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Articles 3541 - 3570 of 700244
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Theatrical Agency In The Constitution Of Logical Space, Esther Marveta Neff
Theatrical Agency In The Constitution Of Logical Space, Esther Marveta Neff
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
This dissertation takes advantage of our current moment of collapse and shifting episteme to move from resistance and critique into modes of position, prefiguration, and praxiocentricism, giving not only a critique of the colonial-modern logical space of Theatrum Mundi, but also aiming to configure the thetic consciousness that grounds “theatrical agency” in the logic of cognitive and social epistemological modelling. In what ways do we “build our own worlds”? What does “theatricality” tell us about human agency, especially in the domain of “theoretical attitudes,” and “consciousness”? In what ways, and to what extent, are we responsible for constituting …
An Ecological Approach To School Climate, Safety, And Space: Accounts From Educators, Architects, And Guidelines, Mahnaz Izadi
An Ecological Approach To School Climate, Safety, And Space: Accounts From Educators, Architects, And Guidelines, Mahnaz Izadi
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
This dissertation explores how the spatial and social contexts of schools interact to influence how school safety and climate are perceived and enacted. Using ecological psychology theories, I examined the perspectives of teachers, counselors, and architects, school stakeholders involved in school planning and operation at different times, with varying levels of control and involvement in the daily life of schools. The study investigates how these stakeholders think about school climate and safety, the strategies they employ to improve it, and the challenges they face in doing so.
This qualitative study employs semi-structured interviews with 11 teachers and 4 counselors from …
Immunomodulatory And Signaling Molecules From Plant-Associated Bacteria: Toll-Like Receptor 4 Agonist Adjuvants And Diketopiperazine-Mediated Communication, Marian Romaine
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
Medicinal plants and their associated microbiomes constitute a rich source of bioactive natural products with applications in immunotherapy and microbial ecology. Herbal formulations have long been valued for safe immune enhancement, while bacterial signaling molecules govern community behaviors critical to pathogenesis, symbiosis, and environmental processes. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from plant-associated Gram-negative bacteria have emerged as potent TLR4 agonists, yet their endotoxic potential limits direct use, and diketopiperazines (DKPs) serve as versatile quorum-sensing mediators capable of modulating biofilms in mixed microbial systems.
The work in this thesis comprises two independent but complementary research strands. The first strand pursued the engineering of …
Inductive Biases In Field-Level Cosmological Inference From Galaxy Catalogs, James O'Connor Baldwin
Inductive Biases In Field-Level Cosmological Inference From Galaxy Catalogs, James O'Connor Baldwin
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
We perform field-level likelihood-free inference of the matter density parameter Ωm from simulated galaxy catalogs using machine learning models with differing inductive biases. Using features extracted from hydrodynamic simulations in the CAMELS suite, we investigate how both observable choice and model architecture govern the extraction of cosmological information. We consider galaxy positions and line-of-sight peculiar velocities, both separately and in combination, and compare permutation-invariant Deep Sets, implemented with either standard multilayer perceptrons (MLPs) or Kolmogorov–Arnold Networks (KANs), to graph neural networks (GNNs) implemented with MLPs, which explicitly encode spatial relations. We evaluate inference performance under both in-distribution and out-of-distribution (OOD) …
The New Middle Cinema: Aesthetic Restraint, The Urban Middle Class, And The Reconfiguration Of Mainstream Bollywood (2007–2017), Hasnatun Nabi
The New Middle Cinema: Aesthetic Restraint, The Urban Middle Class, And The Reconfiguration Of Mainstream Bollywood (2007–2017), Hasnatun Nabi
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
Between 2007 and 2017, a distinctive wave of mainstream Hindi films, termed here as the “New Middle Cinema”, employed aesthetic restraint to reconfigure Bollywood’s identity in response to a rapidly changing India. Rejecting the industry’s traditional spectacle, melodrama, and visual opulence, these films embraced naturalistic visuals, grounded performances, character‑driven narratives, and a muted color palette. Drawing on industrial analysis, close textual reading, and audience reception data, this thesis examines seven representative films (Chak De India, Wake Up Sid, My Name is Khan, The Lunchbox, Piku, Kapoor & Sons, and Lipstick Under My Burkha …
Three Degrees Of Representation: How Genai Filters, Retrieves, And Remixes Lesbian Film Data, Maria G. Baker
Three Degrees Of Representation: How Genai Filters, Retrieves, And Remixes Lesbian Film Data, Maria G. Baker
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
This project investigates how generative AI systems assemble, filter, and represent Lesbian film data. Through auditing GenAI outputs across multiple dimensions (text, images, metadata), 3°R explores what gets included, excluded, and transformed in the process.
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Three Degrees of Representation is a public website (https://mgb513.github.io/lesfilm-meets-AI/) featuring an investigation of AI-generated images and texts in response to Lesbian film data. Filtering simple prompts based on Lesbian film titles through the algorithms of AI image and text generators makes visible how these systems digest and remix existing (training) data, and how aspects of Lesbian representation are either amplified or suppressed …
Conga Santiaguera: A Century Of Innovation And Competition, Nick Herman
Conga Santiaguera: A Century Of Innovation And Competition, Nick Herman
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
Santiago de Cuba is home to the island’s biggest, oldest, and most famous carnival. Any local resident will confirm that “sin conga no hay carnaval (without conga there is no carnival).” In Santiago, conga refers to a vibrant street procession, the music that drives it, and the ensemble that makes the music. Conga Santiaguera: A Century of Innovation and Competition presents a musical history of the conga from roughly 1910 to 2010. This project, https://cuny.manifoldapp.org/projects/conga employs an eBook, musical analysis, oral histories, and audiovisual media to show how the conga has been constantly reinvigorated by innovation, competition, and Afro-Diasporic …
Exploring Minor Feelings: Asian And Asian American’S Racialized Emotions, Identity, And Mental Health Amidst Covid-19, Kristina Mirasol Arevalo
Exploring Minor Feelings: Asian And Asian American’S Racialized Emotions, Identity, And Mental Health Amidst Covid-19, Kristina Mirasol Arevalo
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the central role of racialized emotions in shaping how Asians/Asian Americans (A/AA) experience, interpret, and respond to racism, yet these emotional processes remain underexamined in psychological research. Rather than treating emotions as outcomes of discrimination, this dissertation conceptualizes racialized emotions as dynamic processes through which structural racism is experienced, interpreted, and embodied in everyday life. This framework positions racialized emotions as a key mechanism linking racialized social contexts to identity development and mental health. Across three studies using qualitative and quantitative methods, I examine how racialized emotions shape racial meaning-making, ethnic-racial identity, and psychological well-being among …
Beyond The Veil Of Modernity: René Guénon, Prophet Of The Metapolitical Imaginary, Frederic Colier
Beyond The Veil Of Modernity: René Guénon, Prophet Of The Metapolitical Imaginary, Frederic Colier
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
Heralded by some as one of the greatest intellectuals of the 20th century, French metaphysician René Guénon (1886-1951) is also the controversial father of Primordial Tradition, a metaphysics designed to remedy the decline of Western civilization. Guénon viewed the West in the grip of a prolonged cycle of degeneration. He sought to implement a pseudo-authoritarian spiritual reset that required a total rejection of its Western intellectual heritage and an embrace of Eastern doctrines.
Focusing on his landmark book The Crisis of the Modern World (1927), the dissertation examines how Guénon implemented his controversial reset. After outlining the religious, cultural, and …
Profiling Nucleolin Phosphorylation During Dna Damage Response And Cell Cycle Arrest, Hanjun Jeon
Profiling Nucleolin Phosphorylation During Dna Damage Response And Cell Cycle Arrest, Hanjun Jeon
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
This dissertation examines site-specific and global phosphorylation dynamics of nucleolin (NCL) in response to DNA damage and cell-cycle perturbations. By combining phospho-specific immunoblotting with Phos-tag SDS-PAGE analysis, distinct phosphorylation patterns were identified across experimental conditions. The results define reproducible, condition-dependent phosphorylation states of NCL and provide a framework for studying its regulation under cellular stress.
Healing Historical-Intergenerational Trauma And Colonial Soul Wounds With Ancestral Healing Practices And Psychosocial Limpias: An Ofrenda For The Salvadoran Community, Joanna D. Beltrán Girón
Healing Historical-Intergenerational Trauma And Colonial Soul Wounds With Ancestral Healing Practices And Psychosocial Limpias: An Ofrenda For The Salvadoran Community, Joanna D. Beltrán Girón
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
In 1992, the United States-backed Salvadoran military and the leftist guerrillas signed the Chapultepec Peace Accords, which put an end to a 12-year war in El Salvador that resulted in 75,000 deaths, 12,000 forced disappearances, and half a million internal displacements. Around 85% of the reports made by survivors of the war attributed the violence to state agents, paramilitary groups, and death squads.While taking into account this history of state violence, this dissertation is interested in the psychosocial aftermath of the war and in how survivors integrate healing practices in their lives in response to the painful memories their bodies …
Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems And The Principles Of Distinction And Proportionality, Nicholas Cromie
Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems And The Principles Of Distinction And Proportionality, Nicholas Cromie
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) challenge the core principles of International Humanitarian Law (IHL), distinction and proportionality, by delegating life-and-death decisions to algorithms rather than human judgment. This dissertation examines whether LAWS can conform to these principles and, if so, under what conditions. Through process tracing, the study traces the historical integration of disruptive weapons technologies, including chemical, biological, nuclear, and armed drones, into IHL-compliant frameworks or their exclusion via prohibition. Each case reveals distinct pathways: outright bans for indiscriminate or inherently inhumane systems (chemical and biological weapons), normative restraint and limited acceptance despite destructive power (nuclear weapons) and phased …
Reexamining The Croton Aqueduct: A Ward-Level Microhistorical Analysis Of Infrastructure And Cholera Mortality In 1849 New York City, Alexandria R. Toothman
Reexamining The Croton Aqueduct: A Ward-Level Microhistorical Analysis Of Infrastructure And Cholera Mortality In 1849 New York City, Alexandria R. Toothman
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
This work reexamines the Croton Aqueduct’s role in public health by shifting analysis from the citywide level to the ward level, revealing that infrastructure expansion did not produce uniform benefits across New York City. When the Croton Aqueduct opened in 1842, it was celebrated as an achievement that would deliver pure water and eliminate disease. However, only seven years after its opening, in 1849, cholera returned with greater force in the Sixth Ward. This work shows that the uneven distribution of Croton infrastructure corresponded with uneven cholera mortality rates, challenging narratives that present Croton as a singular triumph of urban …
Identifying Textual Predictors Of Early Termination In Clinical Trials In Medicine: An Explainable Machine-Learning Study, Rohan Ramnarain
Identifying Textual Predictors Of Early Termination In Clinical Trials In Medicine: An Explainable Machine-Learning Study, Rohan Ramnarain
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
About one in five clinical trials in medicine ends early, wasting valuable resources and reducing the evidence available for developing life-saving medical treatments. This project uses a method called Trial2Vec, which is a self-supervised machine-learning method that converts clinical trial documents into dense numerical representations that capture their key design and clinical characteristics, to turn each proposed clinical trial’s written protocol into a compact numerical profile (a process referred to as embedding). These profiles are then paired with a predictive machine learning models to identify the words and phrases in the trial documents that can signal a higher risk of …
Discovery Of Newly Resolved Filament And Extraplanar Gas In M33 With The Local Group L-Band Survey, Emma Taylor Kleiner
Discovery Of Newly Resolved Filament And Extraplanar Gas In M33 With The Local Group L-Band Survey, Emma Taylor Kleiner
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
The proximity of the Local Group allows for unparalleled resolution of the structure and kinematics of the ISM while simultaneously observing the overall rotation of the galaxy. These nearby galaxies present the opportunity to probe stellar feedback processes in various galactic environments. M33 in particular, offers insight into the nature of the extended neutral gas and its relationship with the star-forming disk and the surrounding CGM, by way of its classic star-forming spiral and relatively undisturbed system. Outside of M33’s distinguished warp, the galaxy offers little evidence of satellites and shows few signs of interaction, begging the question of how …
A Machine Learning Approach To Disentangling Developmental Language Disorder From Typical Development In Russian-Speaking Children, Katsiaryna Aharodnik
A Machine Learning Approach To Disentangling Developmental Language Disorder From Typical Development In Russian-Speaking Children, Katsiaryna Aharodnik
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
This study investigated a machine learning (ML) approach to identifying Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) in Russian-speaking children using narrative data. ML methods can capture subtle linguistic patterns that distinguish typical and atypical development, which is especially important in cross-linguistic contexts where morphosyntactic variation affects the manifestation of DLD. Diagnosis remains challenging in less-studied languages due to limited knowledge of language-specific deficits and a lack of validated assessment tools. This study evaluated whether ML algorithms can provide a more efficient alternative to traditional screening methods.
Two binary classification studies were conducted using corpus data: 1) classification of narratives told by Russian …
Visible Lives, Invisible Strands: Critical Consciousness And Civic Engagement Among Muslim Sa/Swana College Students, Firdevs Yigiter
Visible Lives, Invisible Strands: Critical Consciousness And Civic Engagement Among Muslim Sa/Swana College Students, Firdevs Yigiter
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
In recent years, young people have navigated an increasingly polarized sociopolitical climate marked by racism, Islamophobia, and heightened racial violence (Cureton, 2023; Wegemer et al., 2025). These tensions have intensified in the current moment, shaped by the aftermath of October 7, activism for Palestinian rights, and the political climate of the Trump Administration. College campuses, which historically are sites of political activism and social transformation, are not neutral spaces. For SA/SWANA Muslim college students, these dynamics are intensified by systematic marginalization and a polarized political climate (Khamis, 2023). In this dissertation, I examine how SA/SWANA Muslim students experience ethnic-racial discrimination, …
School Just Wasn't For Me: Investigating The Intersections Of Education, Incarceration, And Improvisation, Kelly L. Brady
School Just Wasn't For Me: Investigating The Intersections Of Education, Incarceration, And Improvisation, Kelly L. Brady
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
New York City is the largest city in the United States and home to the nation's largest school system. NYC public schools are also the country's most segregated, according to a 2021 report from the UCLA Civil Rights Project. This qualitative, Arts-Based Research study follows the development and performance of an applied theater piece created by formerly incarcerated and court-involved youth exploring their early educational experiences before encountering the juvenile justice system. Using Disability/Critical Race Theory (DisCrit) and Critical Performance Ethnography this project investigates how structural systems of education and incarceration intersect to construct youth as "others," including special education, …
Muon Lifetime: Theory, Experiment, And Simulation, Soren Agustin Munoz
Muon Lifetime: Theory, Experiment, And Simulation, Soren Agustin Munoz
Physics
This senior project investigates the muon lifetime through three complementary approaches: theoretical calculation, laboratory measurement, and computational simulation. The theoretical component develops the necessary background from relativistic field theory to the effective weak interaction, culminating in the leading-order Fermi-theory prediction of τ ≈ 2.2 μs, which explains why the muon lifetime lies on the microsecond scale.
The experimental component measures the lifetime of stopped cosmic-ray muons using a plastic scintillator, photomultiplier tube, and analog timing electronics. A binned Poisson likelihood fit to the primary 15-day acquisition run τ = 2.17+0.03-0.09 μs, consistent with the accepted value within the …
Validation Of Electromagnetic Shower Development In A Reduced Alice Focal-E Detector Model Using Geant4, Isaac Lara Romo
Validation Of Electromagnetic Shower Development In A Reduced Alice Focal-E Detector Model Using Geant4, Isaac Lara Romo
Physics
This project focuses on the preliminary simulation of a reduced FoCal-E detector model for the ALICE experiment at CERN. Beamline tests were simulated using an electron gun at various incident energies, and the results were compared with those of the FoCal group. The longitudinal charge deposition per sensor layer was compared between the two setups to verify that the reduced model exhibited expected calorimeter behavior. Additionally, the transverse signal across the high-granularity sensor layers was examined to determine whether the reduced model reproduced the expected lateral development of electromagnetic showers. The results obtained from these measurements show that the reduced …
Substations In The Digital Economy: Fiscal And Political Geographies Of Data Centers In Georgia, Jacqueline Wright
Substations In The Digital Economy: Fiscal And Political Geographies Of Data Centers In Georgia, Jacqueline Wright
Geography Undergraduate Senior Theses
In recent years data center construction has drastically increased around the world, especially in the U.S. Building out the infrastructure of the digital economy consumes water, electricity, and capital at great scale, drawing resources from public use towards regimes of private accumulation. This thesis takes Metro Atlanta as a particular microcosm within international digital infrastructure buildout, first worth investigating on its own terms, but also for lessons that may reach across the broader geography of the digital economy. This thesis takes up concerns with the politics of data centers siting, how these projects fit into narratives of economic development, and …
Metabolic Mechanisms Underlying Obesity In Children Exposed In Utero To Maternal Obesity Or Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Alysha B. Everett
Metabolic Mechanisms Underlying Obesity In Children Exposed In Utero To Maternal Obesity Or Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Alysha B. Everett
ETDs from 2020-2029
Background: Childhood obesity increases risk for diseases including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The in utero environment plays an important role in the metabolic programming of offspring, with children exposed to maternal obesity or gestational diabetes (GDM) having high risk for obesity. In adults, metabolic mechanisms such as leptin resistance, energy expenditure, and substrate oxidation are associated with prospective weight and adiposity gain, but less is known in children. Thus, the purpose of this study is to identify metabolic mechanisms associated with risk for obesity following in utero exposure to maternal obesity, with or without exposure to GDM. Methods: …
High-Pressure Studies Of Magnetic Topological Materials, Greeshma Chireckal Jose
High-Pressure Studies Of Magnetic Topological Materials, Greeshma Chireckal Jose
ETDs from 2020-2029
Quantum technology leverages the principles of quantum mechanics to transform emerging fields such as quantum computing, spintronics, and next-generation electronics. A crucial step in advancing this frontier is the detailed understanding of fundamental quantum phenomena in materials that can drive quantum innovation. This research aims to systematically investigate quantum phase transitions and unconventional emergent behaviors in magnetic topological materials subjected to external pressure. This study focuses on three representative systems: EuCd2As2, EuMnBi2, and FeSn, each serving as a model for exploring intrinsic magnetic topological states. EuCd2As2, a candidate Weyl semimetal (WSM), is expected to exhibit pressure-induced topological phase transitions, making …
Inverse Modeling The Geo-Spread Of Covid-19 In Brazil, Cameron Keith Mills
Inverse Modeling The Geo-Spread Of Covid-19 In Brazil, Cameron Keith Mills
ETDs from 2020-2029
In 2021 Fitzgibbon, Morgan, Webb, and Wu used a modified SEIR (susceptible, exposed, infected, and recovered) model to predict how COVID-19 spread through Brazil [12]. For their model, six constant coefficients were used that were fitted, referenced, or assumed. In this thesis, we geo-spatially modify their SEIR model and formulate an inverse problem to recover the now spatial coefficients of the model. We first show there exists a unique solution to the modified model. To solve the inverse problem, we modify an inverse method [17] that focused on minimizing convex functionals. These recovered spatial coefficients can be used with Matlab’s …
Neuroinflammation And Neuropathology In A Novel Tau, Amyloid-Beta And Alpha-Synuclein Co-Pathology Model, Jhodi Mickayla Webster
Neuroinflammation And Neuropathology In A Novel Tau, Amyloid-Beta And Alpha-Synuclein Co-Pathology Model, Jhodi Mickayla Webster
ETDs from 2020-2029
Neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson disease (PD) often present with overlapping proteinopathies rather than aggregated proteins in isolation. Amyloid-β (Aβ) and phosphorylated tau are found in a substantial proportion of idiopathic PD cases, while α-synuclein (α-syn) pathology is present in over half of AD cases. The presence of these co-pathologies is associated with accelerated cognitive decline and increase mortality in these patients. In parallel, neurodegenerative diseases are increasingly recognized as being shaped by interactions between central nervous system (CNS) pathology and the immune system. Despite this, most experimental animal models of neurodegenerative disease examine single pathologies in …
Biomedical Applications Of Structurally Defined Natural And Semi-Synthetic Saponins, Chaeeun Lim-Paik
Biomedical Applications Of Structurally Defined Natural And Semi-Synthetic Saponins, Chaeeun Lim-Paik
ETDs from 2020-2029
Triterpenoid saponins are amphiphilic glycosides that exhibit a wide range of biological and pharmacological properties, including antifungal, antiviral, molluscicidal, hypoglycemic, and hypocholesterolemic effects. These biological and pharmacological properties make saponins attractive for diverse applications. In this work, we demonstrate three biological applications: (i) immunostimulant vaccine adjuvant, (ii) protein delivery enhancement, and (iii) gene transfection enhancement. In light of the strong structure dependence of saponin activity, expanding the structural diversity of available scaffolds is essential for establishing structure-activity relationships (SAR) across these applications. Here, we expanded our saponin collection through semi-synthetic derivatization and the isolation of new saponins from distinct natural …
Apples Don't Fall Far, Brianna Lynn Carnley
Apples Don't Fall Far, Brianna Lynn Carnley
ETDs from 2020-2029
Whether we’d like to admit it or not, apples don’t fall very far from the tree. This expression was commonly used in my household growing up. Whenever my mom and I would say the same thing at the same time, my mom and Nana accidentally wore matching outfits to go shopping, or my Nana and I reacted the same exact way to news, “apples don’t fall far” would be said. The three of us have all lived very different lives, but are still extremely similar yet completely different. This creative-nonfiction work explores the generational threads between myself, my mother, and …
Heart And Blood, Nasreen Zankawah
Heart And Blood, Nasreen Zankawah
ETDs from 2020-2029
Heart and Blood is a historical fiction, set in the 1890s colonial era in present-day Ghana, focusing on the royal family and two rival clans of the Dagbon Kingdom. At its center is Chentiwuni, the protagonist who shares a strained relationship with her father and king of Dagbon, Naa Dawuni Zulandi. She navigates life, barely conforming to traditions and rules and associates with people her father disapproves of. The rift between them deepens when Chenti falls in love with Yumzaa, a sub-chief from a rival clan and a prospective heir to the skin of Dagbon after Naa Dawuni. Chenti’s relationship …
With A Love So Hard And Filled With Defeat:' A Queer Reading Of Bruce Springsteen, Samuel Tucker Carden
With A Love So Hard And Filled With Defeat:' A Queer Reading Of Bruce Springsteen, Samuel Tucker Carden
ETDs from 2020-2029
Long an open, yet misinterpreted political artist, Bruce Springsteen has never shied away from calling out injustices through his songs. Over the course of his long career, he has used his platform to lyrically speak out against war, the brutality of American capitalism, and the struggles of marginalized people of all backgrounds. However, the potential queerness of his lyrics has remained an underdiscussed political aspect of his artistry for decades, especially in academic settings. Many of the themes that Springsteen returns to in his writing – the need to hide one’s true self, struggles with self-identity, the desperate desire to …
Phosphogypsum-Based Road Materials: A Review Of Practicality, Longevity, And Safety In The United States, Catesby Elisabeth Mallard
Phosphogypsum-Based Road Materials: A Review Of Practicality, Longevity, And Safety In The United States, Catesby Elisabeth Mallard
ETDs from 2020-2029
The development of the phosphate fertilizer industry, while integral to the success of modern-day agriculture, continues to produce staggering amounts of phosphogypsum (PG), an acidic and hazardous waste byproduct concentrated with heavy metals, technologically enhanced naturally occurring materials (TENORM), and other toxic elements. Due to the potentially harmful emission of radon from PG, the United States (US) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has regulated the disposal of PG in engineered stacks under the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) for nearly four decades. However, with roughly five tons of PG produced per single ton of phosphoric acid, and a …