Digital Commons Network^™

Eulerian Problem Solving, Christopher Goff, Erik Tou

Euleriana

An introduction to the contents in Volume 6 (Issue 2) of Euleriana.

Bitseat: Reimagining The Financing For Airliners Using Nonfungible Tokens (Blockchain Technology), Edwin S. Ongola

Journal of Aviation Technology and Engineering

This essay describes how blockchain technology, particularly nonfungible tokens, can be used to raise funding for airliners. The essay begins with a brief overview on the costs, categories, and acquisition methods of airliners. After that, the essay introduces concepts on blockchain technology, tokens, and smart contracts. The essay then touches on how nonfungible tokens can be used to facilitate fractional ownership of airliners. From there, the essay discusses Bitseat, a conceptual nonfungible token for fractional ownership of airliners, covering its overall design, appeal, marketplace alternatives, and challenges. Finally, in the discussion, the essay summarizes the overall concept and outlines its …

Improving Security Policy Validation In Distributed Systems Using Attack Graph Simulations, Zaid J. Al-Araji, Balqees Talal Hasan, Fahad Ahmed Shaban, Ali Khairi Al-Toohafi, Hussein M. Farhood, Alaa Al-Dabbagh, Omar Nazar Hamdoon

Al-Bahir

Validation of security policies in distributed systems is difficult because rules are heterogeneous, interact in non-obvious ways, and static checks often overlook multi-stage attacker chains. We offer a unified framework to translate real policies, and in parallel give visibility into policy-aware attack graphs (PAAGs), then we evaluate them using deterministic as well as probabilistic simulations, with Monte Carlo (MC) included. The policies are naturally embedded in the construction; firewall semantics deny or remove exploit edges, RBAC limits privilege transitions, and IDS/IPS lower the success likelihood of edges, so the resulting graph reflects both the vulnerability surface and the enforcement posture. …

Molecular Characterization Of Coprinopsis Sp. Based On Its Rdna Analysis And Evaluation Of Its Antibacterial Activity, Maysaa Taqi Al-Khazali, Kawkab Abdullah Alsaadi, Zahraa Raheem Murshidy, Dhuha Ali Hussein, Sura Abd Ali Kadhim Mohammed

Al-Bahir

The present study, conducted in Karbala Governorate, central Iraq, aimed to identify and characterize large wild fungi belonging to the genus Coprinopsis. Field-collected specimens were found to be Coprinopsis sp. with affinity to Coprinopsis cinerea, based initially on detailed morphological and microscopic characteristics and further supported by molecular analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA through comparison with related sequences available in the GenBank database. BLAST analysis revealed minor nucleotide variations, and the obtained sequence was deposited in the NCBI GenBank database under accession number PX247457.1. These findings contribute to the limited records of Coprinopsis species …

Comparative Experimental Study Of Pcm And Zeolite-Based Passive Cooling For Enhancing Second Generation Solar Panel Performance In Hot-Arid Climates, Mohammed Dakhil Abbas, Tawfeeq K. Al-Hamdi, Mohammed Ali Abdulrehman, Shah Rizal Kasim, Ahmed Subhi Abbas, Ali M. Flayyih, Tawfeeq W. Mohammed

Al-Bahir

Operating at high temperatures is one of the key factors affecting the performance of photovoltaic systems. In hot-arid climates, the temperature is typically extremely high. In this study, the experimental performance of two passive cooling systems, phase change materials (PCMs) and zeolite X13-CaCl₂, was comparatively assessed to improve the performance of cadmium telluride photovoltaic panels under the same real operating conditions in Baghdad, Iraq. An improvement of approximately 8.5% in electrical conversion efficiency (i.e., the percentage increase compared to the reference system and not the actual value) was achieved, with a decrease in temperature of approximately 12 °C being recorded …

The Nine-Block Pyramid: A Structural Framework For Cultivating An Ai Adoption Mindset Culture At Enterprise Scale, Ahmad Masri

Communications of the IIMA

Enterprise artificial intelligence (AI) adoption is nearly universal in name but shallow in practice: a large majority of organizations now use AI in at least one business function, yet only a small minority have scaled it enterprise-wide, and leadership commitment rather than technology is repeatedly cited as the binding constraint. This conceptual paper argues that AI adoption is fundamentally a mindset-culture problem, not a tooling problem, and proposes a nine-block pyramid as a practical framework describing a sequencing heuristic, anchored in established organizational-behavior theory, for the cultural conditions an enterprise should build to sustain an AI adoption mindset: (1) Enterprise …

Comparative Analytical Study Of Titanium Alloys By Libs, Xrd, And Eds, Hyder A. Salih, Sabah N. Mizhir, Khaleel I. Hassoon, Nisreen Kh. Abdalameer, Mona Niroozad

Journal of Applied Sciences and Nanotechnology

Titanium alloys (TiAs) have significant applications in engineering and technological purposes but often demand inclusive characterization due to their different components and properties. While previous LIBS investigations on Ti alloys have demonstrated its capability for elemental identification, they have not systematically explored its application for rapid sorting and recycling of industrially relevant titanium alloys with complex compositions. Our work specifically addresses this gap by applying LIBS to differentiate and classify Ti alloys with varying alloying elements. Pure (T0) and two commercial titanium alloys (T1 and T2) have been investigated using LIBS, XRD, and EDS techniques for fast and exact identification, …

Preparation Of Gallium Nitride Thin Film Using Hydrothermal Method, Rawan B. Fadhil, Evan T. Salim, Subash C.B. Gopinath, Motahher A. Qaeed

Journal of Applied Sciences and Nanotechnology

This article describes the synthesis and deposition of gallium nitride (GaN) by the hydrothermal method. The objective of this study is to prepare and deposit gallium nitride (GaN) on quartz substrates using the hydrothermal technique and to investigate its structural, optical, and surface properties. In this work, 0.001 g of GaN powder was dispersed in 40 ml of deionized water, and the prepared solution was used for the deposition process. The quartz substrates were then introduced into the hydrothermal system to complete the deposition on their surface. The prepared samples were characterized using XRD, UV–Vis, Raman, FESEM, and AFM techniques …

Green Assisted Synthesis Of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: The Influence Of Plant Extract Type (Eucalyptus, Lemon, And Sidr), Ikram R. Abdal-Razaq, Farhad M. Othman, Alaa A. Abdul-Hamead

Journal of Applied Sciences and Nanotechnology

In recent years, a greener sustained approach has attracted significant attention, particularly that employs environmentally friendly nanomaterials by utilizing natural extracts. Despite the growing number of literature studies on the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using different plants, comparisons between extracts to assess their effect on physical and chemical properties under identical preparation conditions are almost limited. Therefore, this study aims investigate an emerging field of nanotechnology focused on creating cost-effective, environmentally friendly zinc oxide nanoparticles using various leaf extracts (Eucalyptus, Lemon, and Sidr) as reducing and stabilizing agents, with zinc chloride as the precursor. The impact of the active …

Tensile Behaviour Of Polymer Blends Reinforced With Siwak, Flax Fibres And Natural Powders, Hassan A. Sharhan, Sadeer M. Majeed, Wafaa M. Salih

Journal of Applied Sciences and Nanotechnology

This research focuses on developing environmentally friendly hybrid nanocomposites based on a polymer blend of 25% PMMA and 75% bio-epoxy, reinforced with natural materials, including eggshell powder, cuttlefish bone, siwak, and flax fibres. Tensile testing results showed a significant enhancement in mechanical characteristics with increasing reinforcement percentage. The eggshell-reinforced blend with siwak fibres achieved the best mechanical performance at 3 wt.%, having a tensile strength of around 15 MPa and a Young's modulus of roughly 0.72 GPa, as opposed to the unreinforced blend, which measured roughly 6 MPa and 0.35 GPa, respectively. The elongation also increased from approximately 1.8% for …

Experimental Investigation Of A Time–Delayed Multi Spark Blumlein Excitation System For Performance Enhancement Of A Tea Nitrogen Laser, Farah Jawad Kadhum, Raid A Ismail, Alwan M. Alwan, Ali H. Attallah, Doaa Sulaiman

Journal of Applied Sciences and Nanotechnology

This paper presents a multistage electrical configuration for excitation within a nanosecond transversely excited atmospheric nitrogen (TEA-N₂) laser, with variations including a one-stage Blumlein circuit (1SBC),a three-stage Blumlein circuit (3SBC), and a five-stage Blumlein circuit (5SBC). The circuit features several discharge loops controlled by spark gaps and is intended to produce great performance through a low-inductance discharge geometry. A two-electrode spark gap is temporarily changed to cause the laser channel to collapse at the maximum overvoltage. The design enables gas discharge and nitrogen molecule excitation at lower voltages, with each configuration producing a varied peak output power depending …

Thermo-Hydraulic Performance Enhancement Of Heat Sinks Using Twisted Naca 0021 Airfoil Pin Fins: A Numerical Study, Ismail H. Omran, Khaled M. Chahrour

Journal of Applied Sciences and Nanotechnology

The thermo-hydraulic performance of heat sinks is strongly influenced by pin-fin geometry; however, systematic evaluation of twisted NACA 0021 airfoil pin fins as an alternative to conventional cylindrical configurations remains limited. The current study involved numerical investigations using ANSYS Fluent 2023 in analyzing a heat sink with twisted NACA 0021 airfoil pin fins subjected to turbulent forced convection. The traditional design with cylindrical pin-fin heat sinks was used as the baseline geometry, and varying degrees of twist ranging from 0° to 60° were studied over a range of inlet velocity from 6.5 to 12 m/s (Re = 3.8 × 10 …

Ai Slop In The Generative Ai Era: Uncovering Hidden Costs For Information Quality, Trust, And Human-Centered Systems, Blenda G. Mutuma

Communications of the IIMA

The rapid proliferation of generative AI tools has fundamentally altered the volume, velocity, and perceived quality of information produced across academic and professional settings (Bommasani et al., 2021; Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence [HAI], 2025). Yet this expansion has introduced a critical and underexamined threat to sustainable information ecosystems: what this paper formally terms AI slop ; defined as AI-generated content that achieves surface-level plausibility while offering limited substantive value, accuracy, or contextual depth. At scale, AI slop degrades information quality and erodes institutional trust (Bender et al., 2021; Weidinger et al., 2021). More critically, it generates what this …

Ai-Assisted Software Development And The Change Of Organizational Rhythms, Jarl Tuxen, Morten Boesen, Sarah O'Neill

Communications of the IIMA

Based on a qualitative study of a Danish NGO collaborating with an AI-enabled software vendor, this paper examines how the speed of AI-assisted software development challenges established organizational rhythms of evaluation and governance. The preliminary analysis suggests that AI-assisted development not only accelerates software production but also destabilizes established mechanisms for evaluation, responsibility allocation, and legimitization in software development projects.

Saas As The Backbone Of Digital Transformation: How Ai Turned Cloud Software Into Intelligent Enterprise Infrastructure, Amar Fejzić

Communications of the IIMA

Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) has become one of the most consequential infrastructures of digital transformation because it lowers the cost, time, and complexity of adopting enterprise capabilities. At the same time, artificial intelligence (AI), especially generative and conversational AI, is changing SaaS from a delivery model into an intelligent operating layer that automates workflows, personalizes customer interactions, and supports data-driven decisions. This paper develops a conceptual synthesis of academic literature and public organizational cases to examine how SaaS shaped digital transformation and how AI is reshaping SaaS itself. The analysis shows that SaaS enables scalable experimentation, faster deployment, and modular integration, while …

Integration Of Freshness Monitoring And Active Packaging Technologies For Aquatic Products, Maria Ali, Abdul Waheed Ghanghro, Bheem Raj Serani, Mahrukh Zakir

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Aquatic products are nutritionally valuable but highly perishable, with quality loss driven by microbial spoilage, biochemical changes, including total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), trimethylamine (TMA) and histamine, and physicochemical deterioration, including lipid oxidation, gas production and texture loss. Conventional packaging slows these processes but does not report real-time freshness. This review analyzes how active packaging (antimicrobial, antioxidant, enzyme-inhibiting, and oxygen-scavenging systems, including bio- and nanocomposites) can be combined with freshness monitoring technologies (colorimetric/pH indicators, gas sensors, biosensors, and digital tools such as radio frequency identification (RFID) and Internet of Things (IoT) systems) specifically for fish, shrimp, and mollusks. We first …

People Orientation And Thing Orientation In Business Majors: Implications For Assessing The Impacts Of Cross-Functional Business Program Curricula, Todd J. Hostager, David A. Christopher, Kristy J. Lauver, Christopher Knowles

International Journal for Business Education

Background/Introduction/Purpose:  Prior research documented significant differences in people orientation and thing orientation (PTO) based on type of major and sex.  This study examines a set of measures for helping business programs to assess whether they are producing graduates equipped to consider both people and things when making decisions, regardless of their major or sex.

Methods/Design:  Students in a strategic management capstone course spent a single 75-minute session responding to a brief new venture pitch by identifying what types of additional information they would need to decide whether to invest in the business.  Three Likert-scaled options gauged the extent to participant …

Hwi 20th Volume Milestone

Human–Wildlife Interactions

Human-Wildlife Interactions is entering a milestone volume in 2026.

Food, Mind, And Society: Psychosocial Determinants Of Dietary Behaviors Among Medical Students, Saad Ahmed Ali Jadoo, Ruwaida Abbas Ghaeb, Mustafa Ali Mustafa Al-Samarrai, Muhammed Yunus Bektay

Hilla University College Journal For Medical Science

Background: University life grants students greater independence, during which they are prone to behavioral changes, particularly the adoption of unhealthy eating patterns.
Objectives: This study aims to assess dietary habits and examine the psychological and social factors influencing eating behaviors among medical students at the University of Diyala in Iraq.
Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between September 1st and December 31st, 2025, at the College of Medicine, University of Diyala, Iraq. A universal sampling technique using a semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire was employed to collect the data. Based on healthy eating indicators a dietary habits scale (0–12) was …

Dental Caries Among Adolescent Patients In Babylon Governorate Of Iraq, Zahraa Mohammed Hussein Wais, Dhuha M. Hasan, Omaima Lateef Salman, Israa Hussein Ali

Hilla University College Journal For Medical Science

Background: Dental disease is widespread among various groups especially in children and adolescences. There were many risk factors lead to dental caries such as dental plaque, poor oral hygiene and increase consumption of carbohydrate.
Objectives: To measure the prevalence of dental caries in adolescents patient and this knowledge is the key for controlling and prevention of dental caries among adolescents.
Materials and Methods: In the present study, adolescent patients of both genders 69 male and 71 females include of approximately 140 adolescents in age between 12–16 years, adolescent patients were examined in dental clinics of University of Babylon, Dentistry College. …

Prevalence And Correlates Of Vitamin B12 And Folate Deficiencies Among School-Aged Children (6–12 Years), Ali Jasim Shawi, Buthainah Al-Azzawi

Hilla University College Journal For Medical Science

Introduction: Vitamin B12 and folate are essential micronutrients that play critical roles in DNA synthesis, methylation reactions, and neurocognitive development. Deficiencies in these vitamins are recognized as public health concerns, particularly among school-aged children in developing countries.
Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and correlates of vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies among children aged 6–12 years in selected areas of Iraq.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted involving 120 children (62 males, 58 females) distributed across six areas: Al-Khudhariya, Sumer, Al-Daur, Shomali, Hilla, and Al-Daghara. Serum levels of vitamin B12 and folate were measured using …

The Diagnostic Role Of Membrane-Bound Cd27 In Non-Segmental Vitiligo: A Case–Control Study, Wijdan Habeeb Abdul Wahed Jarih Al-Maliki, Israa Kitab Hussein Al-Yasiri, Mohammed Kareem Al-Bakkaa

Hilla University College Journal For Medical Science

Background: This study included 120 participants (60 patients with non-segmental vitiligo and 60 healthy controls). Previous positive evidence in vitiligo concerns serum soluble CD27 (sCD27), whereas flow cytometry directly quantifies membrane-bound CD27 on circulating lymphocytes.
Objectives: The study aimed to determine whether the percentage of CD27-positive events within gated peripheral-blood lymphocytes can discriminate patients from controls, and to compare expression by treatment status and available demographic characteristics.
Materials and Methods: A hospital-based case–control study was conducted from September 2025 to February 2026 at two dermatology clinics in Najaf, Iraq. Eligible clinic attendees and healthy volunteers were enrolled by non-probability …

Nutritional Genetics: Future Of Therapeutic Nutrition—A Mini-Review, Walaa Sabri Raheem

Hilla University College Journal For Medical Science

This review explores the evolving concepts of nutrition, therapeutic nutrition, and the burgeoning field of nutritional genomics. Nutrition is defined as the science explaining how nutrients and other food substances interact with an organism's growth, reproduction, health, and disease states, encompassing processes such as ingestion, absorption, biosynthesis, catabolism, and excretion. Therapeutic nutrition, or Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT), is a clinical approach utilizing specific dietary regimens to manage medical conditions and their associated symptoms. Nutritional genomics, a multidisciplinary field, investigates the complex relationship between the human genome, nutrition, and health. It is divided into two primary branches: nutrigenomics, which examines the …

A Sero-Epidemiological Inquiry On The Relationship Between Human Cytomegalovirus (Hcmv) Antibodies And Spontaneous Miscarriage Among Iraqi Women: A Hospital-Based Case-Control Study, Nedhal Mahmuod Khaleefah, Bushra Jabbar Al-Tmimi, Layth Jasim Mohammed, Isaac Karimi

Hilla University College Journal For Medical Science

Background: Spontaneous abortion is common, multifactorial, and infectious agents, such as human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), may act as a factor associated with its occurrence, especially during the early stages of pregnancy.
Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between HCMV seropositivity and spontaneous miscarriage and to explore connections with demographic and obstetric factors in Diyala, Iraq.
Materials and Methods: A hospital-based case-control study enrolled 100 women experiencing current spontaneous miscarriage alongside 100 healthy pregnant controls in February and September 2024. Immunoglobulin (Ig) titers against HCMV were assessed using ELISA. Associations were analysed using Chi-square tests and logistic regression at the …

Blood Eosinophil Count And Total Serum Ige As Diagnostic And Severity Biomarkers In Bronchial Asthma: A Case-Control Study From Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq, Ali Mahdi Talib, Orass Madhi Shaheed Al-Taei

Hilla University College Journal For Medical Science

Background: Chronic Bronchial Asthma belongs to the spectrum of type 2-high inflammatory diseases of airways characterized by eosinophilic inflammation and sensitization through IgE. BEC (blood eosinophil count) and total serum IgE, reflecting two independent arms of Th2-driven inflammation.
Objectives: To determine the significance of BEC and total serum IgE as biomarkers for diagnosing and stratifying severity of adult bronchial asthma and their correlation with spirometric parameters and peripheral oxygen saturation.
Materials and Methods: A case-control study was conducted at Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital during the period from October 2025 to March 2026. A total number of 120 subjects participated in the …

Aerodynamic Effects Optimisation Of Water-Powered Funicular Car Body Exposed To Headwind And Crosswind, Theodorus Agung Wicaksono, Bagus Wahyudi, Syamsul Hadi, Wirawan Wirawan, Hangga Wicaksono

Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)

Water-powered funicular railways are an environmentally friendly mode of transport whose efficiency heavily depends on the principle of gravity. However, their operation is vulnerable to natural wind disturbances that can hinder speed or cause a risk of overturning on steep, curved tracks. This study aims to analyse the influence of funicular car model design on the rolling moment exerted on the rails as the car turns to enter a track branch. The research methodology involves aerodynamic simulations using SolidWorks flow simulation, comparing three body models: WAHYUDI, FUNAERO, and AEROFUN. Simulations were conducted with variations in turn angles (10° to 30°) …

Racial Discrimination And Its Effects On Health And Maternal Mortality, Vanessa Newsome-Slade

Fresh Voices: Composition at Cal Poly

No abstract provided.

The Poisoning Of Flint’S People, Vanessa Lamoureux

Fresh Voices: Composition at Cal Poly

No abstract provided.

The Death Of Marilyn Monroe, Kaylee Earnshaw

Fresh Voices: Composition at Cal Poly

No abstract provided.

Solitary Confinement In The U.S. Prison System, Fiona Gleeson

Fresh Voices: Composition at Cal Poly

No abstract provided.