Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Business (698)
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (404)
- Medicine and Health Sciences (399)
- Education (254)
- Business Administration, Management, and Operations (253)
-
- Management Sciences and Quantitative Methods (243)
- Nursing (225)
- Organizational Behavior and Theory (163)
- Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration (154)
- Physical Sciences and Mathematics (128)
- Educational Administration and Supervision (120)
- Health and Medical Administration (115)
- Psychology (115)
- Public Policy (87)
- Computer Sciences (85)
- Public Administration (84)
- Databases and Information Systems (83)
- Arts and Humanities (72)
- Public Health (51)
- Finance and Financial Management (46)
- Environmental Sciences (43)
- Public Health Education and Promotion (43)
- Other Education (41)
- Sustainability (39)
- Sociology (38)
- Teacher Education and Professional Development (36)
- Communication (27)
- Entrepreneurial and Small Business Operations (24)
- Philosophy (23)
- Accounting (22)
- Keyword
-
- Leadership (216)
- Management (68)
- Strategies (45)
- Communication (41)
- Retention (41)
-
- Transformational Leadership (41)
- Turnover (30)
- Transformational leadership (29)
- Healthcare (28)
- Sustainability (28)
- Training (28)
- Employee Engagement (25)
- Nursing (25)
- Engagement (23)
- Innovation (23)
- Small Business (23)
- Burnout (22)
- Change management (22)
- Strategy (22)
- Information Technology (21)
- Organizational Change (21)
- Change (20)
- Job Satisfaction (18)
- Nonprofit (18)
- Small business (17)
- Employee engagement (16)
- Organizational culture (16)
- Project Management (16)
- Technology (16)
- Diversity (15)
Articles 571 - 600 of 1894
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Health Leadership And Management Practices That Support Accountability For Results, Peter Kayiira Byansi
Health Leadership And Management Practices That Support Accountability For Results, Peter Kayiira Byansi
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Although leaders are expected to nurture and sustain a culture of accountability for results, little is known about how health leaders in developing countries perceive, interpret, demonstrate, and promote accountability in their day-to-day practices. The purpose of this generic qualitative study was to explore the management and leadership practices that leaders of public and non-profit health support organizations in Uganda utilize to embody and support accountability for key stakeholders’ results. Data from in-depths interviews with 13 participants at the governance, senior management, and middle management levels were analysed using thematic data analysis. Riggio's conceptualization of using multiple perspectives and disciplines …
Succession Planning Strategies For Nonprofit Organizations, Chandler Campbell
Succession Planning Strategies For Nonprofit Organizations, Chandler Campbell
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Nonprofit organizations are cornerstones in the community that contribute to improving environments, communities, persons, and life overall. However, some nonprofit organization senior leaders lack the succession planning strategies, resources, and funding to continue serving as positive social change agents in the community. Grounded in the general systems theory, the purpose of this qualitative single case study was to explore business strategies nonprofit leaders use for succession planning. The participants included three senior leaders in a nonprofit located in the northeastern region of the United States who have indirectly or directly implemented succession planning strategies. Data were collected through semistructured interviews, …
The Relationship Between Customers’ Satisfaction And Trust In The Global Supply Chain And Profitability, Azeal Gilham
The Relationship Between Customers’ Satisfaction And Trust In The Global Supply Chain And Profitability, Azeal Gilham
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The inability to meet customer demands and expectations impacts an organization’s profitability. Understanding and meeting customer needs are critical for the financial success of business owners. Grounded in the theory of constraints, the purpose of this quantitative ex post facto study was to examine the relationships between customers’ satisfaction and trust in the supply chain and profitability. Secondary data (n = 121) were collected from the Elsevier Research Database using archival data collected from an automotive factory. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression, and the results were statistically significant, F (2, 118) = 264.347, p < .001, R2 = .90. In the final model, both predictor variables were significant, customers’ satisfaction: mean wait time (t = 22.991, p < .001, β = 16.23); and customers’ trust: minimum stock level (t = 7.306, p < .001, β = .118). A key recommendation is for business leaders to satisfy customers and gain their trust by creating sufficient inventory stocking levels and improving replenishment timeframes that meet customers’ supply chain demands. The implications for positive social change include the opportunity for supply chain managers to develop an effective supply chain that may contribute to the quality of service that promotes success in regional markets, sustain growth, and allows for social development among the local community workforces.
The Effect Of Public Budgeting Decisions And Tuition Costs On Student Graduation Outcomes In Michigan, Travis Charles Hadden
The Effect Of Public Budgeting Decisions And Tuition Costs On Student Graduation Outcomes In Michigan, Travis Charles Hadden
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
AbstractTuition costs for U.S. public universities have steadily risen in response to decreased state funding in the aftermath of the 2008 Great Recession. Researchers have studied the relationship between public budgeting and higher education but have not established the direct effects of budgeting decisions on student graduation outcomes. The purpose of this quantitative study was to understand why state funding has not kept up with tuition prices and how that affects student graduation rates. The effect of (a) tuition costs and (b) Michigan state funding for public universities on student outcomes was examined. Punctuated equilibrium theory and policy feedback theory, …
Leadership’S Impact On Employee Work Motivation And Performance, Tonia Marilu Joseph-Armstrong
Leadership’S Impact On Employee Work Motivation And Performance, Tonia Marilu Joseph-Armstrong
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
AbstractLeadership is a major factor in terms of motivating employees, leading to enhanced performance. A study was conducted to examine the influence of supervisory leadership style on employee work motivation and job performance in organizations, specifically in a K-12 school setting. The main goal was to determine if there is a relationship between type of leadership demonstrated by school administrators and its impact on the teaching staff’s motivation and performance. Data for this quantitative study were gathered and analyzed from various public and private schools and included a sample of 100 participants. The predictor variable leadership was assessed using the …
Professional Development Needs Of Early Childhood Educators Teaching Children With Challenging Behaviors, Latashia L. Kelly
Professional Development Needs Of Early Childhood Educators Teaching Children With Challenging Behaviors, Latashia L. Kelly
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
AbstractEarly childhood educators have struggled to teach children with challenging behaviors, which can lead to suspension and expulsion. Although early childhood educators have limited professional development training in challenging behaviors, they are often not equipped to teach children with challenging behaviors. There is little research on how early childhood educators perceive their current training regarding teaching children with challenging behaviors. Exploring early childhood educators’ perceptions can determine what they need to teach children with challenging behaviors for a thriving classroom environment. The purpose of this basic qualitative study was to better understand educators’ perceptions regarding the type of professional development …
Succession Planning Strategies In Polish Family-Owned Businesses, Jan Marcin Klaczak
Succession Planning Strategies In Polish Family-Owned Businesses, Jan Marcin Klaczak
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Family-owned businesses contribute to social and economic advancement, yet many business owners struggle with employing succession planning during intergenerational leadership transitions. Family business leaders are concerned with identifying effective succession planning strategies for the leadership transition to the next generation for business continuity. Grounded in Rothwell’s seven-step model for succession planning, the purpose of this qualitative multiple-case study was to explore succession planning strategies Polish family business leaders used for the leadership transition to the next generation. Three Polish family business leaders who successfully implemented succession planning in their organizations participated in the study. Data were collected through semistructured interviews, …
Executive Transition In Nonprofit Organizations, Gail Quincene Knight
Executive Transition In Nonprofit Organizations, Gail Quincene Knight
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Many nonprofit organizations lack strategies for succession planning and executive transitions. Without effective talent management and succession planning strategies, nonprofit organizations are in jeopardy of survival. The purpose of this multiple qualitative case study was to explore how nonprofit organizations in a southwestern state without a succession plan in place prepare for executive transition when an impending change is imminent. These multiple case studies were based on the conceptual framework of transition management. Identified through purposive sampling, 12 participants (two senior-level executives and two board members) from three nonprofit organizations in a southwestern state were interviewed using semi-structured questions. Also, …
Strategies For Emotional Intelligence Training For Improving Employee Performance, Dale Elizabeth Laing-Hall
Strategies For Emotional Intelligence Training For Improving Employee Performance, Dale Elizabeth Laing-Hall
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The nursing home industry's lack of emotional intelligence (EI) can negatively impact patient satisfaction and performance. Nursing home leaders who lack strategies to apply EI training to increase job satisfaction, reduce employee turnover, and improve interpersonal skills risk financial loss and business failure. Grounded in the EI framework, the purpose of this multiple qualitative case study was to explore strategies nursing home leaders use to apply EI training to reduce employee turnover, increase job satisfaction, and improve interpersonal skills for performance improvement. The participants comprised four nursing home leaders from multiple nursing homes in Florida who implemented strategies to reduce …
Future-Oriented Strategies That Small 501(C)(3) Nonprofit Organizations May Use To Support Financial Sustainability, Justine Lownsbury
Future-Oriented Strategies That Small 501(C)(3) Nonprofit Organizations May Use To Support Financial Sustainability, Justine Lownsbury
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The age of mortality for a nonprofit organization is between 6-15 years. The problem is that leaders of nonprofit organizations face challenges in financially sustaining nonprofit operations, which directly affects the ability to achieve and maintain the organizational mission. The purpose of this qualitative classical Delphi study was to explore how an expert panel of nine purposively selected U.S.-based stakeholders from small U.S.-based 501(c)(3) nonprofit organizations viewed the desirability, feasibility, and importance of future-oriented strategies to support financial sustainability. The research questions addressed this purpose. The conceptual framework was rooted in effective leadership, innovation, sustainability, and positive social change, as …
Perceptions Of Women Of Color Improving Patient Outcomes Through Hospital Leadership Advancement, Benita A. Mclarin
Perceptions Of Women Of Color Improving Patient Outcomes Through Hospital Leadership Advancement, Benita A. Mclarin
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Women of color have been underrepresented in hospital leadership positions and face challenges in advancing their careers. The benefit to hospitals providing women of color with training and support to move into leadership positions may be improved patient outcomes. Grounded in the interactional model of cultural diversity framework, the purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore the perceptions of women of color advancing in leadership roles in hospitals and their impact on patient outcomes. The study participants included 16 women of color in leadership positions from hospitals in a western U.S. state. Data were collected through semi structured …
Leadership Strategies To Prevent Unethical Employee Behavior, Gregory O'Donnell
Leadership Strategies To Prevent Unethical Employee Behavior, Gregory O'Donnell
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Preventing unethical employee behavior in the workplace is a key concern of business leaders. Business leaders are concerned that their businesses cannot prevent employee unethical behavior in the workplace. Grounded in the transformational leadership theory, the purpose of this qualitative multiple-case study was to explore leadership strategies that business leaders use to prevent unethical employee behavior in the workplace. Participants in this study comprised three business leaders from private sector organizations in the surrounding areas of San Antonio, Texas, who used strategies to prevent unethical behavior in the workplace. Data were collected from semi-structured interviews and company documents. Thematic analysis …
Development Of A Standardized Novice Neonatal Nurse Orientation Program, Joanne Rau Pasinski
Development Of A Standardized Novice Neonatal Nurse Orientation Program, Joanne Rau Pasinski
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Abstract Neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) are fast-paced units requiring skilled nurses to care for a unique patient population. Orientation of new nurses to the NICU can be challenging for both the orientee and the preceptor. Offering an evidence-based practice orientation program by an accredited organization that is specific to NICU can be a valuable tool for both the preceptor and the orientee as well as enhance nurse, patient, and organizational outcomes. The project question explored if use of the Association of Women’s Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses (AWHONN) 15-module nursing orientation program for RNs in a NICU increased their …
Reducing Opioid Prescribing By Using The Center For Disease Control Guidelines, Christina Marie Peters
Reducing Opioid Prescribing By Using The Center For Disease Control Guidelines, Christina Marie Peters
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Opioid abuse is a serious national health crisis resulting in overdose and increased mortality in chronic pain patients. The purpose of this evidenced-based, quality improvement (QI) project was to improve primary care provider’s (PCP) awareness of The Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) opioid prescribing guidelines to reduce opioid prescribing at this project site. The Donabedian model of structure, process, and outcome was used as the framework for this QI project. Lewin’s change management model of unfreezing and freezing was used as a guide to implement organization change by creating problem awareness, seeking alternative methods, and integrating the new …
Strategies For Promoting Inclusion And Employee Engagement To Improve Remote Teams’ Performance, Bruce Edward Richardson
Strategies For Promoting Inclusion And Employee Engagement To Improve Remote Teams’ Performance, Bruce Edward Richardson
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
External factors such as the pandemic have forced organizational leaders to embrace flexible work structures. Differences in remote versus collocated workplaces escalate the importance for company leaders to uncover strategies to maintain employee engagement and performance. Grounded in the organizational support theory, the purpose of this qualitative multiple-case study was to explore strategies leaders of remote, diverse teams with high engagement and inclusion use to achieve high team performance. Data were collected using semistructured interviews from a purposeful sampling of five nationally distributed managers. A thematic analysis uncovered three themes: flexible leadership behavior, fair execution of human resource policy and …
Influence Of Staffing Shortages On Safety And Communication In Behavioral Health, Raven Brittany Robinson
Influence Of Staffing Shortages On Safety And Communication In Behavioral Health, Raven Brittany Robinson
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
At the selected behavioral health organization (BHO), leaders desire to improve patient safety and staff communication to provide quality mental health services. They need strategies to achieve these goals. The Baldrige Excellence Framework was used to identify the workforce challenges and practices that facility leaders can potentially use to improve performance to help achieve success, sustainability, and the mission of the BHO. The data sources consisted of (a) semistructured interviews with the CEO, the leader of the intake department, an intake therapist, an intake coordinator, and an RN and (b) reviews of the BHO’s website, and pertinent academic literature. Data …
Strategies Leaders Of Small Businesses Use To Improve Organizational Performance, Julie Charette
Strategies Leaders Of Small Businesses Use To Improve Organizational Performance, Julie Charette
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Small businesses significantly contribute to the global economy, yet some leaders need more strategies to improve organizational performance, growth, and competitive advantage. These barriers can create challenges that threaten the survival of the organization in a competitive business environment. Grounded in Argyris’s single- and double-loop learning theory, the purpose of this qualitative single case study was to explore strategies leaders of small businesses used to improve organizational performance, growth, and competitive advantage. The participants comprised three senior leaders of a small for-profit organization in the natural hair care industry in the Northeastern region of the United States. Data were collected …
Retention Strategies For Managers Of Generation Y Employees, Michael Askari
Retention Strategies For Managers Of Generation Y Employees, Michael Askari
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Employee turnover may lead to increased business costs, degradation of employee mental health, and more taxes on social programs. Managers of Generation Y employees are concerned with turnover because Generation Y employees tend to leave within 12 months of being hired. Grounded in the job embeddedness theory, the purpose of this qualitative multiple-case study was to explore management retention strategies to reduce Generation Y turnover. The participants were six managers of Generation Y employees from six retail businesses who successfully retained employees for more than 12 months. Data were collected using semistructured interviews, journal notes, and a review of public …
An Examination Of Counselor Turnover And Its Impact On Quality Behavioral Health Services, Leslie M. Beale
An Examination Of Counselor Turnover And Its Impact On Quality Behavioral Health Services, Leslie M. Beale
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Behavioral health organizations often face the challenge of high employee turnover rates, which can critically affect their ability to treat mental illnesses successfully. High counselor turnover at one such organization, BHOX, threatens the provision of timely access to quality mental care. This qualitative case study examined counselor turnover and its impact on the quality of behavioral health services. The Baldrige Excellence Framework was used to guide this descriptive case study of a nonprofit behavioral health organization on the East Coast of the United States, which serves men and women struggling with mental health disorders and substance abuse addictions. The data …
How Healthcare Big Data Analytics Information Asymmetry Influences Organizational Design Absorptive Choices, Neil Black
How Healthcare Big Data Analytics Information Asymmetry Influences Organizational Design Absorptive Choices, Neil Black
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Although the relationship between big data analytics (BDA) organizational, firm, and financial performance is well supported, little attention has been paid in extant research to exploring the organizational design issues resulting from information asymmetry caused by BDA; in particular, organizational absorptive choices that include acquisitions, mergers, reorganization, executive changes, or board of director adjustments. The purpose of this qualitative single case study within a U.S. hospital was to explore the conditions and circumstances that influence absorptive organizational design choices of hospital administration. The theoretical base of this study is Pfeffer and Salancik’s resource dependence theory (RDT). Logic model data analysis …
How Healthcare Big Data Analytics Information Asymmetry Influences Organizational Design Absorptive Choices, Neil Black
How Healthcare Big Data Analytics Information Asymmetry Influences Organizational Design Absorptive Choices, Neil Black
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Although the relationship between big data analytics (BDA) organizational, firm, and financial performance is well supported, little attention has been paid in extant research to exploring the organizational design issues resulting from information asymmetry caused by BDA; in particular, organizational absorptive choices that include acquisitions, mergers, reorganization, executive changes, or board of director adjustments. The purpose of this qualitative single case study within a U.S. hospital was to explore the conditions and circumstances that influence absorptive organizational design choices of hospital administration. The theoretical base of this study is Pfeffer and Salancik’s resource dependence theory (RDT). Logic model data analysis …
Future-Oriented Strategies That Small 501(C)(3) Nonprofit Organizations May Use To Support Financial Sustainability, Justine Lownsbury
Future-Oriented Strategies That Small 501(C)(3) Nonprofit Organizations May Use To Support Financial Sustainability, Justine Lownsbury
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The age of mortality for a nonprofit organization is between 6-15 years. The problem is that leaders of nonprofit organizations face challenges in financially sustaining nonprofit operations, which directly affects the ability to achieve and maintain the organizational mission. The purpose of this qualitative classical Delphi study was to explore how an expert panel of nine purposively selected U.S.-based stakeholders from small U.S.-based 501(c)(3) nonprofit organizations viewed the desirability, feasibility, and importance of future-oriented strategies to support financial sustainability. The research questions addressed this purpose. The conceptual framework was rooted in effective leadership, innovation, sustainability, and positive social change, as …
Perceptions Of Women Of Color Improving Patient Outcomes Through Hospital Leadership Advancement, Benita A. Mclarin
Perceptions Of Women Of Color Improving Patient Outcomes Through Hospital Leadership Advancement, Benita A. Mclarin
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Women of color have been underrepresented in hospital leadership positions and face challenges in advancing their careers. The benefit to hospitals providing women of color with training and support to move into leadership positions may be improved patient outcomes. Grounded in the interactional model of cultural diversity framework, the purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore the perceptions of women of color advancing in leadership roles in hospitals and their impact on patient outcomes. The study participants included 16 women of color in leadership positions from hospitals in a western U.S. state. Data were collected through semi structured …
Comparison Of The Effects Of Telehealth Versus N95 On Nurse-Patient Communication, Tony Christopher Bloomfield
Comparison Of The Effects Of Telehealth Versus N95 On Nurse-Patient Communication, Tony Christopher Bloomfield
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Telehealth and face masks are some of the infection control measures nurses use while attending to patients. Nurses provide the most patient care in hospital settings and thus spend the most time with patients in their recovery journey. Because communication is paramount to the role nurses play as health care professionals, there is a substantial need to investigate how infection control measures affect the quality of nurse-patient communication. The purpose of this quantitative cross-sectional study was to describe the relationship of methods aimed at maintaining social distancing between nurses and patients to nurse-patient communication and to compare differences in the …
Sharing Strategies Between Higher Education Administrators And Their Information Technology Leaders, Larita Brewster
Sharing Strategies Between Higher Education Administrators And Their Information Technology Leaders, Larita Brewster
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Some senior administrators in higher education institutions lack strategies to share leadership decision-making with their information technology (IT) leaders in the quest to sustain and improve organizational performance, which is often of concern to leverage technology and improve organizational performance. Grounded in the Bolman and Deal four-frame model of leadership, the purpose of this qualitative, multiple-case study was to explore strategies used at four higher education institutions by four IT leaders and four senior administrators, to improve organizational performance in Alabama. The participants were four higher education senior administrators and four IT leaders in Alabaman higher educational institutions. Data were …
Succession Planning Strategies For Nonprofit Organizations, Chandler Campbell
Succession Planning Strategies For Nonprofit Organizations, Chandler Campbell
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Nonprofit organizations are cornerstones in the community that contribute to improving environments, communities, persons, and life overall. However, some nonprofit organization senior leaders lack the succession planning strategies, resources, and funding to continue serving as positive social change agents in the community. Grounded in the general systems theory, the purpose of this qualitative single case study was to explore business strategies nonprofit leaders use for succession planning. The participants included three senior leaders in a nonprofit located in the northeastern region of the United States who have indirectly or directly implemented succession planning strategies. Data were collected through semistructured interviews, …
Relationship Between Employee Human Capital, Relational Capital, And Work Engagement, Royelle David Comer Sr.
Relationship Between Employee Human Capital, Relational Capital, And Work Engagement, Royelle David Comer Sr.
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Work engagement is a challenge for information technology leaders in the digital industry because employees with engagement concerns may exhibit decreased commitment and increased workplace incivility towards the organization, thereby impacting business profits. Grounded in the job demands-resource theory, the purpose of this quantitative correlational study was to examine the relationship between human capital, relational capital, and work engagement initiatives in technology companies in the United States. The participants were 125 supervisors and full-time personnel from the metropolitan region of Atlanta, Georgia, who completed an online-based survey. The results of the multiple linear regression were significant, F (18, 106) = …
Strategies For Maximizing The Use Of Electronic Health Records Systems In Medical Clinics, Alexandra Nieves Rivera
Strategies For Maximizing The Use Of Electronic Health Records Systems In Medical Clinics, Alexandra Nieves Rivera
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Ineffective leadership can negatively impact the use of electronic health records (EHR) systems in medical clinics. Healthcare managers who fail to maximize the use of EHR systems are missing out on the opportunity to optimize the quality of medical care that their clinic provides. Grounded in complexity leadership theory, the purpose of this qualitative multiple-case study was to explore strategies healthcare managers use to maximize the use of EHRs systems. Participants comprised six healthcare managers who successfully implemented strategies to maximize the use of EHRs systems. Data were collected from semistructured interviews and publicly available information. Thematic analysis was used …
Experience Of Burnout Among Psychiatric Hospital Staff, Cindy Cisneros
Experience Of Burnout Among Psychiatric Hospital Staff, Cindy Cisneros
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Negative experiences at work are common at inpatient psychiatric hospitals and can result in burnout. This is especially the case for psychiatric hospital staff, as they are commonly the first and most frequent line of contact for patients in acute psychiatric care. This study provided relevant insight into the factors that influence the experience of burnout among psychiatric hospital staff that care for patients in inpatient psychiatric hospitals. Research on how burnout affects psychiatric hospital staff apart from other medical professionals is not robust and lacking in qualitative analysis. The transactional model of stress and coping framework constituted the theoretical …
Small Business Internal Control System Strategies To Protect Business Assets And Profitability, Edward Gabriel Earl Kuupualeialoha Keaunui
Small Business Internal Control System Strategies To Protect Business Assets And Profitability, Edward Gabriel Earl Kuupualeialoha Keaunui
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The absence of financial expertise and internal control systems contributes to losing business assets and profitability. Small business leaders who lack internal control systems and strategies to protect against the financial loss of business assets and profitability may be vulnerable and suffer losses. Grounded in the Committee of the Sponsoring Organization of the Treadway Commission (COSO) internal control-integrated framework, this qualitative multiple-case study explores internal control system strategies that small business leaders use to protect business assets and profitability. The participants were five small business leaders from the Western region of the United States who have successfully operated for over …