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Articles 9901 - 9930 of 13012
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Managing Promises And Marketing Activities In The Cultivation Of Long-Term Relationship Commitment: The Development Of A Model For The Services Industries., John Michael Weber
Managing Promises And Marketing Activities In The Cultivation Of Long-Term Relationship Commitment: The Development Of A Model For The Services Industries., John Michael Weber
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
The concept of promises is important with services, because they can represent some tangible aspect of the service organization upon which the customer can develop expectations and partially evaluate the performance of the organization. It is also important to examine the marketing processes (external, internal, and interactive) the organization utilizes and the consumer can participate in, because these processes act as the communication avenue for the promises. Finally, it is important to evaluate the promises and marketing processes from the perspective of the consumer in order to determine the consumer's expectations, perception of service personnel, evaluations of actual service delivery, …
Promoting Self-Efficacy In Postsecondary At-Risk Readers: A View Of The Effects Of Using An Instructional Model Based On Cooperative, Active, Critical Thinking Unified Strategies (C*A*C*T*U*S)., Phyllis L. Simpson
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
Nationwide, between one-third and one-half of all students who enter colleges and universities today are identified as needing some remediation. Many developmental freshmen do not have a realistic perception of their learning skills, their ability to activate their prior knowledge, nor a high degree of self-confidence in either their self-image or their inferencing ability to learn in today's college classroom. The review of the literature served as a basis for designing a cooperative, active, critical thinking unified strategy model (named by acronym C*A*C*T*U*S) for educating "at-risk" readers in developmental education. Furthermore, the literature review on self-efficacy and empowerment action-oriented teacher …
Beliefs And Practices Of Middle School Language Arts Teachers., Suzan Anderson
Beliefs And Practices Of Middle School Language Arts Teachers., Suzan Anderson
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
The purpose of this study is to examine the instructional beliefs and practices of middle school language arts teachers as they relate to developmental appropriate/inappropriate instruction. Developmentally appropriate instruction is defined as matching the curricula to the level of children's emerging mental abilities. If the learner is seen as a growing individual with developing abilities, then the aim of education should be to facilitate this development. This in turn means that the curricula must be studied and analyzed to determine that level of mental ability that is required to comprehend curriculum materials (Elkind, 1970). There is some concern that what …
The Selective Digital Integrator: A New Device For Modulated Polarization Spectroscopy., Aljosa Vrancic
The Selective Digital Integrator: A New Device For Modulated Polarization Spectroscopy., Aljosa Vrancic
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
A new device, a selective digital integrator (SDI), for the acquisition of modulated polarization spectroscopy (MPS) signals is described. Special attention is given to the accurate measurement of very small (AC component of interest $<$10$\sp{-3}$ x DC component), rapidly modulated ($\sim$50 kHz) signals at or below noise levels. Various data acquisition methods and problems associated with the collection of modulated signals are discussed. The SDI solves most of these problems and has the following advantages: it provides the average-time resolved profile of a modulated signal; it eliminates errors if the modulation is not sinusoidal; it enables separate measurements of the various phases of the signal modulation cycle; it permits simultaneous measurement of absorption, circular dichroism (CD) and linear dichroism (LD) spectra; it facilitates 3-D absorbance measurements; it has a wide gain-switching-free dynamic range (10 orders of magnitude or more); it offers a constant S/N ratio mode of operation; it eliminates the need for photomultiplier voltage feedback, and it has faster scanning speeds. The time-resolution, selectivity, wide dynamic range, and low-overhead on-the-fly data processing are useful for other modulated spectroscopy (MS) and non-MS experiments such as pulse height distribution and time-resolved pulse counting measurements. The advantages of the MPS-SDI method are tested on the first Rydberg electronic transitions of (+)-3-methylcyclopentanone. The experimental results validate the predicted SDI capabilities. However, they also point to two difficulties that had not been noted previously: the presence of LD in a gaseous sample and a pressure-dependence of the relative peak heights of the CD spectrum. Models for these anomalies are proposed. The presence of the oscillatory LD (but not an LD background) is explained with a sample cell model based on the observed polarization-dependent time-resolved profiles of transmitted light intensity. To obtain expressions for these intensities, a theoretical background, which provides a new approach to the treatment of light/matter interaction, is included as an Appendix. To explain the second anomaly, present only at high optical densities, a model based on the presence of scattered light is introduced and verified. The mode of correction for the scattering problem is outlined.
All Blues: A Study Of African-American Resistance Poetry., Anthony Jerome Bolden
All Blues: A Study Of African-American Resistance Poetry., Anthony Jerome Bolden
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
Since the beginning of the twentieth century, critics of African-American poetry have disagreed vehemently about poetic form. Some, like J. Saunders Redding, for instance, have expressed skepticism about poetry based upon oral forms. Others, like Sterling Brown, have argued that a viable poetics can be developed from black expressive forms. This dissertation analyzes the debate over black poetic form and traces the development of modernist and postmodernist poetics that have been shaped by the specific contours of African-American vernacular culture. Yet this study is not merely formalistic. Although "All Blues" describes a blues aesthetic by examining intersexual relationships between the …
Creativity And The Cathartic Moment: Chaos Theory And The Art Of Theatre., Robert E. Brooks
Creativity And The Cathartic Moment: Chaos Theory And The Art Of Theatre., Robert E. Brooks
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
This dissertation investigates the potential applications of the scientific paradigm known as "chaos theory" in the examination of dramatic theory. By illuminating the limitations of traditional Newtonian physics and Euclidean geometry, chaos theory conveys philosophical implications that transcend the scientific and provide suitable tools for describing cultural and artistic phenomena. These implications include emphasis on unpredictability, interaction and feedback, qualitative rather that quantitative analyses, and a nonlinear, continuous, even holistic perspective of systems traditionally viewed as dischotomous (such as order and disorder or part and whole). This study examines several standard works of dramatic theory, concentrating on the relationship of …
Three Essays On The Term Structure Of Eurocurrency Rates., Cetin Ciner
Three Essays On The Term Structure Of Eurocurrency Rates., Cetin Ciner
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
This dissertation investigates the term structure relationship in financial markets by using Eurocurrency rates of several countries. The first essay tests the restrictions of the expectations hypothesis of term structure and the Fisher hypothesis in an interrelated fashion to characterize the changes in the slope and the level of Eurocurrency yield curves of numerous countries. It is argued that the Fisher relation explains the level of the yield curve and the expectations hypothesis determines the long run relationship between yields at different maturities at that level. Special emphasis is given to the information content of the yield curve for future …
Media Priming In The 1980 Presidential Election., Gina Leigh Corell
Media Priming In The 1980 Presidential Election., Gina Leigh Corell
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
This study will focus on a specific election, the 1980 presidential race. Through an examination of the media coverage, key issues, and the candidates, this research will provide a context for the statistical analysis that follows. This research explores the impact of media and other determinants of candidate assessment and vote choice. The findings in this study not only support the argument that news affects elections but also clarify the exact nature of that influence. The research uses the theory of priming as its theoretical base. The American National Election Study Survey for the 1980 presidential election is the data …
An Exploration Of The Relationship Between Principal Leadership Style And Student Academic Achievement In The Philippines., Mary Sylvette Tanjuan Gunigundo
An Exploration Of The Relationship Between Principal Leadership Style And Student Academic Achievement In The Philippines., Mary Sylvette Tanjuan Gunigundo
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
Principal leadership has been identified to be a crucial factor in the success of a school. One measure of school success is student academic achievement. Effective school literature suggests that there exist a relationship between principal leadership and student academic achievement. Thus, this study explored the relationship between principal leadership style (transformational, transactional, or laissez-faire) and student academic achievement in the Philippines. Three control variables were considered in examining this relationship and these were teacher educational background, student population, and student socio-economic status (SES). This study was conducted in thirty-six elementary public schools in the Philippines. The revised Multifactor Leadership …
Logistic Regression And Item Response Theory: Estimation Item And Ability Parameters By Using Logistic Regression In Irt., Necati Engec
Logistic Regression And Item Response Theory: Estimation Item And Ability Parameters By Using Logistic Regression In Irt., Necati Engec
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
The purpose of this study was to investigate the utility of logistic regression procedures as a means of estimating item and ability parameters in unidimensional and multidimensional item response theory models for dichotomous and polytomous data instead of IRT models. Unlike the IRT models, single logistic regression model can be easily extended from unidimensional models to multidimensional models, from dichotomous response data to polytomous response data and the assumptions such as all slopes are the same and intercept is zero are unnecessary. Based on the findings of this study, the following preliminary conclusions can be drawn: Item and ability parameters …
Concurrent Vs. Terminal Augmented Feedback In The Learning Of A Discrete Bimanual Coordination Task., Cynthia Marie Hadden
Concurrent Vs. Terminal Augmented Feedback In The Learning Of A Discrete Bimanual Coordination Task., Cynthia Marie Hadden
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
Two experiments compared the effects of concurrent and terminal augmented feedback in learning a bimanual coordination task. In the first experiment, twenty-four participants practiced a discrete bimanual task that required a 90$\sp\circ$ phase offset of the upper limbs under one of two feedback conditions: concurrent or terminal. Participants in the concurrent feedback group received feedback as they performed the task during acquisition. Participants in the terminal feedback group received feedback after they completed each acquisition trial. Results indicated that concurrent group was able to more accurately produce the target figure during acquisition than the terminal group. Unlike earlier studies which …
A Validation Study Of The Assessment Of Dissimulation Scale Using Criminal And Civilly Committed Participants., Jill Suzanne Hayes
A Validation Study Of The Assessment Of Dissimulation Scale Using Criminal And Civilly Committed Participants., Jill Suzanne Hayes
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
Dissimulation malingering, unlike simulation malingering, refers to downplaying actual psychological difficulties in order to achieve secondary gain. Although several psychological tests have subscales designed to detect dissimulation, only the Assessment of Dissimulation Scale (ADS) has been specifically designed for this purpose. This screening instrument had limited usefulness, as it was validated only with college students. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the ADS was effective in detecting dissimulation in criminal and civilly committed populations which are likely to be the clinical targets for such a scale, and to establish a cut-off score on the ADS above which …
Essays On Panel Unit Root Procedures: Applications To The Convergence Hypothesis, Ppp And Ucip., Kenan Lopcu
Essays On Panel Unit Root Procedures: Applications To The Convergence Hypothesis, Ppp And Ucip., Kenan Lopcu
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
The first two essays in this dissertation deal with the empirical examination of growth, specifically with the reexamination of convergence. The first essay introduces the issue and provides the preliminary results. Most of the empirical studies on the determinants of economic growth use cross-country analysis, employing long-term averages of relevant variables on each country. In these studies a negative relationship between average growth rates and initial incomes is interpreted as an indication of convergence in cross-country incomes and therefore, presented as evidence in support of neoclassical growth models. Such an analysis, however, ignores dynamic information that can explain part of …
Service Recovery's Influence On Complainant Attitudes And Intentions: A Perceived Justice Framework., James G. Maxham Iii
Service Recovery's Influence On Complainant Attitudes And Intentions: A Perceived Justice Framework., James G. Maxham Iii
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
I conducted two field studies (one in the banking industry, n = 692, and one in the new home industry, n = 339) that examined service recovery's influence on complainant perceptions of perceived justice (i.e., distributive, procedural, and interactional justice), satisfaction (i.e., transaction-specific satisfaction and overall firm satisfaction), and intentions (i.e., word-of-mouth intent and purchase intent). The studies assessed these perceptions over multiple time periods (i.e., post failure, post service recovery, and two weeks subsequent to service recovery) to better capture the perceptions as they form over time. The dissertation uses an equity theory framework in a service recovery context, …
Behavior Of Red Snapper, Lutjanus Campechanus, In Relation To Trawl Modifications To Reduce Shrimp Trawler Bycatch., Donna Reeve Rogers
Behavior Of Red Snapper, Lutjanus Campechanus, In Relation To Trawl Modifications To Reduce Shrimp Trawler Bycatch., Donna Reeve Rogers
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
Behavioral responses of young-of-the-year red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus, to alterations in water flow were examined in the laboratory and the field in an effort to facilitate their release from shrimp trawls. Experiments with red snapper, collected by divers, were conducted in a racetrack flume. Four vertical and two horizontal mesh and solid panel types were examined. Four snapper (out of 96) escaped with vertical panels and thirteen fish (out of 48) exited with horizontal panels. Escapes occurred primarily with solid panels containing 0.95-cm holes drilled at 5-cm intervals. However, snapper that escaped with solid horizontal panels frequently went back into …
Wavelet-Based Registration Of Medical Images., Raj Sharman
Wavelet-Based Registration Of Medical Images., Raj Sharman
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
Registration is the process of spatially aligning two objects and is normally a preprocessing step in most object recognition algorithms. Registration of images and recognition of signatures of objects in images is important for clinical and diagnostic purposes in medicine. Recognizing structure, potential targets for defense purposes and changes in the terrain, from aerial surveillance images and SAR images is the focus of extensive research and development today. Automatic Target Recognition is becoming increasingly important as the defense systems and armament technology move to use smarter munitions. Registration of images is a preprocessing step in any kind of machine vision …
Vocational Education And Recidivism At The Louisiana Correctional Institute For Women., Henry Elbert Sanders Jr
Vocational Education And Recidivism At The Louisiana Correctional Institute For Women., Henry Elbert Sanders Jr
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
Recidivism is a phenomenon causing growing concern. When released criminals return to crime, the costs become immeasurable. Victims can never be adequately compensated for personal losses, and the nation cannot halt the spiraling costs of maintaining prisons housing mostly repeat offenders. The nation is spending upwards from 98 billion dollars on crime, annually. Public opinion opposes education for inmates, yet, with the nation's prisons operating near capacity, a millennium approaches that promises another wave of prison construction resulting in exponential leaps in the costs of incarceration. A marketing concept asserts that attracting people to a product is half the battle. …
Form: The Fortran Object Recovery Model. A Methodology To Extract Object-Oriented Designs From Imperative Code., Bonnie Lynn Achee
Form: The Fortran Object Recovery Model. A Methodology To Extract Object-Oriented Designs From Imperative Code., Bonnie Lynn Achee
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
A majority of legacy systems in use in the scientific and engineering application domains are coded in imperative languages, specifically, COBOL or FORTRAN-77. These systems have an average age of 15 years or more and have undergone years of extensive maintenance. They suffer from either poor documentation or no documentation, and antiquated coding practices and paradigms (Chik94) (Osbo90). The purpose of this research is to develop a reverse-engineering methodology to extract an object-oriented design from legacy systems written in imperative languages. This research defines a three-phase methodology that inputs source code and outputs an object-oriented design. The three phases of …
Living Arrangements Of The Elderly In The United States: Comparing Whites, Blacks, Hispanics, And Asians' Households., Kiyomi Ando
Living Arrangements Of The Elderly In The United States: Comparing Whites, Blacks, Hispanics, And Asians' Households., Kiyomi Ando
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
My dissertation analyzed the living arrangements of the elderly, focusing on differences across gender and racial/ethnic lines. Drawing upon rational choice and family solidarity theoretical perspectives. I derived hypotheses dealing with the effects of individual resources, cultural characteristics, and geographic context on the elderly's living arrangements. These hypotheses were empirically tested using logistic regression models to estimate the odds of the elderly choosing from among three options of living arrangements--independent living, joint living, and dependent living. Separate models were applied to non-Hispanic white, African American, Hispanic, and Asian subsamples. Data were from the 1990 Census Public Use Sample (PUMS-L). The …
A Normative Study Of The Psychopathology Instrument For Mentally Retarded Adults (Pimra)., Kelley Lynne Francis
A Normative Study Of The Psychopathology Instrument For Mentally Retarded Adults (Pimra)., Kelley Lynne Francis
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
Indices were established for the Psychopathology Instrument for Mentally Retarded Adults (PIMRA) to signify that a particular score warranted further assessment. The subjects were 431 individuals with mild and moderate mental retardation in state schools and developmental centers in Texas and Louisiana. Almost 65% of the sample met the cutoff for further assessment using the newly established criteria, while approximately 40% of the sample had elevations on two or more of the subscales. Critical items were identified for the Schizophrenia, Affective Disorders, Somatoform Disorders, and Adjustment Disorders subscales. No significant differences were noted for gender with respect to the subscales. …
A Conceptual And Empirical Approach For Valuing Biodiversity: An Estimate Of The Benefits Of Plant And Wildlife Habitat Preservation In The Tensas River Basin., Jack Coburn Isaacs
A Conceptual And Empirical Approach For Valuing Biodiversity: An Estimate Of The Benefits Of Plant And Wildlife Habitat Preservation In The Tensas River Basin., Jack Coburn Isaacs
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
This research estimated the passive use value of local species biodiversity in the Tensas River basin, a section of the Lower Mississippi River Valley. This research employed the contingent valuation method in eliciting willingness to pay for biodiversity conservation using the habitat needs of an umbrella species as a basis for valuation. This study designed and implemented the Lower Mississippi Valley Plant and Wildlife Survey for primary data collection. The sample included 1,351 households drawn from a hunting permit lottery conducted by the Tensas River National Wildlife Refuge and 3,044 households drawn at random from Louisiana, Arkansas, and Mississippi. The …
The Clarity Of The Modern: Or, The Ambiguities Of Henry James And Wallace Stevens., Gregory Angelo Marks
The Clarity Of The Modern: Or, The Ambiguities Of Henry James And Wallace Stevens., Gregory Angelo Marks
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
Clarity, in all its various guises, was before the advent of Romanticism looked upon as an unquestioned focus of attention and irrefutable goal of human endeavor. Conversely, ambiguity was seen negatively: it was in language an obstacle to communication; in ethics, an indecisiveness failing action; and in ontology and aesthetics, a slovenly disorder. With Romanticism, this basic consensus regarding these terms ends. No longer an expression of censure, ambiguity is imagined as a liberatory force. Clarity, if attainable at all, is dismissed as mere rigidity. The works of Americans Henry James and Wallace Stevens embody and enact this tension and …
The Interactions Among The Subunits Of The Mcrbc Restriction System In E. Coli., Loganayaki Ganesh
The Interactions Among The Subunits Of The Mcrbc Restriction System In E. Coli., Loganayaki Ganesh
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
The McrBC system of Escherichia coli K12 restricts DNA containing modified cytosines within specific sites. The modified cytosines recognized may be 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, N$\sp4$-methylcytosine or 5-methylcytosine. In the mcrBC operon, the mcrB gene is expressed to produce the McrB$\sb{\rm L}$ protein (51 kDa) and the McrB$\sb{\rm S}$ protein (33kDa), which is translated from an inframe internal translation start site and lacks the N-terminal 161 amino acids of the long product. The McrC protein is a 39kDa protein and is required for the cleavage of most methylated substrates. Using a MalE-McrB$\sb{\rm L}$ fusion protein, the endonucleolytic McrB$\sb{\rm L}$ subunit was shown to …
Predicting Driving Ability In Alzheimer's Disease Patients., Judith Rosemary O'Jile
Predicting Driving Ability In Alzheimer's Disease Patients., Judith Rosemary O'Jile
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
Studies have shown that individuals with Alzheimer's disease have a greater number of automobile crashes than normal elderly controls. Assessment of driving ability is usually conducted by use of an on-the-road examination. These examinations are costly, time intensive, and sometimes dangerous. Finding other measures that are predictive of driving ability will enable screening of patients to decrease the number of on-road examinations. Alzheimer's disease patients and normal elderly control subjects were administered neuropsychological measures as well as the Driver Performance Test (DPT) and Driver Risk Index (DRI), both videotaped tests of driving knowledge and risk assessment. Driving histories based on …
Daniel Pratt Of Prattville: A Northern Industrialist And A Southern Town., Curt John Evans
Daniel Pratt Of Prattville: A Northern Industrialist And A Southern Town., Curt John Evans
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
This dissertation explores the life of Daniel Pratt, one of the South's most important industrialists. Daniel Pratt was born in Temple, New Hampshire on July 20, 1799. In 1821, he migrated to Jones County, Georgia, where he worked as a carpenter-architect for ten years. He married Esther Ticknor of Connecticut in 1827 Samuel Griswold hired Pratt in 1831 to superintend his cotton gin factory in Jones County. Two years later, Pratt migrated to Autauga County in central Alabama, where he started his own gin shop. In 1839, Pratt founded Prattville, located fourteen miles from Alabama's capital, Montgomery. The next year, …
The Socialization Of Indian Scientific Writers Into Western Scientific Discourse Communities., Sumita Roy
The Socialization Of Indian Scientific Writers Into Western Scientific Discourse Communities., Sumita Roy
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
This research studies the socialization of Indian science writers into western discourse communities. More specifically, it seeks to identify the writing problems that beginner Indian science writers face and the strategies that they adopt in overcoming them while writing dissertations or research articles. Primary information was gathered by interviewing 11 Indian graduate students and 17 faculty members from India (West Bengal) and the USA on the basis of a five-page questionnaire. Respondents were classified into three groups according to their places of training and writing skills. Three to five sets of rough drafts from each group were studied to note …
Perturbed Flows In Ribbed Ducts., Pradipta Kumar Panigrahi
Perturbed Flows In Ribbed Ducts., Pradipta Kumar Panigrahi
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
Turbulent characteristics of a reattaching shear layer is important in gas turbine blade cooling, dump combustors, airfoil separation, internally ribbed heat exchangers, and in electronic cooling. In this study flow past a surface mounted rib encountered in the internal coolant channels of gas turbine blades and internally ribbed heat exchangers is studied. The main objectives of this investigation are: (1) to develop improved methods of coherent structures analysis, (2) to examine the spectral characteristics and length scale, (3) to investigate the types of turbulent motions using octant analysis, (4) to study the flow structures and kinetic energy budget for both …
The Structure And Stability Of Selected, 2-D Self-Gravitating Systems., Saied W. Andalib
The Structure And Stability Of Selected, 2-D Self-Gravitating Systems., Saied W. Andalib
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
Models of radially and vertically extended self-gravitating disks orbiting around a central point mass are relevant to the dynamics of astrophysical systems and are thought to be common in many galaxies. The gravity driven instabilities in these accretion disks are now believed to be a possible mechanism for star formation via disk fragmentation (Shu, Adams, & Lizano 1987, Adams, Rudin & Shu 1989; Christodoulou 1995). We quantify these regions of instability using a simple toroidal model of an accretion disk. We choose the two-dimensional axisymmetric, incompressible slender disks to examine and map out these principal modes of gravity driven instabilities. …
Structural Characterization Of Beta Carbonic Anhydrases From Higher Plants., Michael H. Bracey
Structural Characterization Of Beta Carbonic Anhydrases From Higher Plants., Michael H. Bracey
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
It is the goal of this dissertation research to reveal some aspects of the physical nature of spinach carbonic anhydrase as a representative $\beta$CA using the techniques of sequence comparison, molecular biology, and biophysics. Though both $\alpha$ and $\beta$ carbonic anhydrases are zinc dependent metalloenzymes, it is clear that the two isoforms do not adopt the same mechanism for coordinating the active site metal. While $\alpha$CA binds zinc through three histidine ligands, $\beta$CA cannot due to a lack of evolutionarily conserved histidines. Instead, the $\beta$ family has adopted a ligand scheme incorporating a single histidine and two cysteines. This has …
Locus Of Reform: From Reflection To Effectiveness Through The Voices Of Novice Teachers., Patricia Babin Caillouet
Locus Of Reform: From Reflection To Effectiveness Through The Voices Of Novice Teachers., Patricia Babin Caillouet
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
This descriptive multiple-case qualitative study focused on the professional and personal experiences of five novice teachers--three preservice student teachers and two first-year teachers. Research conducted in two exemplary elementary schools examined the following questions: (a) How do preservice and first-year teachers use reflective practice and self-assessment to develop effective teaching practices? (b) How do the preservice and first-year teachers' approaches to effective literacy instruction compare? (c) Why does reflection not translate into effectiveness? and (d) How is effectiveness perceived in the professional, social school environment of novice teachers? Results of the case studies determined that teacher education programs must go …