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1997

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Effectiveness Of Dropout Prevention Models As Perceived By High School Principals And High School Guidance Counselors In Florida, Joyce Tropea Bacon Jan 1997

Effectiveness Of Dropout Prevention Models As Perceived By High School Principals And High School Guidance Counselors In Florida, Joyce Tropea Bacon

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

This study investigated the perceptions of high school principals and guidance counselors, in the State of Florida, of nine dropout prevention models and their effectiveness. Six of the models exemplify the most frequently used programs throughout Florida: (a) the transitional ninth grade class, (b) computer-assisted instruction, (c) teaching high school competency test strategies, (d) educational alternative centers/schools of choice, (e) vocational technical centers, and (f) youth services programs. The three newer program models, cities in schools, block scheduling and telecommunications abeyance programs, have been in use for less than three years in the State of Florida but literature identifies them …

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Effects Of Accommodating Students' Learning Styles On Academic Achievement And Attitudes Towards Algebra, Nabil Afif Husni Jan 1997

Effects Of Accommodating Students' Learning Styles On Academic Achievement And Attitudes Towards Algebra, Nabil Afif Husni

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

The purpose of this study was to compare the academic achievement and attitude of students who were enrolled in Algebra for College Students taught by traditional lecture methods of instruction with students taught by methods of instruction that matched student learning style preferences. This study included 84 students who were enrolled in Algebra for College Students at Palm Beach Community College. The study was designed to determine whether students' age, gender, GPA, and the number of hours worked were correlated with students' attitude gain scores or with their algebra gain scores. Four instruments were used to collect information for this …

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Effects Of Nature-Based Sounds On Patient Anxiety During The Preoperative Period, Alcinda Louise Cullum Jan 1997

Effects Of Nature-Based Sounds On Patient Anxiety During The Preoperative Period, Alcinda Louise Cullum

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

This study investigated the effect of nature-based sounds on the preoperative anxiety of 30 patients scheduled for elective surgical procedures. Preoperative anxiety was measured utilizing a visual analog scale. Of the 30 subjects who were randomly placed in either control or experimental groups, 15 subjects comprised the experimental group who were provided with nature-based sounds, and 15 subjects comprised the control group who listened to non-vocal musical sounds. Pre-test data were collected upon admission to the preoperative area, while post-test data were collected prior to entering the operating room suite. Measurements consisting of blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate …

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Effects Of Academic Advisor Attire On Community College Student Satisfaction With Academic Advising, Rebecca Celeste Beck Jan 1997

Effects Of Academic Advisor Attire On Community College Student Satisfaction With Academic Advising, Rebecca Celeste Beck

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

The major purpose of this study was to determine if the attire of academic advisors would significantly affect students' satisfaction with their academic advisors. Academic advisors wore three types of attire: professional, casual, and a special uniform. The major concern was to determine if the student's first impression, as influenced by attire, of the academic advisor was significant in terms of satisfaction with the advising process. Data collected from 363 community college students were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Based upon the statistical analyses, the researcher failed to reject all the null hypotheses. The attire of the academic advisors …

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Effects Of Preoperative Teaching On Anxiety In Pediatric Ambulatory Surgical Patients, Shelley Mae Foord-Kelcey Jan 1997

Effects Of Preoperative Teaching On Anxiety In Pediatric Ambulatory Surgical Patients, Shelley Mae Foord-Kelcey

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

The purpose of the study was to test experimentally the effectiveness of a presurgical teaching intervention on reducing the anxiety of children undergoing outpatient surgery and in facilitating the children's emotional adjustment during the postsurgical period. The efficacy of a child teaching session combined with a parent teaching session was compared with the efficacy of a parent only session. The participants of the study were 33 children, ages 4 to 12, and their parents. Two weeks following the child's surgery, the parents assessed the child's postsurgical adjustment by completing the Post Hospital Behavior Questionnaire (PHBQ). Data was analyzed by t-test …

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Effects Of Information Load On Auditory Event-Related Potentials (P300) In Hiv-Infected Children, Julie Ackert Gonzales Jan 1997

Effects Of Information Load On Auditory Event-Related Potentials (P300) In Hiv-Infected Children, Julie Ackert Gonzales

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

The P300 component of the auditory event-related potential waveform was investigated in control children and two groups of HIV-infected children (asymptomatic and symptomatic), aged five to seven, under combinations of two interstimulus interval (ISI) rates (1 and 2 sec) and two target probability rates (.2 and.5). No group differences were found under the different combinations of ISI and target probability, for either P3a amplitude and latency, or P3b amplitude and latency. Although the present study was not able to distinguish between-groups by manipulating the target presentation rate, there were several within-group effects on P3a latency that were dependant upon the …

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Electrochemical Intercalation Of Lithium-Ion Into Carbon Fibers Prepared From Synthetic Cellulose Precursor, Robert Lewis Kashauer Jan 1997

Electrochemical Intercalation Of Lithium-Ion Into Carbon Fibers Prepared From Synthetic Cellulose Precursor, Robert Lewis Kashauer

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

A number of fibrous carbon materials have been investigated as intercalation host materials. Commercially available rayon fiber (synthetic cellulose) based carbon fibers were synthesized for use as anode material in lithium-ion batteries. The effects of oxidation and carbonization temperature, heating ramp rate, soak time and gaseous atmosphere during thermal treatment on the electrochemical performance of the carbon fibers were studied. Intercalation/deintercalation experiments were performed to evaluate the electrochemical performance of the carbon fibers. The highest reversible capacity and lowest irreversible capacity loss were obtained for carbon fibers carbonized at 1100C at a ramp rate of 10C/min held at soak times …

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Effects Of Socioeconomic, Political, And Organizational Factors On The Implementation Of Community Policing: A Conceptual Framework For An Innovative Policy, Terry Anne Anderson Jan 1997

Effects Of Socioeconomic, Political, And Organizational Factors On The Implementation Of Community Policing: A Conceptual Framework For An Innovative Policy, Terry Anne Anderson

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

Community policing has emerged as the philosophical foundation for a new paradigm in American policing calling for police and community residents to work jointly in identifying and solving neighborhood problems. As an example of an innovative public policy, community policing implementation may be affected by a number of factors. This dissertation synthesized what is known about innovation in public policy and community policing. It examined how certain socioeconomic, political, and organizational factors affect and predict innovativeness in policy formulation and explored their effects on its implementation. It has implications for law enforcement agencies that have already adopted community policing and …

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Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors Utilizing Low Surface Area Graphite Fibers, David Isaiah Zawacki Jan 1997

Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors Utilizing Low Surface Area Graphite Fibers, David Isaiah Zawacki

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

Electrochemical double-layer capacitors were constructed using low surface area carbon fibers that are commercially available. The fibers were made from polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and pitch and vary from low (LC = 14A, d002 = 3.54A) to high (LC = 169A, d002 = 3.40A) crystallinity. High energy densities (up to 7.83 Wh/kg) were obtained by electrochemically intercalating HSO4- ions between the graphene planes of the carbon fibers. The intercalation process was strongly influenced by the crystallinity of the carbon fiber and by the precursors from which the fiber was manufactured. All the pitch fibers had a higher structural order and a higher …

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Embrittlement Susceptibility Of Corroded Pre-Stressing Steel In Concrete During Cathodic Polarization, Arnaud. Poeydomenge Jan 1997

Embrittlement Susceptibility Of Corroded Pre-Stressing Steel In Concrete During Cathodic Polarization, Arnaud. Poeydomenge

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

Experiments and analyses were performed to better define the limits of concern regarding hydrogen embrittlement in association with application of cathodic protection to prestressed concrete. To accomplish this, prestressed concrete specimens were locally corroded to different levels by anodic polarization and then polarized to -1.30 V SCE. A procedure of examination was developed using strain gauges to determine the level of prestrain. Relatively few brittle failures of wires resulted due, at least in part, to a relatively low prestrain of the pretensioned tendons. A model was developed which, coupled with data from parallel research, permitted definition of the minimum cross …

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Empirical Analysis Of The Convergence Hypothesis Across Countries: New Evidence, Blake Donald Butzin Jan 1997

Empirical Analysis Of The Convergence Hypothesis Across Countries: New Evidence, Blake Donald Butzin

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

The Solow growth model examines the effects of saving, population and technological advances on the growth of an economy. Long-run economic growth is explained by the exogenous variable, technology. In this model lower income countries will experience higher rates of economic growth, which will lead to convergence in the standards of living between low-income and high-income countries. Additional theories including the augmented Solow model, which tests for conditional convergence and endogenous growth theories have been developed recently. An empirical inquiry of the convergence hypothesis has been conducted using a variety samples based on income classifications and geographical locations.

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Evaluation Of Fish Populations And Relative Abundance Within Pools A, B And C Of The Kissimmee River: Possible Responses To The Pool B Demonstration Project, Daniel E. Miller Jan 1997

Evaluation Of Fish Populations And Relative Abundance Within Pools A, B And C Of The Kissimmee River: Possible Responses To The Pool B Demonstration Project, Daniel E. Miller

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

Channelization of the Kissimmee River from 1962 to 1971 altered the natural hydrology of the river/floodplain system. Results of construction of the C-38 canal included loss of continuous flow of water and loss of floodplain habitat which adversely impacted the fish community. In 1984 the South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD) constructed the Pool B demonstration project to evaluate the feasibility of a planned restoration project. To evaluate success of the demonstration project in enhancing the Pool B fish fauna, a hoop net sampling program was conducted in 1996. The data suggest that black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) and other sport …

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Employment Of Modern Analytical Methods For Adsorption Studies And Pharmaceutical Analysis, Wendy Marie Foss Jan 1997

Employment Of Modern Analytical Methods For Adsorption Studies And Pharmaceutical Analysis, Wendy Marie Foss

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

Ultraviolet spectrophotometry was employed to investigate the adsorption of phenylphosphonic acid onto the surface of alumina from aqueous solution. It was found that an initial chemisorption occurred with monolayer coverage, reaching a maximum at a solution pH of 3.0. The results were interpreted as indicating that this and related adsorptions are controlled by ligand exchange processes involving electrostatic attraction between oppositely-charged species. In a separate project, high performance liquid chromatography was employed for the quantitative analysis of aminophylline in commercial thigh cream formulations. The analysis required derivatization of the compound by dansylation under carefully-controlled conditions. This enhanced its detection and …

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Evaluation Of Shore Protection Measures Applied To Eroding Beaches In Florida, Luciana Slomp Esteves Jan 1997

Evaluation Of Shore Protection Measures Applied To Eroding Beaches In Florida, Luciana Slomp Esteves

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

Evaluations of shore erosion and protection in Florida are constrained by time and space. This study characterizes about 95% of Florida's beaches based on the degree of urban development, direction and rates of shoreline change, presence of sensitive ecological communities, and distribution of sea defense works. The 22 coastal-county maps prepared for this study show that approximately 195 km (16%) of Florida's beaches are eroding and 283 km (23%) are protected by engineering works. About 72% of eroded beaches are geographically associated with inlets. Sand management at inlets is crucial to improve erosion mitigation in Florida. Suggestions designed to enhance …

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Evaluation Of Videotape As A Form Of Patient Education Post-Hip Repair: Staff Perspectives, Teresa Ann Biles Jan 1997

Evaluation Of Videotape As A Form Of Patient Education Post-Hip Repair: Staff Perspectives, Teresa Ann Biles

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

Nurses have been able to invent new and creative ways to educate patients due to advances in technology. One advance, the use of videotapes for patient education, has increased in popularity over the last decade. This study evaluated the use of a videotape entitled "Moving Along," which was designed for post-hip repair patient education. A questionnaire was used to determine healthcare personnel's perspectives regarding content of the videotape and recommendations regarding videotape use and length. Data analyzed consisted of responses to the questionnaire. Analysis of the results suggested that the videotape should aid patients recovering from hip surgery as the …

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Estimation Of Information-Theoretics-Based Delay-Bounds In Atm Networks, Liqun. Wei Jan 1997

Estimation Of Information-Theoretics-Based Delay-Bounds In Atm Networks, Liqun. Wei

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

This thesis addresses a method of deducing the statistical upper and lower bounds associated with the cell-transfer delay variations (CDVs) encountered by the cells transmitted in the asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks due to cell losses. This study focuses on: (1) Estimating CDV arising from multiplexing/switching for both constant bit rate and variable bit rate services via simulations. (2) Deducing an information-theoretics based new technique to get an insight of the combined BER-induced and multiplexing/switching-induced CDVs in ATM networks. Algorithms on the CDV statistics are derived and the lower and upper bounds of the statistics are obtained via simulations in …

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Exploration Of The Relationship Between Mathematics Anxiety Level And Perceptual Learning Style Of Adult Learners In A Community College Setting, Roberta Parrino Cook Jan 1997

Exploration Of The Relationship Between Mathematics Anxiety Level And Perceptual Learning Style Of Adult Learners In A Community College Setting, Roberta Parrino Cook

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

This study investigates the relationships between and among math anxiety level, perceptual learning style (audio, visual, tactile/kinesthetic), age, gender, and math performance. The subjects were 501 community college students taking remedial credit Introductory Algebra and college credit Basic College Algebra. A questionnaire measuring math anxiety level, perceptual learning style, and personal demographics was developed and administered to the participants. Math anxiety level was measured by the Brief Math Anxiety Rating Scale (BMARS), a subscale of Suinn's Math Anxiety Rating Scale (MARS). Perceptual learning style was measured by the Learning Style Inventory-Adapted (LSI-A), an adaptation of the CITE Learning Style Inventory. …

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Evolution And Application Of A Parallel Algorithm For Explicit Transient Finite Element Analysis On Simd/Mimd Computers, Partha S. Das Jan 1997

Evolution And Application Of A Parallel Algorithm For Explicit Transient Finite Element Analysis On Simd/Mimd Computers, Partha S. Das

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

The development of a parallel data structure and an associated elemental decomposition algorithm for explicit finite element analysis for massively parallel SIMD computer, the DECmpp 12000 (MasPar MP-1) machine, is presented, and then extended to implementation on the MIMD computer, Cray-T3D. The new parallel data structure and elemental decomposition algorithm are discussed in detail and is used to parallelize a sequential Fortran code that deals with the application of isoparametric elements for the nonlinear dynamic analysis of shells of revolution. The parallel algorithm required the development of a new procedure, called an 'exchange', which consists of an exchange of nodal …

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Extending Use Cases And Interaction Diagrams To Develop Distributed System Architecture Requirements, John C. Hawkins Jan 1997

Extending Use Cases And Interaction Diagrams To Develop Distributed System Architecture Requirements, John C. Hawkins

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

Current object-oriented development methodologies do not introduce distributed system architectural aspects early enough in the system development cycle. A development partitioning scheme that includes the system level, in addition to the problem and application levels, will encourage analysis that includes elicitation of non-functional system requirements. These requirements include response time with respect to system communication load, fault tolerance, safety, security, and real-time deadlines, among others. They can be documented with an extended form of Jacobson's use cases. Where use cases describe how a system will work from a user's point of view, extended use cases add the capability to describe …

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Exploratory Study Of Biofeedback In Reducing Pain After Thoracic Surgery, Laurie R. Angel Jan 1997

Exploratory Study Of Biofeedback In Reducing Pain After Thoracic Surgery, Laurie R. Angel

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

This study is a pilot concerning the relationship between acute pain management and biofeedback training. The population studied included patients from a local community hospital undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. The study applied theories of the mind/body connection and stress frameworks for exploring the correlation between patients' hand temperatures and their reported levels of pain pre-operatively and post-operatively. Study findings indicated that there was significant within-subjects effect in hand temperature after biofeedback treatment across three points in time. But the study also found no difference between-subjects in hand temperature after biofeedback treatment across three points in time. Therefore, the …

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Female Type I Diabetics With Eating Disorders: Purging By Insulin Withholding, Maureen Bridget Reilly Jan 1997

Female Type I Diabetics With Eating Disorders: Purging By Insulin Withholding, Maureen Bridget Reilly

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

This study provides descriptions of experiences and characteristics of female type I diabetics with eating disorders who purge by insulin withholding. The multiple case study design was used as adapted from Yin. Four female type I diabetics with eating disorders who purge by insulin withholding were interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide. From these interviews, common themes emerged which described the experiences and characteristics of the participants. These themes were supported by answers to questions in the ATT 39 questionnaire. Themes which emerged are: self-care deficits, anger, shame, secretiveness, guilt, hopelessness, uniqueness, depression, low self esteem, control issues, depression, and …

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Female Identity In The Novels Of Marge Piercy, Darcy Dianne Gordon Jan 1997

Female Identity In The Novels Of Marge Piercy, Darcy Dianne Gordon

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

Women have traditionally formed their identity around standards created by a patriarchal society. In this way, they have often denied themselves autonomy and the process of self-discovery. With this knowledge, Marge Piercy through fiction re-imagines "the traditional female concern with personal relationships and the details of daily life and then expand (s) these concerns to include a wider and wider swath of human experience" (Snitow 719). Most of Piercy's novels intertwine politically motivated plots with female characters who reach a new conscious level of understanding about origins of identities, and thus these characters engage in an awareness that allows them …

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Facilitating And Learning Behavior In A Secondary School Travel Studies Program, David Bruce Rinker Jan 1997

Facilitating And Learning Behavior In A Secondary School Travel Studies Program, David Bruce Rinker

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

This study examines the activities of 17 students and four teachers who participated in a 15 day study tour to South Africa, Zimbabwe and Botswana. It describes how the school staff, who planned and conducted this tour, accomplished their supervising, teaching and facilitating tasks. The study seeks to determine how the students learned during this academic program and how travel to a foreign country affected their learning. The researcher accomplished the study as a participant observer, observing and interviewing students and staff while they were involved with the tour. Other data was collected by reviewing documents and analyzing responses to …

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Gender And Socioeconomic Status As Predictors Of Reading Gain Scores On The Stanford Achievement Test For Fifth Grade Students Who Participated In Computer-Assisted Instruction, Garie H. Rose Jan 1997

Gender And Socioeconomic Status As Predictors Of Reading Gain Scores On The Stanford Achievement Test For Fifth Grade Students Who Participated In Computer-Assisted Instruction, Garie H. Rose

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

This study investigated Stanford Achievement Test (Eighth Edition) reading scores in vocabulary, comprehension, and total reading achievement. Scores were obtained from gender and socioeconomic levels (SES) of regular education fifth grade students following the use of computer assisted instruction (CAI) using Jostens Learning Corporation software. Factorial analyses of variance were performed to test the interaction between high and low socioeconomic levels (SES) of regular education students, and gender on the Stanford Achievement Scores (Eighth Edition) in the areas of vocabulary, comprehension, and total reading achievement. All participants used computer assisted instruction for three years as a supplement to basal reading …

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From "Sincere Gay Woman" To "Busty, Fem Biwf": A Longitudinal Test Of The Generalizations About "Lesbians", Social Class, Feminisms And Butch And Fem, Sara L. Crawley Jan 1997

From "Sincere Gay Woman" To "Busty, Fem Biwf": A Longitudinal Test Of The Generalizations About "Lesbians", Social Class, Feminisms And Butch And Fem, Sara L. Crawley

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

Academic and non-academic authors argue that middle-class lesbians present themselves as butch or fem less than working-class lesbians. Theorists also have argued that butch and fem were discoursed by 1970s feminist stigma but are reemerging in post-feminist decades. By analyzing "women seeking women (WSW)" personal ads, this study provides a longitudinal, quantitative analysis of the validity of these assumptions. The results suggest that middle-class lesbians were less likely to present themselves as butch or fem than working-class lesbians. Also, butch and fem were found to be much more prevalent in the 1990s than in the 1970s or 80s. Generational cohorts …

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For God And Country: W. T. Stead And The Beginnings Of The New Journalism In Victorian Britain, 1883-1885, Phillip Michael Guerty Jan 1997

For God And Country: W. T. Stead And The Beginnings Of The New Journalism In Victorian Britain, 1883-1885, Phillip Michael Guerty

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

Since the late nineteenth century, scholars and historians have attributed the growth of a sensational press in Britain to long-term societal changes such as the rise of capitalism. What has been ignored, however, is the importance of individual initiative, mainly that of W. T. Stead of the Pall Mall Gazette. During the Sudan Crisis of 1883-1885, Stead introduced a new type of journalism to England that combined typographical innovations, such as maps and striking headlines, with a lively literary style. At the root of this new type of reporting were Stead's deep-felt convictions about spreading Christianity, extending the empire, and …

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Florida Local Government Compliance With Transportation Concurrency, Raymond A. Liberti Jan 1997

Florida Local Government Compliance With Transportation Concurrency, Raymond A. Liberti

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

Growth management grew as a concept and policy objective in the 1970s and 1980s. The interrelationships of the state and local governments changed when Florida developed growth policy and local government implemented the policy. Nine mandatory elements to be included in a local comprehensive plan and seven mandatory concurrency elements of the 1985 Florida Growth Management Act were expensive elements for local government to implement. As a result, the issue of funding the impacts of growth drove the growth management agenda, leaving the question of compliance. The question is: Did Florida local government comply with the transportation concurrency element of …

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Generating Formal Models From Uml Class Diagrams, Malcolm Keki Shroff Jan 1997

Generating Formal Models From Uml Class Diagrams, Malcolm Keki Shroff

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

The rich structuring mechanisms, and abstract modeling constructs available in most graphical object-oriented modeling methods (OOMs) facilitate the creation of abstract, visually-appealing, highly-structured graphical models. On the other hand, lack of formal semantics for the modeling notation can severely limit the utility of OOMs. Formal specification techniques (FSTs) support the creation of precise and analyzable specifications, but they can be tedious to create and difficult to read, especially by system developers not trained in formal methods. The complementary strengths of OOMs and FSTs suggest that their integration can result in techniques that can be used to create precise and analyzable …

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General Relativistic Neutrino Transport In Static Post-Collapse Stellar Cores, Kenneth R. Denisco Jan 1997

General Relativistic Neutrino Transport In Static Post-Collapse Stellar Cores, Kenneth R. Denisco

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

We examine the effects of general relativity on neutrino transport during the critical shock reheating phase of core collapse supernovae. We derive the equations for general relativistic, static, multi-group, flux-limited diffusion (MGFLD), and use these to modify a Newtonian MGFLD code. The steady-state neutrino distributions calculated by the revised code for several post-collapse stellar cores are compared to those computed with the original Newtonian MGFLD code. The general relativistic transport calculations display the expected reductions in neutrino rms energy and luminosity arising from redshift and curvature effects. Although the effects of general relativity on neutrino transport work against the shock …

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General Education Classroom Teachers' And Music Specialists' Perceived Ability To Implement The National Standards For Music Education, Susan June Byo Jan 1997

General Education Classroom Teachers' And Music Specialists' Perceived Ability To Implement The National Standards For Music Education, Susan June Byo

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

The purpose of this study was to examine teacher perceptions about pertinent factors affecting the successful teaching of the National Standards for Music. Subjects were music specialists and fourth grade generalists from public elementary schools in consenting school districts from throughout the State of Florida. The two groups were administered a survey to glean opinions of the feasibility of implementing each of the nine National Standards for Music by rating seven repeated professional and resource items (contact time, resources, assistance, ability, training, interest, responsibility, and level of assistance). The summed ratings of the dependent variables (consisting of the seven professional …

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