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1996

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Massively Parallel Computation And Porting Of Epic Research Hydro Code On Cray-T3d, Arindum. Dutta Jan 1996

Massively Parallel Computation And Porting Of Epic Research Hydro Code On Cray-T3d, Arindum. Dutta

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

The objective of the work is to verify the feasibility of converting a large FEA code into a massively parallel FEA code in terms of computational speed and cost. Sequential subroutines in the Research EPIC hydro code, a Lagrangian finite element analysis code for high velocity elastic-plastic impact problems, are individually converted into parallel code using Cray Adaptive Fortran (CRAFT). The performance of massively parallel subroutines running on 32 PEs on Cray-T3D is faster than their sequential counterparts on Cray-YMP. At next stage of the research, Parallel Virtual Machine (PVM) directives is used to develop a PVM version of the …

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Monoclonal Antibodies And Blue Marlin (Makaira Nigricans) Identification, Lakshmi. Paniker Jan 1996

Monoclonal Antibodies And Blue Marlin (Makaira Nigricans) Identification, Lakshmi. Paniker

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

Spleenocytes from Balb/c mouse immunized with purified blue marlin albumin were fused with X 63 myeloma cells in a polyethylene glycol aided fusion. The resulting fusomas were screened for anti-blue marlin activity and a potential blue marlin specific hybridoma clone designated 605D was isolated and expanded in cell culture. While testing the reactivity of monoclonal antibody secreted by clone 605D against pooled serum samples of blue marlin, white marlin and sailfish in indirect ELISA, 605D could differentiate blue marlin from white marlin and sailfish clearly. The crossreactivity to white marlin was minimised by diluting sera samples and antibody solutions. However, …

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Local Contextual Impenetrability Of Lexical Access And Gap-Filling: A Comparison Of Outcomes From Cross-Modal Lexical Priming And Word-By-Word Reading Tasks, James Robert Lewis Jan 1996

Local Contextual Impenetrability Of Lexical Access And Gap-Filling: A Comparison Of Outcomes From Cross-Modal Lexical Priming And Word-By-Word Reading Tasks, James Robert Lewis

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

Contextual impenetrability is the measurable consequence of informational encapsulation, which is a key feature of input systems hypothesized to be modular. The data from the current psycholinguistic literature do not clearly converge on support for or refutation of the modularity hypothesis with regard to the existence of contextual impenetrability for lexical access and gap-filling. Most previous research has focused on the influence of global context on lexical access. The experiments in this dissertation explore a more local context imposed by the argument structure and lexical conceptual structure of a verb on its direct object. The primary goal for this dissertation …

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Modeling Of Shallow Water Ambient Noise Directionality Using The Effective Depth Approximation, Frank Anton Galletta Jan 1996

Modeling Of Shallow Water Ambient Noise Directionality Using The Effective Depth Approximation, Frank Anton Galletta

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

A theoretical model has been developed to compute the vertical array directional response for surface generated ambient noise in a shallow water environment. The cross spectrum function is based on a normal mode solution to the wave equation in which the effective depth approximation is used to yield closed form solutions for two distinct mode types. The effective depth modes encompass the shallowest grazing angles where the bottom reacts as a pressure release surface to the incident plane waves. The rigid bottom solution takes over as the grazing angle increases and attenuation becomes significant. The computed vertical array beam output …

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Ambiguity And Information In Musical-Tone Structures, Janice Giangrande Jan 1996

Ambiguity And Information In Musical-Tone Structures, Janice Giangrande

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

Previous studies of the relative pitch of intervals composed of Shepard tones (Shepard, 1964) revealed a sinusoidal structure of the directional distortion. Deutsch and coworkers found a similar sinusoidal structure when tritones alone were presented to listeners (Deutsch, 1987). In the first study, the tritone paradox was studied among listeners in Florida. The typical sinusoidal response function appeared for averaged data as well as for tones generated in two different octave ranges, consistent with earlier work (Deutsch, 1991; 1994). The degree of context sensitivity of tritones composed of Shepard tones and Deutsch tones is discussed in terms of what we …

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Biosynthetic Studies Of The Antitumor Ecteinascidins In The Marine Tunicate Ecteinascidia Turbinata, Neil Fermino Miranda Jan 1996

Biosynthetic Studies Of The Antitumor Ecteinascidins In The Marine Tunicate Ecteinascidia Turbinata, Neil Fermino Miranda

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

Ecteinascidin is a tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid isolated from the colonial ascidian Ecteinascidia turbinata. Ecteinascidin exhibits tremendous activity against P388 murine leukemia, however its yields from the tunicate are as low as 10^-4%. A biosynthetic investigation, using in vivo and in vitro methods, has resulted in the identification of the metabolic precursors of ecteinascidin as tyrosine, DOPA and cysteine. Reactive intermediates such as tyrosine and DOPA diketopiperazines have also been identified. These preliminary experiments set the stage for subsequent protein isolation.

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Aspects Of The Ecology Of Mnemiopsis Mccradyi Mayer In North Lake Worth, Florida, Kevin Lee Segerblom Jan 1996

Aspects Of The Ecology Of Mnemiopsis Mccradyi Mayer In North Lake Worth, Florida, Kevin Lee Segerblom

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

The abundance, biomass, and size class composition of Mnemiopsis mccradyi were monitored weekly from March 1994 to May 1995. Relationships between M. mccradyi abundance and several environmental variables were investigated, including water temperature, salinity, rainfall, density of specific M. mccradyi prey, and abundance of the predatory ctenophore Beroe ovata. The mean abundance from September to May was 14.8 ctenophores/m^3, while the mean from May to September was 0.3 ctenophores/m^3. Temperature observations indicated 26C (Sept-May) as optimal for population abundance, and 29-32C (May-Sept) as a possible upper temperature limit to larval development. Adults ctenophores dominated the population from May to September, …

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Block Scheduling: Its Impact On Academic Achievement, And The Perceptions Of Students, Teachers, And Administrators, Mona. Hamdy Jan 1996

Block Scheduling: Its Impact On Academic Achievement, And The Perceptions Of Students, Teachers, And Administrators, Mona. Hamdy

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

This study consists of three parts. The first part determined if significant differences exist in the scores of students on four standardized tests between two block and two traditional scheduling schools. The assessment instruments were standardized tests given to students in Palm Beach County School District in the state of Florida: (a) Comprehensive Test of Basic Skills (CTBS) for grade 9, (b) Grade Ten Assessment Test (GTAT), (c) Florida Writes (FW) for grade 10, and (d) High School Competency Test (HSCT) for grade 11. Approximately 2,000 students took each of the four tests for each grade, a total of 8,000 …

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Changes In Brain Electrical Activity (Eeg) Of The Awake Freshwater Turtle Trachemys Scripta Elegans During Anoxia, Jacqueline A. Fernandes Jan 1996

Changes In Brain Electrical Activity (Eeg) Of The Awake Freshwater Turtle Trachemys Scripta Elegans During Anoxia, Jacqueline A. Fernandes

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

There is evidence that suggests that electrical depression might be an important energy saving mechanism during anoxia. This study investigates in more depth the changes in electrographic (EEG) activity of the awake and behaving anoxia-tolerant turtle Trachemys scripta elegans when the turtle was breathing 100% N2. The drastic depression of electrical activity by 75% shown in response to anoxia suggests that electrical depression may be the major contributor to metabolic depression and conservation of energy necessary for survival of long periods of anoxia. However, adaptative response to anoxia does not simply consist of a mere depression of brain activity. In …

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Measurement Of Brain Activity Using An Ultrasonic Measure Of Localized Blood Flow, Petko Dimitrov Dinev Jan 1996

Measurement Of Brain Activity Using An Ultrasonic Measure Of Localized Blood Flow, Petko Dimitrov Dinev

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

This dissertation presents a new type of two-dimensional, real time, color ultrasonic scanner able to measure and display brain metabolism by monitoring amplitudes of localized changes of intracranial interfaces. A real time image is obtained with a flexible array of transducers which eliminates the strong reflection from the skull due to a shape mismatch, and reduces the topological mislocations in the image. The image is generated by a superposition of a gray scale image representing static structures, and a color coded pattern representing motion information. The new technique of motion detection based on image subtraction features high accuracy and gives …

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Nest Caging As A Sea Turtle Management Strategy: Do The Benefits Outweigh The Costs On Urban Beaches?, Stephanie Lynne Adamany Jan 1996

Nest Caging As A Sea Turtle Management Strategy: Do The Benefits Outweigh The Costs On Urban Beaches?, Stephanie Lynne Adamany

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

Caging of sea turtle nests has used by City of Boca Raton's sea turtle conservation program to deter terrestrial predators and reduce human disturbance. The juxtaposition of nest cages and artificial lighting may pose serious threats to hatchlings. I addressed possible negative effects of cages on sea turtle hatchlings' seafinding abilities and potential "cage-trapping" under natural and artificially illuminated conditions. Cages did not effect hatchling orientation on artificially illuminated or dark beaches. Hatchlings did not experience any delay in cage escape on dark beaches, but a significant number were trapped inside the cages on artificially illuminated beaches. The highest incidence …

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Novel Dna Sequences Of The Endangered Florida Semaphore Cactus, Christopher James Dougherty Jan 1996

Novel Dna Sequences Of The Endangered Florida Semaphore Cactus, Christopher James Dougherty

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

The population decline in the Florida Semaphore cactus, Opuntia corallicola, due to grazing by the moth, Cactoblastus cactorum, has placed this plant species on the verge of extinction in the Florida Keys. Although this semaphore cactus is endemic to Florida, it was mis-named as an almost uncommon Jamaican species (Opuntia spinosissima) in the 1970s. Our goal was to provide genetic data to distinguish these cacti with nuclear and chloropast genes previously used in other plant phylogenetic analyses. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred from nucleotide sequence variation in both the Leucine-Phenylalanine transfer RNA intergenic spacer (trnL-trnF) and ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (rbcL) genes …

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Neural Network Based Routing Optimization For Atm Switching Networks, Ercan. Sen Jan 1996

Neural Network Based Routing Optimization For Atm Switching Networks, Ercan. Sen

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

This dissertation proposes amodular Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based buffer allocation and routing control model for ATM switching networks. The proposed model considers limited buffer capacity which can adversely impact the switching performance of ATM switching networks. The proposed ANN based approach takes advantage of the favorable control characteristics of neural networks such as high adaptability and high speed collective computing power for effective buffer utilization. The proposed model uses complete sharing buffer allocation strategy and enhances its performance for high traffic loads by regulating the buffer allocation process dynamically via a neural network based controller. In this study, we …

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Orientation And Survival Of Loggerhead Sea Turtle Hatchlings (Caretta Caretta L.) In The Nearshore Environment, Lawrence Glenn Jan 1996

Orientation And Survival Of Loggerhead Sea Turtle Hatchlings (Caretta Caretta L.) In The Nearshore Environment, Lawrence Glenn

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

Hatchling sea turtles emerge at night from underground nests, crawl to the ocean, and swim out to sea. In this study, I determined how offshore orientation and shallow-water predation rates varied under natural (sand bottom and patch reef) and modified (submerged breakwater and open-beach hatchery) ecological circumstances. Hatchling offshore orientation in the sea was normal under all conditions; there were no significant differences in either scatter or direction among groups. However, predators (tarpon, snapper, barracuda, jacks, and grouper) took more hatchlings as they swam over submerged reefs, and after they entered the water in front of hatcheries. Predators were concentrated …

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Patient Advocacy: Shared Vulnerability And Personal Integrity, Lynne E. Lomas Jan 1996

Patient Advocacy: Shared Vulnerability And Personal Integrity, Lynne E. Lomas

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

Jean Watson's Theory of Human Caring and phenomenological methodology are the foundation of this descriptive study of four nurses' experiences of patient advocacy. The "meaning units" or constituents expressed by the participants were synthesized into an integrated whole to embody the experiences of patient advocacy and then objectively described by the researcher. Six components that embody the nurses' experiences are knowledge of self and others, caring commitment, expenditure of self, risks, emotional responses and psychological evolution and mutual affirmation. A better understanding of nurse's experiences of patient advocacy may provide more effective and satisfying nurse-client, nurse-as-person and nurse-as-professional relationships.

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Pigment Analysis Of Benthic And Pelagic Algae In Lake Okeechobee, Florida, Nancy Winfree Jan 1996

Pigment Analysis Of Benthic And Pelagic Algae In Lake Okeechobee, Florida, Nancy Winfree

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

Water samples from Lake Okeechobee, Florida have been analyzed in order to relate pigment fingerprints to temporal and spatial variations. Chemical taxonomic identification of predominant photoautotrophs was based on pigment profiles evolved from literature reports and analysis of specific cultures. Carotenoids and chlorophylls were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultra-violet visible spectra obtained with a photo diode array detector (PDA). Pigments were identified by coincident matches of retention time and UV/Visible spectral properties. Chemical taxonomic identification was determined by comparison with known photoautotrophic pigment 'fingerprints'. Experimental results show pigment arrays indicative of chromophytes, chlorophytes and cyanophytes as …

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Population Distribution Analysis For Water Supply Planning, Using Textural Image Classification Of Spot Data In An Integrated Geographical Information Systems (Gis), Ahmad. Poudratchi Jan 1996

Population Distribution Analysis For Water Supply Planning, Using Textural Image Classification Of Spot Data In An Integrated Geographical Information Systems (Gis), Ahmad. Poudratchi

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

Protecting Natural Resources, such as drinking water in terms of quality and quantity, is one of the missions of South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD). Water Supply Planning is one of the many projects at the Planning Department of the SFWMD, in which sixteen counties are analyzed to determine the most accurate population distribution for water supply distribution among the water utility companies. This thesis examines the current methodology which is used at the SFWMD, and addresses its shortcomings. It then introduces a proposed methodology, to improve population distribution analysis, by incorporating satellite imagery. Textural classification of satellite imagery will …

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Population Decline In The Peasant Communities: A Case In Northern Japan In The 18th Century, Rika Arai Jan 1996

Population Decline In The Peasant Communities: A Case In Northern Japan In The 18th Century, Rika Arai

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

The peasant population of feudal Japan has been regarded as stagnant based on low fertility and offsetting mortality, an exception to the classic model of demographic transition. However, the rate of population change among Tokugawa peasants varied temporally and regionally. The Tohoku region in northern Japan experienced a total population decline in the eighteenth century while southwestern regions saw a continual growth supported by high fertility. The population decline in eastern Tohoku was not simply the result of the unfavorable environment or scarcity of land but was also influenced by the unique family structure that essentially determined the distribution of …

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Power Beyond Words: An Examination Of The Rhetoric Of Cartoon Art About Ronald Reagan, Della J. Attisani Jan 1996

Power Beyond Words: An Examination Of The Rhetoric Of Cartoon Art About Ronald Reagan, Della J. Attisani

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

This thesis examines the rhetorical effects created by political cartoonists through their depictions of Ronald Reagan. A representative sampling of these cartoons demonstrates that the pictorial and symbolic language in their visual dialogue was extrapolated from the heroic, mythic character types Reagan portrayed during his film career and with which he sought to be identified. This thesis argues that because cartoons depicted and caricaturized Reagan as an archetypal hero, they touched a responsive chord in the electorate and persuaded them to regard Reagan favorably.

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Prediction Of Crude Oil Product Quality Parameters Using Neural Networks, Khalid Ahmed Bawazeer Jan 1996

Prediction Of Crude Oil Product Quality Parameters Using Neural Networks, Khalid Ahmed Bawazeer

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

Inferential analysis using neural networks technology is being proposed for the Ras Tanura Refinery crude fractionation section. Plant data for a three month operation period is analyzed in order to construct a neural network model with backpropagation training algorithm. The proposed neural network model can predict various properties associated with crude oil products. The simulation results for modeling Naphtha 95% cut point and Naphtha Reid vapor pressure properties are analyzed. A fuzzy neural network model is also proposed that takes into account the fuzziness in both process variables and the corresponding product quality parameter. The training algorithm is derived based …

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Predictive Discriminant Analysis Versus Logistic Regression For Two-Group Classification Problems In Educational Settings, Alice. Meshbane Jan 1996

Predictive Discriminant Analysis Versus Logistic Regression For Two-Group Classification Problems In Educational Settings, Alice. Meshbane

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

The cross-validated classification accuracy of predictive discriminant analysis (PDA) and logistic regression (LR) models was compared for the two-group classification problem. Thirty-four real data sets varying in number of cases, number of predictor variables, degree of group separation, relative group size, and equality of group covariance matrices were employed for the comparison. PDA models were built based on assumptions of multivariate normality and equal covariance matrices, and cases were classified using Tatsuoka's (1988, p. 351) minimum chi square rule. LR models were built using the International Mathematical and Statistical Library (IMSL) subroutine Categorical Generalized Linear Model (CTGLM), available with the …

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Responses Of Hermit Crabs To Hemolymph From Conspecifics And Heterospecific Crustaceans, Patricia Joann Baechler Jan 1996

Responses Of Hermit Crabs To Hemolymph From Conspecifics And Heterospecific Crustaceans, Patricia Joann Baechler

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

Previous studies indicate that hermit crabs may use the blood or hemolymph from dying crabs to locate the soon-to-be-vacated shells. In this study, I determined and characterized the responses of hermit crabs to hemolymph from various crustaceans. Hermit crabs tested included members of the Diogenidae: Dardanus venosus, Clibanarius tricolor, C. antillensis, C. vittatus, and Calcinus tibicen; and Paguridae: Pagurus longicarpus and P. annulipes. Test odor sources included the previously mentioned hermit crabs plus seven additional odors, including three non-anomuran crustaceans. Most significant responses to hemolymph were to species within the same family. In several cases, the strongest responses were to …

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Software Development For Ecological Data Systems, Sergio L. Lostal Jan 1996

Software Development For Ecological Data Systems, Sergio L. Lostal

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

Software development for ecological data systems is concentrated in the description, modeling, and standardization of large amounts of ecological data. Ecological data assembled in many formats is very difficult to reuse. This thesis develops a database model that supports the storage of heterogeneous data in standardized formats. Ecological data standardization is solved with the specification of a structure conversion system. Because input formats cannot be predicted, a scientific data description language was created to control the execution of the conversion system. System analysis is based on interviews with South Florida Water Management District scientists conducting ecosystem research, and ecological data …

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Static And Dynamic Load Balance Strategies For A Class Of Applications, Jianping. Pan Jan 1996

Static And Dynamic Load Balance Strategies For A Class Of Applications, Jianping. Pan

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

Parallel/distributed systems offer a tremendous processing capacity. However, in order to take full advantage of it, good load distributions are needed. We study the task graph partition problem for a given parallel/distributed application which is modeled using data parallelism and is implemented in a transputer system in a mesh construction. Our approach uses domain partition to separate a given domain into a set of subdomains of equal size and each of which has at most four neighbors. We devise three methods to partition a given domain, these methods are compared based on several criteria. The impact of the number of …

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Synthesis And Characterization Of Aluminum Phenylphosphonate, Jennifer Beth Brady Jan 1996

Synthesis And Characterization Of Aluminum Phenylphosphonate, Jennifer Beth Brady

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

A new aluminum phenylphosphonate compound, AlH(C6H5P03)2 was obtained by refluxing a mixture of aluminum nitrate and excess phenylphosphonic acid in water. The compound was characterized by elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy, x-ray powder diffraction and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The data indicates that an intercalation compound formed, with an interlayer spacing of 15 angstroms. The compound contains both tetrahedrally and octahedrally coordinated aluminum atoms, suggesting the presence of two or more crystalline phases or a complex unit cell structure. The compound also possesses some unique ion-exchange properties.

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Steel Cathodic Polarization And Calcareous Deposit Characteristics In Deep Seawater, Shaowei. Chen Jan 1996

Steel Cathodic Polarization And Calcareous Deposit Characteristics In Deep Seawater, Shaowei. Chen

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

Field and laboratory ambient and simulated deep seawater sacrificial anode cathodic protection experiments were performed by coupling steel specimens to Al-Zn-Hg anode through an appropriately sized external resistor and thereby permitting a particular level of cathodic protection from freely corroding to overprotection to be simulated. The effects of sea current velocity, surface preparation, initial current density, temperature and hydrostatic pressure upon cathodic polarization and characteristics of calcareous deposits were investigated in the context of slope parameter and steady-state potential and current density trend. The results revealed that a linear relationship between cathode potential and current density is applicable for design …

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Studies On Nonlinear Activity And Cross-Entropy Considerations In Neural Networks, Salahalddin Tawfiq Abusalah Jan 1996

Studies On Nonlinear Activity And Cross-Entropy Considerations In Neural Networks, Salahalddin Tawfiq Abusalah

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

The objectives of this research as deliberated in this dissertation are two-folded: (i) To study the nonlinear activity in the neural complex (real and artificial) and (ii) to analyze the learning processe(s) pertinent to an artificial neural network in the information-theoretic plane using cross-entropy error-metrics. The research efforts envisaged enclave the following specific tasks: (i) Obtaining a general solution for the Bernoulli-Riccati equation to represent a single parameter family of S-shaped (sigmoidal) curves depicting the nonlinear activity in the neural network. (ii) Analysis of the logistic growth of output versus input values in the neural complex (real and artificial) under …

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Synthesis Of Polyphosphate Esters From Pentaerythritol Ester Of Phosphorochloridic Acid And Diols, Guoping. Deng Jan 1996

Synthesis Of Polyphosphate Esters From Pentaerythritol Ester Of Phosphorochloridic Acid And Diols, Guoping. Deng

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

Polyphosphate esters have been synthesized from reaction of the pentaerythritol ester of phosphorochloridic acid with different diols--bisphenol A, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,3-bis(4-hydroxybutyl)-tetramethyldisiloxane and 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine. All products are medium to high molecular weight. The product from bisphenol A gives fibers from concentrated solution. The product from 1,3-bis(4-hydroxybutyl)-tetramethyldisiloxane acts as an adhesive. The products were made for potential flame retardant applications in the electronics industry. The characterizations by MS, NMR and FT-IR are in agreement with the proposed structures.

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Synthesis And Structural Characterization Of Vanadocene Containing Polymers, Ernest B. Randolph Jan 1996

Synthesis And Structural Characterization Of Vanadocene Containing Polymers, Ernest B. Randolph

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

The synthesis of polymers which contain vanadocene in the polymer backbone is accomplished by interfacial condensation reactions with the appropriate diols, diacids, and diamines. Structural characterization is accomplished by using FTIR and HREI-MS spectroscopic methods. Weight average molecular weights were determined using light scattering photometry for products which are soluble. Molecular weights for the products vary from 3500 to 15,000 Daltons. The structural characterization results are consistent with the proposed structures.

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Teaching Reading Strategies Through Science To Middle School Below-Level Readers And Its Implications For Staff Development, Elena Marie Centrone Jan 1996

Teaching Reading Strategies Through Science To Middle School Below-Level Readers And Its Implications For Staff Development, Elena Marie Centrone

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1990 - 1999

This study investigated the effect of teaching reading through the content area of science on the reading achievement test scores of middle school below level readers when the science teachers received extensive staff development. Therefore, the staff development model developed and implemented by the researcher was an important part of this study. Participants were 811 seventh and eighth grade students who scored between the 21st and 50th percentile on a standardized measure administered each spring. Four hundred and five students served as the experimental group and 406 students served as the control group. The control group received reading instruction in …

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