured using eleven well-trained runners: serum malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration (a marker of free radical generation), 5000 meter race performance, and maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max). Subjects were tested using a double-blinded cross-over …
Factors Determining University Enrollment Status: The Case Of High School Students Recruited To Attend Louisiana State University College Of Agriculture., Fredrick Muyia Nafukho
Factors Determining University Enrollment Status: The Case Of High School Students Recruited To Attend Louisiana State University College Of Agriculture., Fredrick Muyia Nafukho
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
The purpose of this study was to determine whether a model existed that significantly increased the researcher's ability to accurately explain whether or not a recruited student in the College of Agriculture at LSU will enroll based upon the current recruitment strategies. The target population for this study consisted of 1,130 prospective freshmen recruited to attend the College of Agriculture in the fall 1997. A comparison of students who resided on the College of Agriculture's 1997 prospective freshmen data base, with the university undergraduate data base gave an accessible population of 226 students. The actual sample size was determined using …
Rhetoric And Social Struggle: In Search Of The Topoi Of Violence., Edward Christopher Reilly
Rhetoric And Social Struggle: In Search Of The Topoi Of Violence., Edward Christopher Reilly
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
The rhetorical study of violence tends to examine violence within larger generic boundaries such as social movements studies or war rhetoric. In order to work toward a generalizable rhetorical theory of violence and discourse, this study examines texts which justify violence across generic boundaries. Accordingly, four case studies individually examine texts which justify political violence. This study compares and contrasts the rhetorical strategies of George Bush, the Unabomber, Earth First! and Abbie Hoffman. This study concludes that there are no universal strategies among the four case studies in the justification of violence. However, there appears to be a continuum of …
Deviating Angular Feature For Image Recognition System Using The Improved Neural Network Classifier., Adisak Srinakarin
Deviating Angular Feature For Image Recognition System Using The Improved Neural Network Classifier., Adisak Srinakarin
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
The ability to recognize images makes it possible to abstractly conceptualize the world. Many in the field of machine learning have attempted to invent an image recognition system with the recognition capabilities of a human. This dissertation presents a method of modifications to existent image recognition systems, which greatly improves the efficiency of existing data imaging methods. This modification, the Deviating Angular Feature (DAF), has two obvious applications: (1) the recognition of handwritten numerals; and (2) the automatic identification of aircraft. Modifications of feature extraction and classification processes of current image recognition systems can leads to the systemic enhancement of …
Measurement Of The Cross Section For Elastic Scattering Of Electron Neutrinos On Electrons., Neville Dinyar Wadia
Measurement Of The Cross Section For Elastic Scattering Of Electron Neutrinos On Electrons., Neville Dinyar Wadia
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
In this dissertation, we measure the cross section for the elastic scattering of electron neutrinos on electrons. We use data from the LSND experiment which is located at the Los Alamos Neutron Scattering Center at Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico. The neutrino beam is produced when an 800 MeV proton beam from a linear accelerator is incident on a target located 29.8 m from the detector. The LSND veto system allows us to reject charged cosmic-ray particles entering the detector with high efficiency. The detector consists of 180 tons of mineral oil, to which a small quantity of scintillator …
Components That Should Be Included In An Ethics Enhancement Program For State Legislatures., Kenneth Ward
Components That Should Be Included In An Ethics Enhancement Program For State Legislatures., Kenneth Ward
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
The purpose of the study was to identify the components and sub-components that should be included in an ethics enhancement program for a state legislature, as perceived by a national panel of experts in the areas of legislative ethics. A Delphi panel comprised of state legislators and state ethics officers was established and comprised of persons representing each of the four regions of the United States. In Round One of the study, the panel identified 12 primary components and 124 related sub-components for an ethics enhancement program in a state legislature. Each of the suggested items were unique and nearly …
The Nature Of Undergraduates' Conceptual Understanding Of Oxygen Transport And Utilization In Humans: Can Cardiopulmonary Simulation Software Enhance Learning Of Propositional Knowledge And/Or Diagnose Alternative Conceptions In Novices And Intermediates?, Dennis Robert Wissing
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
The purpose of the this research was to explore undergraduates' conceptual development for oxygen transport and utilization, as a component of a cardiopulmonary physiology and advanced respiratory care course in the allied health program. This exploration focused on the student's development of knowledge and the presence of alternative conceptions, prior to, during, and after completing cardiopulmonary physiology and advanced respiratory care courses. Using the simulation program, SimBioSysTM (Samsel, 1994), student-participants completed a series of laboratory exercises focusing on cardiopulmonary disease states. This study examined data gathered from: (1) a novice group receiving the simulation program prior to instruction, (2) a …
Literacy Stories: Attitudes Toward Literacy And Motivation To Read Among African-American Males In An Urban Community., Donna Parham Washington
Literacy Stories: Attitudes Toward Literacy And Motivation To Read Among African-American Males In An Urban Community., Donna Parham Washington
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
Through methods of ethnographic research this study explores the attitudes toward literacy and the motivation to read of African American male secondary school students in an urban community. This study includes historical inquiry obtained through the gathering of oral histories from men who experienced their youth and adolescence in the same geographic area as the secondary school students. Over the past fifty years the neighborhood focused on in this study has undergone tremendous change, both societal and structural. Information obtained through the interviews of the older men and the younger men will be compared to determine changes in literacy attitudes, …
Coleridge, Shelley, Davy, And Science's Millennium, Mark Kipperman
Coleridge, Shelley, Davy, And Science's Millennium, Mark Kipperman
Faculty Articles, Papers, and Other Scholarship
No abstract provided.
Reconceiving Citizenship: The Social Education Of Seven Members Of Students Against Driving Drunk., Cheryl Jeannette Edwards
Reconceiving Citizenship: The Social Education Of Seven Members Of Students Against Driving Drunk., Cheryl Jeannette Edwards
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
This qualitative study centers on education for citizenship, a topic which is explored through an analysis of case studies of seven participants who were members of Students Against Driving Drunk (SADD) in high school. Data was collected in two phases. The first phase occurred between September of 1988 and May of 1991. During this period, the researcher was a participant-observer and conducted individual and group interviews with members. Phase two took place in 1995, with follow-up interviews being conducted with seven former members who served as key informants for the study. The primary research questions addressed in this study are: …
The Role Of The Bass Trombone In Haydn's "Die Schoepfung", Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, And Brahms's Fourth Symphony: A Tutorial Focusing On Historical Background And Preparation Suggestions., Cassandra R. Fulmer
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
For bass trombonists today, as with other instrumentalists, the preparation of orchestral excerpts for auditions forms a vital part of training for a professional career. While there is ample information available on tenor trombone orchestral excerpts, little detailed study has been devoted specifically to excerpts for the bass trombone. Although research on the bass trombone has increased since the 1940s, there is a great need for concentrated study in the area of orchestral preparation strategies and performance. The purpose of this monograph is to provide a tutorial for undergraduate bass trombonists in the preparation of three orchestral works, developing practice …
Representations Of Class, Gender, Race, And Religion In The Novels Of Somerville And Ross, 1894-1925., Nicole Pepinster Greene
Representations Of Class, Gender, Race, And Religion In The Novels Of Somerville And Ross, 1894-1925., Nicole Pepinster Greene
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
This dissertation examines how the Anglo-Irish writers, Edith Somerville and Martin Ross (nee Violet Martin), attempt to define themselves and others in terms of class, gender, race, and religion at a time when self-definition itself is an act of resistance and defiance. This analysis focuses on four novels: The Real Charlotte (1894), co-authored by Somerville and Ross, Mount Music (1919), An Enthusiast (1921), and The Big House of Inver (1925), written by Somerville alone. Since these novels were composed during the most chaotic years of Irish history when the country was in transition from the status of a colonial dependency …
Human Dimensions Of Water Resources Policy: The United States Army Corps Of Engineers' Role In Natural Resources And Recreational Management., Herman Roger Hamilton
Human Dimensions Of Water Resources Policy: The United States Army Corps Of Engineers' Role In Natural Resources And Recreational Management., Herman Roger Hamilton
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
This dissertation examines policies that affect natural resources and outdoor recreation management by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) at its reservior projects located throughout the United States. The Corps is responsible for a large civil water-resources development and management program in addition to its military responsibilities. The agency has undergone many policy changes which have affected the development of the nation's water resources and the public uses that are made of those developments. Recreation and fish-and-wildlife are by-products of reservoirs which were developed for navigation, flood control, and other conventional purposes. The Corps is the largest supplier of …
Effect Of Recycled Fiber, Compatibilizer And Pre-Formed Fiber Handsheet On The Performance Of Wood-Polyolefin Composites., Chin-Yin S. Hwang
Effect Of Recycled Fiber, Compatibilizer And Pre-Formed Fiber Handsheet On The Performance Of Wood-Polyolefin Composites., Chin-Yin S. Hwang
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
Effects of recycled materials on the properties of hardboards, of compatibilizer on the wettability and interfacial shear strength of wood and plastics, and of handsheet configuration on the properties of wood fiber-polyolefin laminates were studied. Recycled fibers from three sources showed considerably higher holo- and alpha-cellulose contents, lower extractive and lignin contents, and shorter fiber length than virgin southern pine fiber. Replacing virgin fiber with recycled fiber adversely affected mechanical properties, dimensional stability and wettability of fiberboards. Using layered structures while substituting 20% virgin fiber with polyethylene appreciably increased dimensional stability. Internal bond strength of hardboards made from virgin fiber, …
Parallelization And Implementation Of Approximate Root Isolation For Nonlinear System By Monte Carlo., Ebrahim Khosravi
Parallelization And Implementation Of Approximate Root Isolation For Nonlinear System By Monte Carlo., Ebrahim Khosravi
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
This dissertation solves a fundamental problem of isolating the real roots of nonlinear systems of equations by Monte-Carlo that were published by Bush Jones. This algorithm requires only function values and can be applied readily to complicated systems of transcendental functions. The implementation of this sequential algorithm provides scientists with the means to utilize function analysis in mathematics or other fields of science. The algorithm, however, is so computationally intensive that the system is limited to a very small set of variables, and this will make it unfeasible for large systems of equations. Also a computational technique was needed for …
Synthesis And Physical Characterization Of Solid-State Materials., Patrick Allen Kolniak
Synthesis And Physical Characterization Of Solid-State Materials., Patrick Allen Kolniak
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
Two quantitative X-ray powder diffraction methods were used to analyze Phosphogypsum, a currently underutilized solid by-product of phosphoric acid production. Three kinds of synthetic mixtures were prepared to reflect the variable composition of phosphogypsum: AG (anhydrite and gypsum), QCD (quartz, calcite, and dolomite), and AGQCD. Compositions derived from the Whole Pattern fitting method for the binary and ternary mixtures agreed reasonably well with known values, with residuals $\rm\langle R\sp2\rangle = 0.10$ for eleven AG samples, and $\rm\langle R\sp2\rangle = 0.018$ for thirteen QCD samples. However, in the five-component mixtures, overlap of anhydrite, dolomite and gypsum peaks prevented quantitation. Compositions derived …
Sustainable Resources Utilization And Implications For Economic Development In Sub-Saharan Africa: A Case Study Of Cote D'Ivoire., Ahile Nicolas Koudou
Sustainable Resources Utilization And Implications For Economic Development In Sub-Saharan Africa: A Case Study Of Cote D'Ivoire., Ahile Nicolas Koudou
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
In the 1960's, sub-Saharan Africa had one of the world's largest rain forests. Today, however, Africa accounts for only 27 percent of the world's forest area. Expansion of agricultural lands at the expense of forests remains the fundamental contributor to deforestation in Cote d'Ivoire. Other factors include a high natural rate of population growth (3.9 percent annually) and flexible immigration policies that create land use pressures. Consequently, Cote d'Ivoire has lost almost 83 percent of its 16 million hectares (39.5 million acres) of tropical forests. Some corrective actions, such as halting illicit harvesting, reforestation and reforming logging activities, have been …
Passion Plays In The United States: The Contemporary Outdoor Tradition., Charlene Faye Monk
Passion Plays In The United States: The Contemporary Outdoor Tradition., Charlene Faye Monk
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
The purpose of this dissertation is to trace the development of the outdoor passion plays in the United States, comparing their content and approach with the continental medieval tradition and analyzing how effectively the current American plays are modifying their presentations to meet the expectations of today's modern society. This study documents the historical development and physical plants for the eight passion play productions in the United States that maintained membership in the Institute of Outdoor Drama and played during the summer seasons of the research period from 1992-1996: The Black Hills Passion Play (1939, Spearfish, South Dakota), The Great …
The Role Of Alginate Lyase In Pseudomonas Syringae Pathovar Phaseolicola., Charlie Mark Ott
The Role Of Alginate Lyase In Pseudomonas Syringae Pathovar Phaseolicola., Charlie Mark Ott
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
The plant pathogen responsible for halo blight in legumes, Pseudomonas syringae pathovar phaseolicola, produces an alginate exopolysaccharide which prevents desiccation and enhances the "water soaking" effect associated with pathogenesis. These bacteria demonstrated elevated extracellular alginate lyase activity during log growth and stationary phases in batch cultures. An analysis of the substrate specificity indicated enzymatic activity on both acetylated and non-acetylated alginate. The release of the enzyme(s) in log growth phase and the subsequent decrease in production in stationary phase have not been previously reported. Extracellular activity during rapid cell growth was confirmed by continuous culture in both nutrient broth and …
Dynamic Modeling Of Export Demand: The Case Of United States Unmilled Wheat., Mario Alberto Piedra
Dynamic Modeling Of Export Demand: The Case Of United States Unmilled Wheat., Mario Alberto Piedra
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
This dissertation explores the steady-state relationship between foreign income and expenditures, import prices, and U.S. exports for unmilled wheat. Specifically, the study estimates implicit dynamic import-export demand schedules based on a two-stage utility maximization framework to quantify the short-run and long-run effects of foreign income and foreign total expenditures on U.S. unmilled wheat export demand. Dynamic econometric models are based on Vector Autoregressive (VAR) and Error Correction Models (ECMs). The appropriateness of the theoretical model, empirical specifications, and forecasting performance are thoroughly tested. Annual data collected from the United Nations from 1962-1995 is used. The equilibrium model is estimated in …
Texts And Talk: A Close Look At Gender In Literature Discussion Groups., Peggy Sue Rice
Texts And Talk: A Close Look At Gender In Literature Discussion Groups., Peggy Sue Rice
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
This study investigated discourse according to gender-related patterns of eight sixth-grade students (four boys and four girls) as they discussed four realistic fiction short stories in peer-led discussion groups that alternated between same-sex and mixed-sex group compositions. Descriptive data were analyzed according to the constant comparative method of analysis. Quantitative analysis was used to determine discourse patterns in terms of frequency. Data were analyzed to answer the following questions: (1) Will the discourse patterns vary when the students discuss their responses in same-sex groups and mixed-sex groups? If so, in what ways will they vary? (2) Will gender differences be …
The Selective Digital Integrator: A New Device For Modulated Polarization Spectroscopy., Aljosa Vrancic
The Selective Digital Integrator: A New Device For Modulated Polarization Spectroscopy., Aljosa Vrancic
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
A new device, a selective digital integrator (SDI), for the acquisition of modulated polarization spectroscopy (MPS) signals is described. Special attention is given to the accurate measurement of very small (AC component of interest $<$10$\sp{-3}$ x DC component), rapidly modulated ($\sim$50 kHz) signals at or below noise levels. Various data acquisition methods and problems associated with the collection of modulated signals are discussed. The SDI solves most of these problems and has the following advantages: it provides the average-time resolved profile of a modulated signal; it eliminates errors if the modulation is not sinusoidal; it enables separate measurements of the various phases of the signal modulation cycle; it permits simultaneous measurement of absorption, circular dichroism (CD) and linear dichroism (LD) spectra; it facilitates 3-D absorbance measurements; it has a wide gain-switching-free dynamic range (10 orders of magnitude or more); it offers a constant S/N ratio mode of operation; it eliminates the need for photomultiplier voltage feedback, and it has faster scanning speeds. The time-resolution, selectivity, wide dynamic range, and low-overhead on-the-fly data processing are useful for other modulated spectroscopy (MS) and non-MS experiments such as pulse height distribution and time-resolved pulse counting measurements. The advantages of the MPS-SDI method are tested on the first Rydberg electronic transitions of (+)-3-methylcyclopentanone. The experimental results validate the predicted SDI capabilities. However, they also point to two difficulties that had not been noted previously: the presence of LD in a gaseous sample and a pressure-dependence of the relative peak heights of the CD spectrum. Models for these anomalies are proposed. The presence of the oscillatory LD (but not an LD background) is explained with a sample cell model based on the observed polarization-dependent time-resolved profiles of transmitted light intensity. To obtain expressions for these intensities, a theoretical background, which provides a new approach to the treatment of light/matter interaction, is included as an Appendix. To explain the second anomaly, present only at high optical densities, a model based on the presence of scattered light is introduced and verified. The mode of correction for the scattering problem is outlined.
Managing Promises And Marketing Activities In The Cultivation Of Long-Term Relationship Commitment: The Development Of A Model For The Services Industries., John Michael Weber
Managing Promises And Marketing Activities In The Cultivation Of Long-Term Relationship Commitment: The Development Of A Model For The Services Industries., John Michael Weber
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
The concept of promises is important with services, because they can represent some tangible aspect of the service organization upon which the customer can develop expectations and partially evaluate the performance of the organization. It is also important to examine the marketing processes (external, internal, and interactive) the organization utilizes and the consumer can participate in, because these processes act as the communication avenue for the promises. Finally, it is important to evaluate the promises and marketing processes from the perspective of the consumer in order to determine the consumer's expectations, perception of service personnel, evaluations of actual service delivery, …
Creativity And The Cathartic Moment: Chaos Theory And The Art Of Theatre., Robert E. Brooks
Creativity And The Cathartic Moment: Chaos Theory And The Art Of Theatre., Robert E. Brooks
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
This dissertation investigates the potential applications of the scientific paradigm known as "chaos theory" in the examination of dramatic theory. By illuminating the limitations of traditional Newtonian physics and Euclidean geometry, chaos theory conveys philosophical implications that transcend the scientific and provide suitable tools for describing cultural and artistic phenomena. These implications include emphasis on unpredictability, interaction and feedback, qualitative rather that quantitative analyses, and a nonlinear, continuous, even holistic perspective of systems traditionally viewed as dischotomous (such as order and disorder or part and whole). This study examines several standard works of dramatic theory, concentrating on the relationship of …
Multiobjective Optimal Filtering And Control., Xiang Chen
Multiobjective Optimal Filtering And Control., Xiang Chen
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
A fundamental question in feedback control design is how to achieve desired performance under system uncertainties and external disturbances. The well-known LQG and ${\cal H}\sb2$ control design techniques are well suited for achieving some well-defined optimal transient performance under certain classes of stochastic external disturbances such as white noise. However, these optimal control design techniques are highly model dependent and may be very sensitive to parameter variations and system uncertainties. The ${\cal H}\sb{\infty}$ control theory, on the other hand, was developed precisely because of the desire to overcome these deficiencies. One potential shortfall of the existing ${\cal H}\sb{\infty}$ control design …
Evaluation Of Chemical Treatments And Intrinsic Factors That Affect The Mutagenic Potential Of Aflatoxin B1-Contaminated Corn., Armando Burgos-Hernandez
Evaluation Of Chemical Treatments And Intrinsic Factors That Affect The Mutagenic Potential Of Aflatoxin B1-Contaminated Corn., Armando Burgos-Hernandez
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
In the present project the use of ammoniation and fermentation as an integrated process was studied in order to give aflatoxin-contaminated corn an alternative use. Aflatoxin-contaminated corn can be fermented to obtain fuel alcohol and decontaminated distiller's dried solid grains (DDSG) can be used for animal feed. The efficacy of a fermentation process, with the inclusion of ammonium persulfate, for the decontamination of aflatoxin B$\sb1$-contaminated yellow corn was studied, as well as the effect of peroxides on the ethanol production. Addition of 2.0% ammonium persulfate decreased the aflatoxin B$\sb1$ levels by 87%. Peroxides did not have an effect on ethanol …
The Effects Of Pah-Contaminated Sediments On Benthic-Feeding Fishes And Their Associated Prey., Candace Gay Hinkle-Conn
The Effects Of Pah-Contaminated Sediments On Benthic-Feeding Fishes And Their Associated Prey., Candace Gay Hinkle-Conn
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
Subtidal sediments near Port Fourchon, Louisiana, USA, have been contaminated with produced water, as indicated by the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) for over four decades. Studies were undertaken to examine the effect of produced water/PAH on the potential for trophic transfer (from meiofauna and small macrofauna to benthic-feeding fishes) of sediment-bound contaminants. A survey of meiofaunal communities along a putative pollution gradient from the produced water outfall to a distance of 1 km found that meiofauna densities were significantly higher at the most contaminated sites ($\sim$10,000 ng PAH g$\sp{-1}$ dry sediment). The community at the most contaminated sites, …
Dyslexic College Students: Quest For Literacy., Frances Grace Crochet
Dyslexic College Students: Quest For Literacy., Frances Grace Crochet
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
The initial purpose of this study focused on an Orton-Gillingham phonics remediation program and the effect the program had on college students. The emphasis of the study changed due to the fact that the Orton-Gillingham phonics program did not impact the college students' learning, which was mainly due to the students having previously received some form of phonics instruction. The students had learned to compensate for their poor spelling ability through invented spelling, and the use of the computer and the spell checker. The other accommodations that decreased their need for knowledge of a spelling program were the use of …
Concurrent Vs. Terminal Augmented Feedback In The Learning Of A Discrete Bimanual Coordination Task., Cynthia Marie Hadden
Concurrent Vs. Terminal Augmented Feedback In The Learning Of A Discrete Bimanual Coordination Task., Cynthia Marie Hadden
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
Two experiments compared the effects of concurrent and terminal augmented feedback in learning a bimanual coordination task. In the first experiment, twenty-four participants practiced a discrete bimanual task that required a 90$\sp\circ$ phase offset of the upper limbs under one of two feedback conditions: concurrent or terminal. Participants in the concurrent feedback group received feedback as they performed the task during acquisition. Participants in the terminal feedback group received feedback after they completed each acquisition trial. Results indicated that concurrent group was able to more accurately produce the target figure during acquisition than the terminal group. Unlike earlier studies which …