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Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

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Staff Education On Improving Staff Knowledge Of Medication Adherence In An Outpatient Psychiatric Facility, Okechukwu Chidiadi Aug 2026

Staff Education On Improving Staff Knowledge Of Medication Adherence In An Outpatient Psychiatric Facility, Okechukwu Chidiadi

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This project was a staff education initiative designed to improve staff knowledge of medication adherence at an adult psychiatric outpatient clinic. Addressing this matter is critical because it directly impacts the quality of patient care. The practice focus question was: Among psychiatric mental health staff in a behavioral health facility, what is the impact of a staff educational program on teaching medication adherence to patients on the staff’s knowledge? The purpose of this staff education project was to improve staff knowledge of medication adherence by equipping them with the tools and strategies needed to help patients manage their treatment plans …


Psychosocial Experiences Of Secondary School Students Living With Sickle Cell Disease While In School In Lagos State, Nigeria, Toluwalope Yetunde Onuwe Aug 2026

Psychosocial Experiences Of Secondary School Students Living With Sickle Cell Disease While In School In Lagos State, Nigeria, Toluwalope Yetunde Onuwe

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a lifelong genetic condition significantly impacting the physical, emotional, and social health of those affected. Nigeria has one of the highest global burdens of SCD, yet there is limited research on the psychosocial experiences of secondary school students living with SCD in educational settings. This qualitative study explored these experiences among students in Lagos State, Nigeria. Using the social ecological model and interpreted through the social model of disability, the study examined how school environments, educational practices, and institutional support influenced students' psychosocial well-being and perceived health. Twenty secondary school students participated in 4 in-person …


Workforce Solutions For Primary Care Physician Shortages In Veterans Health Administration Outpatient Clinics, Quintin Warner Aug 2026

Workforce Solutions For Primary Care Physician Shortages In Veterans Health Administration Outpatient Clinics, Quintin Warner

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The shortage of primary care physicians (PCPs) in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) hospital system highlights the need for strategies to effectively mitigate this issue. The purpose of this integrative review was to examine the literature on primary care physician shortages in VHA hospital-based outpatient clinics and determine evidence-based solutions. The review question centered on strategies and best practices that can be implemented to address PCP shortages in VHA outpatient clinics. The Donabedian Model provided the framework for analyzing structural factors, processes, and patient outcomes. A comprehensive review of the literature resulted in 40 articles being screened for quality and …


The Impact Of Sexual Harassment Policy Strictness And Supervisory Support On Reporting Behavior In Local, County, And State Female Law Enforcement Officers In Northeastern Kansas, Cleora Maxine Tousey Aug 2026

The Impact Of Sexual Harassment Policy Strictness And Supervisory Support On Reporting Behavior In Local, County, And State Female Law Enforcement Officers In Northeastern Kansas, Cleora Maxine Tousey

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This quantitative study examined the impact of stricter sexual harassment policies with protections against retaliation and stronger supervisory support on the likelihood that female law enforcement officers would report incidents of sexual harassment by male colleagues. The problem addressed was the underreporting of sexual harassment in policing, a critical issue given the negative impact on victims and workplace culture. Connell’s theory of masculinity served as the theoretical framework, indicating how traditional power dynamics may negatively influence the likelihood of reporting. Using a correlational design, this study surveyed municipal, county, and state female officers in Northeastern Kansas to measure their perceptions …


Exploring The Experiences Of Nigerian Army Personnel With Toxic Leadership, Shamsideen Toyin Shafaru Aug 2026

Exploring The Experiences Of Nigerian Army Personnel With Toxic Leadership, Shamsideen Toyin Shafaru

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Toxic leadership has been shown to be present in Nigeria, promoting negative consequences for organizations and adverse effects on employee performance. However, how toxic leadership behaviors impact Nigerian Army operations and the performance of personnel have not been studied. Exploring toxic leadership in the Nigerian Army is important because the way in which leaders exercise influence determines the effects it has on followers. The purpose of this general qualitative study was to examine the lived experiences of Nigerian Army personnel who had worked as subordinates of individuals who exhibited toxic leadership traits and its impact on their performance. The theoretical …


Impact Of Emerging Technologies On Leadership Identity Of Behavioral Health Leaders, Jenah Habermehl Aug 2026

Impact Of Emerging Technologies On Leadership Identity Of Behavioral Health Leaders, Jenah Habermehl

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Emerging technologies are reshaping behavioral health leadership by changing documentation, communication, ethical responsibilities, and role expectations. Qualitative case study research methodology was used in this study. The problem addressed in this case study was the limited understanding of how emerging technologies influence the leadership identity and professional values of behavioral health leaders. The Baldrige Performance Excellence Framework guided this study of behavioral health leaders at a privately operated behavioral health organization in the South Atlantic region of the United States. Data were collected by conducting semistructured interviews with four behavioral health leaders at the organization and gathering internal archival and …


Reducing Urinary Tract Infections In Long-Term Care Residents, Felicity Antwi Aug 2026

Reducing Urinary Tract Infections In Long-Term Care Residents, Felicity Antwi

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This quality improvement (QI) project addressed delays in diagnosing urinary tract infections (UTIs) at a skilled nursing facility (SNF), where reliance on urine culture testing and patient monitoring resulted in an average diagnostic period of 72 hours. A high UTI incidence and UTI-involved hospitalization rate are both nurse-sensitive indicators that are important to address in the nursing practice context because they portend negatively for nursing quality and safety. This quality improvement (QI) project addressed the practice-focused question: among long term care (LTC) residents with suspected UTIs in a nursing home (NH), how does reducing the diagnostic period from 72 hours …


The Relationship Between Employees’ Involvement, Process Improvement, And Customer Satisfaction In Manufacturing Industries, Nawres Fouad Aug 2026

The Relationship Between Employees’ Involvement, Process Improvement, And Customer Satisfaction In Manufacturing Industries, Nawres Fouad

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Customer satisfaction remains a challenge for some manufacturing organizations despite the widespread implementation of TQM practices. Manufacturing leaders must improve customer satisfaction because it enhances customer retention, organizational competitiveness, and long-term business performance. The purpose of this quantitative correlational study was to examine the relationships between employees' involvement, process improvement, and customer satisfaction. The expectancy-disconfirmation theory grounded the research project. Participants were 68 middle managers employed in manufacturing organizations in Ontario, Canada. Data were collected through an anonymous online survey using the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES-9) and the TQM Practices Scale. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Cronbach’s …


An Exploration Of Successful Cloud Database Migration Strategies Used By Small And Medium-Sized Enterprises Leaders In The United States, Ashli Jarrett Aug 2026

An Exploration Of Successful Cloud Database Migration Strategies Used By Small And Medium-Sized Enterprises Leaders In The United States, Ashli Jarrett

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Cloud database migration can improve organizational performance in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), but SME leaders are concerned about ineffective migration strategies, which can increase risks to data security, regulatory compliance, and operational continuity. Grounded in diffusion of innovation theory, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry project was to explore the effective strategies SME leaders use to manage secure cloud database migrations, mitigate risks, enhance data security, ensure regulatory compliance, and improve organizational effectiveness. The participants were 10 SME leaders in the United States who had successfully adopted cloud-based database systems. Data were collected through semistructured interviews and publicly …


Effective Strategies For Accessing Capital For Startup Agricultural Entrepreneurs In St. Vincent And The Grenadines, Tonya Pompey Aug 2026

Effective Strategies For Accessing Capital For Startup Agricultural Entrepreneurs In St. Vincent And The Grenadines, Tonya Pompey

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Limited access to capital is a significant barrier to market entry and long term sustainability in the agricultural industry. Agricultural business owners consistently identify capital constraints as the leading predictor of startup failure. Grounded in institutional theory, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to identify and explore effective strategies that agricultural startup business owners used to access capital for market entry and business sustainability. The participants were six agricultural startup entrepreneurs in St. Vincent and the Grenadines (SVG) who used effective strategies to access capital for market entry and sustained business operations for at least 2 years. Data …


Effective Strategies To Improve Ai Governance And Regulatory Compliance, Mursal Haroon Aug 2026

Effective Strategies To Improve Ai Governance And Regulatory Compliance, Mursal Haroon

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Senior business leaders across sectors face increasing risks because many organizations lack effective strategies to ensure transparency and regulatory accountability in artificial intelligence (AI) governance. This problem is critical for industry leaders who rely on transparent and compliant AI systems to protect consumers and maintain operational stability. Grounded in the ethical usage of AI systems, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic study was to explore effective strategies senior business leaders use to improve transparency and regulatory accountability in AI governance. The participants were six senior business leaders in the United States who successfully implemented such strategies. Data were collected through …


Hiring Out-Of-Field Teachers In Urban Title I Schools In Georgia, Lakeshia Pruitt Dixon Jul 2026

Hiring Out-Of-Field Teachers In Urban Title I Schools In Georgia, Lakeshia Pruitt Dixon

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Urban Title I schools commonly experience teacher shortages, prompting principals to hire teachers to teach content areas for which they are not certified. The problem addressed in this study was that 8% of the teachers within a large urban school district in Georgia were teaching out-of-field. Guided by Elmore’s conceptual framework of knowledge, skills, and dispositions, the purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore the factors contributing to principals’ decisions to recommend hiring out-of-field teachers in urban Title I schools in Georgia and to examine the support available for those teachers to meet certification requirements. Semistructured interviews were …


School Counselor Preparedness With Mass School Shootings, Lidia Oviedo Jul 2026

School Counselor Preparedness With Mass School Shootings, Lidia Oviedo

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Mass school shootings represent a significant threat facing K–12 schools, yet the lived experiences of school counselors as they engage in prevention efforts and prepare to respond to and recover from these incidents remain unexplored. This study addressed the discrepancy between the increasing prevalence of mass school shootings and the limited understanding of school counselors' preparedness. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the experiences of school counselors regarding their preparedness to prevent, respond to, and recover from mass school shootings. This study was grounded in Giorgi's descriptive phenomenological method and informed by the U.S. Department of Education's …


Strategies Used By Silicon Valley Technology Leaders To Advance Latinx Employees Into Leadership Roles To Increase Firm Productivity, Elizabeth A. Garcia Jul 2026

Strategies Used By Silicon Valley Technology Leaders To Advance Latinx Employees Into Leadership Roles To Increase Firm Productivity, Elizabeth A. Garcia

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The underrepresentation of Latinx professionals in leadership roles remains a challenge for technology leaders. Leaders who lack effective leadership development strategies for Latinx employees may experience reduced innovation, lower productivity, and decreased organizational competitiveness. Grounded in the resource-based view, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry research project was to identify and explore effective strategies used by Silicon Valley technology leaders to advance Latinx employees into leadership roles to increase firm productivity. Participants were 10 technology leaders with experience implementing strategies to hire, develop, and promote Latinx talent. Data were collected through semistructured interviews, public organizational documents, and industry publications. …


The Experiences Of Deaf American Muslims In Their Pursuit And Retention Of Employment, Shukry Mahmood Jul 2026

The Experiences Of Deaf American Muslims In Their Pursuit And Retention Of Employment, Shukry Mahmood

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Deaf American Muslims in the United States face high levels of unemployment. They often experience compounded marginalization at the intersection of disability, religion, and cultural identity, which often leads to exclusion and underrepresentation in employment contexts. The purpose of the study was to explore the lived experiences while pursuing and retaining employment in the United States of deaf Muslims in United States workplaces. In this qualitative study, a self-designed, semistructured interview protocol with open-ended questions was used to explore these experiences. The sample of 12 participants was selected based on their self-identification as deaf American Muslims with at least 30 …


Identifying Symbolic Modeling Of Grooming Precursors In Social Media, Heath Landress Jul 2026

Identifying Symbolic Modeling Of Grooming Precursors In Social Media, Heath Landress

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Short-form video platforms such as TikTok and Instagram Reels increasingly circulate dating and lifestyle advice that may normalize coercive relational scripts. A key challenge for preventing technology-facilitated child sexual exploitation is that early grooming precursors can be communicated through audiovisual design choices, such as tone, pacing, setting, and editing, that make manipulative narratives appear benign. The purpose of this qualitative multimedia content analysis was to identify recurring observable patterns that provide a form of symbolic modeling, through which relational and boundary-shaping cues associated with early-stage sexualized grooming are framed as ordinary dating or lifestyle advice in public TikTok and Instagram …


Secondary English Teacher Experiences Implementing Culturally Responsive Teaching With Black Students In Maryland, Angela James Jul 2026

Secondary English Teacher Experiences Implementing Culturally Responsive Teaching With Black Students In Maryland, Angela James

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Despite state mandates requiring culturally responsive teaching (CRT) implementation, the problem addressed by this study was that urban high school teachers are not consistently integrating CRT practices with Black students in Reading/English language arts (RELA) courses. Guided by the CRT framework, the purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore the experiences of urban high school teachers with incorporating CRT practices with Black high school students in RELA courses in Maryland. Data were collected through semistructured interviews with 10 RELA teachers. Through open coding, the following three themes emerged: the need for increased and targeted professional development, structured opportunities …


Risk Factors For Metabolic Syndrome Among U.S.-Born And Non-U.S.-Born Hispanics In The United States, Banessa Maldonado Jul 2026

Risk Factors For Metabolic Syndrome Among U.S.-Born And Non-U.S.-Born Hispanics In The United States, Banessa Maldonado

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Current knowledge regarding risk factors for metabolic syndrome (METS) among Hispanic individuals of Mexican descent remains limited. Using data from NHANES 2017–2020, this study compared factors contributing to METS and included U.S.-born and non-U.S.-born Hispanic adults of Mexican descent aged ≥ 18 years living in the USA (N = 949) with assessed METS. Grounded in the social ecological model and social determinants of health, this research evaluated dietary habits, lifestyle patterns, and acculturation processes using multivariate logistic regression and stratified analyses. Educational attainment was associated with METS, but the association was not statistically significant in adjusted models p = 0.528. …


Strategic Organizational Growth In Nonprofit Organizations: A Swot-Based Change Management Analysis, Sharika Williams Jul 2026

Strategic Organizational Growth In Nonprofit Organizations: A Swot-Based Change Management Analysis, Sharika Williams

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Nonprofit organizations often face operational and sustainability challenges. This study examined a nonprofit serving individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities that was experiencing increased service demands, communication challenges, and workforce shortages. The purpose of this generic qualitative study was to develop a sustainable strategic change management approach to strengthen workforce development, financial stability, stakeholder collaboration, and strategic planning. Guided by the research question, "How can the client nonprofit organization implement a sustainable change-management approach that addresses internal communication challenges and resource constraints while maintaining mission alignment?" the study used a SWOT analysis and Kotter’s eight-step change model. Data were collected …


Ai Vs. Licensed Psychologists: A Comparative Analysis Of Treatment Plan Quality For Treating Psychological Distress, Michael Edward Maloney Jul 2026

Ai Vs. Licensed Psychologists: A Comparative Analysis Of Treatment Plan Quality For Treating Psychological Distress, Michael Edward Maloney

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The study was conducted to investigate whether statistically significant differences exist in the quality of treatment plans developed by artificial intelligence (AI) platforms versus treatment plans generated by licensed psychologists, with a focus on intervention specificity and clinical appropriateness. Given the rapid proliferation of digital mental health technologies and the persistent shortage of licensed mental health professionals, empirical evaluation of AI-driven clinical tools has become a critical area of inquiry. Grounded in dual process theory (DPT), which conceptualizes decision making as the product of both intuitive and analytical cognitive systems, the study employed a quantitative, between-groups design. Sixty-six licensed psychologists …


Principals' Perceived Leadership Training For Inclusive K-12 Education, Lettie E. Webster Jul 2026

Principals' Perceived Leadership Training For Inclusive K-12 Education, Lettie E. Webster

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Adequate training and professional development enhance school principals’ effectiveness in leading inclusive K-12 schools. The problem addressed in this study was the gap in the literature on K-12 principals’ perceptions of the essential elements of preparation and ongoing professional development needed for effective leadership in inclusive educational settings. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore K-12 school principals’ perceptions of essential components of preparation for effective leadership and the role of ongoing professional development in enhancing their effectiveness as leaders in inclusive educational settings. Beard’s engaged school leadership theory served as the conceptual framework. For this basic qualitative …


How Female Leaders Perceive The Influence Of Gender On Career Advancement In The Indonesian Construction Industry, Jadeviput Suwanarat Jul 2026

How Female Leaders Perceive The Influence Of Gender On Career Advancement In The Indonesian Construction Industry, Jadeviput Suwanarat

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Women who work in leadership positions in the construction industry in Indonesia face gender related challenges. Grounded in Acker’s theory of gendered organizations, this qualitative hermeneutic phenomenological study examined how women leaders experience and interpret gender-related workplace challenges. I collected data through semistructured interviews with nine women leaders in the Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Area and analyzed the data using the modified van Kaam method. Manual coding produced seven emergent themes. Key findings showed that gender inequality is embedded in organizational culture, policies, and everyday practices rather than occurring as isolated incidents. Women leaders reported heightened scrutiny, the need to continually …


Higher Education Faculty’S Perceptions On Generative Artificial Intelligence Use In Teaching And Learning Practices, Inez Mitchell Jul 2026

Higher Education Faculty’S Perceptions On Generative Artificial Intelligence Use In Teaching And Learning Practices, Inez Mitchell

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The problem that was addressed through this study is that higher education (HE) faculty are challenged to integrate generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) in their teaching and learning practices. Grounded in Mishra and Koehler’s technological, pedagogical and content knowledge framework and Knowles’ theory of andragogy, the purpose of this study was to explore HE faculty’s perceptions on their content, andragogical, and technological knowledge and their instructional strategies used in integrating GenAI. For this basic qualitative design, semistructured interviews were conducted with nine HE faculty who self-identified as having at least 3 years of teaching and GenAI usage experience from across the …


Residual Effects Of Childhood Sexual Victimization On Black Caribbean Immigrants’ Adult Functionality, Sophia Elaine Profit Jul 2026

Residual Effects Of Childhood Sexual Victimization On Black Caribbean Immigrants’ Adult Functionality, Sophia Elaine Profit

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Childhood sexual victimization is associated with long-term psychological, emotional, and functional challenges that may persist into adulthood. Despite a growing body of literature on childhood trauma, limited research has explored its residual effects on adult functionality among Black Caribbean immigrants. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to explore the residual effects of childhood sexual victimization on adult functionality among Black Caribbean immigrants. Purposive and snowball sampling were used to recruit 9 participants through social media platforms. Rational choice theory served as the conceptual framework to examine how trauma-related and sociocultural factors shaped participants' decision-making processes. Data were collected …


Perceived Level Of Preparedness For A Terrorist Event Between State, Local And Tribal Law Enforcement Officers, Herbert Henderson Jul 2026

Perceived Level Of Preparedness For A Terrorist Event Between State, Local And Tribal Law Enforcement Officers, Herbert Henderson

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

In this quantitative cross-sectional study, differences in perceived preparedness among state, local, and tribal law upon Kingdon’s multiple streams approach and Baumgartner and Jones’ punctuated equilibrium theory to explain administrative changes in law enforcement following the September 11, 2001, attacks. Data were collected from 53 full-time police officers across state, local and tribal agencies using a web-based survey instrument measuring enforcement officers in a northern border region were examined. Officers’ perceived preparedness to identify, prevent, and respond to future terrorist threats were evaluated. Whether perceived preparedness differed by agency type and whether officers with military experience or advanced homeland security …


Administrative Discharge Strategies To Decrease Readmission Rates Of Black Patients In Acute Care Hospitals, Patricia Cummings Jul 2026

Administrative Discharge Strategies To Decrease Readmission Rates Of Black Patients In Acute Care Hospitals, Patricia Cummings

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

High 30-day hospital readmission rates among Black patients remain a healthcare administration problem associated with high costs and poor care quality. The purpose of this integrative review was to identify evidence-based discharge planning strategies to reduce hospital readmissions among Black patients. The review question was used to examine strategies healthcare administrators can implement to enhance discharge planning for Black patients. Donabedian’s structure-process-outcome model guided the review. A literature search yielded 87 relevant articles; 27 articles published from 2021 through 2026 were appraised using the Johns Hopkins evidence-based practice model, and 25 were used in this review. Thematic analysis resulted in …


Examination Of Maternal Mortality, Mental Health Conditions, And Co-Occurring Factors, Laura Eileen Skaarer Jul 2026

Examination Of Maternal Mortality, Mental Health Conditions, And Co-Occurring Factors, Laura Eileen Skaarer

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Maternal mortality (MM) continues to be a public health concern in the state of Arizona. There is little to no research investigating the relationship between MM and mental health conditions co-occurring with contributing factors among women who have died in Arizona while pregnant or within 1 year of the end of a pregnancy. The purposes of this quantitative study, guided by the three delays model (3DM), were to examine (a) MM and mental health conditions as the primary underlying cause of death; (b) MM and mental health conditions surrounding death; and (c) significant contributing factors (i.e., discrimination, knowledge, lack of …


Leadership Characteristics Driving Positive Patient Experience Outcomes In Behavioral Healthcare Organizations, Sophia Iovenitti Jul 2026

Leadership Characteristics Driving Positive Patient Experience Outcomes In Behavioral Healthcare Organizations, Sophia Iovenitti

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Patient experience is a key indicator of healthcare quality and performance; however, limited evidence exists regarding the specific leadership characteristics that influence patient experience outcomes in behavioral healthcare. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore the leadership characteristics associated with positive patient experience outcomes, examine how leadership behaviors influence patient perceptions, and identify leadership development strategies to enhance patient experience. The study was guided by the Baldrige excellence framework and the Beryl Institute’s definition of patient experience. Data were collected through semi structured interviews with executive and operational leaders and triangulated with organizational artifacts, including aggregated patient …


Experiences Of Reproductive Health Care Practitioners In North Carolina After The Dobbs Decision, Arwyn Lapella Jul 2026

Experiences Of Reproductive Health Care Practitioners In North Carolina After The Dobbs Decision, Arwyn Lapella

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Since the Supreme Court of the United States made the decision to overturn Roe v. Wade, providing access to reproductive health care in the state of North Carolina has been a challenge for medical professionals. Findings from existing literature indicate that a lack of access to reproductive health care can have a negative impact on society from socioeconomics, food and home inequality, and other health care complications. The purpose of this study was to focus on the impacts that health care providers faced when providing care for those who live in the state of North Carolina since the Supreme Court’s …


The Impact Of Super Political Action Committee Spending On Abortion Legislation In A Post-Dobbs Era, Jeni Atchley Jul 2026

The Impact Of Super Political Action Committee Spending On Abortion Legislation In A Post-Dobbs Era, Jeni Atchley

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Super political action committee (Super PAC) spending has become a prominent feature of U.S. elections, yet limited research had examined how independent expenditures related to electoral success in competitive U.S. House races and whether that relationship varied by candidates’ abortion policy positions in the post-Dobbs era. Prior research has shown that Super PAC independent expenditures expanded sharply after Citizens United and can influence candidate visibility in competitive races, yet findings on whether that spending translates into electoral success have been mixed, and few studies had examined it in relation to candidates' abortion positions after Dobbs. The purpose of this correlational …