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Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

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Small Business Leaders’ Strategies To Improve Employee Retention By Increasing Flexible Work Arrangements, Allen M. Looney Jun 2025

Small Business Leaders’ Strategies To Improve Employee Retention By Increasing Flexible Work Arrangements, Allen M. Looney

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Employee retention is a critical challenge for small business leaders in the finance and insurance sector. These leaders are concerned with identifying effective strategies to retain employees to avoid turnover costs and maintain operational stability. Grounded in transformational leadership theory, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry study was to identify and explore effective flexible-work-arrangement (FWA) strategies that small business leaders in the finance and insurance sector used to retain employees. The participants included six small business leaders in the finance and insurance sector in the Southeast United States with successful experiences using such strategies. Data were collected from semistructured …


Crisis Management Strategies For Sustaining Small Business Operations And Profitability During Unexpected Events, Dr. Brandy Marie Jones Jun 2025

Crisis Management Strategies For Sustaining Small Business Operations And Profitability During Unexpected Events, Dr. Brandy Marie Jones

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Small business leaders face financial and logistical challenges during crises, such as economic downturns, natural disasters, and supply chain disruptions. This issue is critical for small business owners and policymakers, as effective crisis management ensures economic stability and community resilience. Grounded in situational crisis communications theory, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to identify and explore effective crisis management strategies that small business leaders use to remain operational and profitable during unexpected events. The participants were seven small business leaders in Dallas, Texas who used effective crisis management strategies to remain profitable during unexpected events. Datum was collected …


Digital Transformation Strategies Used By Church Leaders To Increase Revenues And Meet Budgetary Goals, Lee Riley Jun 2025

Digital Transformation Strategies Used By Church Leaders To Increase Revenues And Meet Budgetary Goals, Lee Riley

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Ineffective strategies to use digital transformation to increase revenues and meet budgetary goals can negatively impact small rural church leadership capabilities. Small rural church leaders who struggle to increase revenues and meet budgetary goals are at high risk of business instability. Grounded in the diffusion of innovations theory, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to identify and explore effective digital transformation strategies used by small rural church leaders to increase revenues and meet budgetary goals. Participants were eight small rural church leaders who had effectively used digital transformation to increase revenues and meet budgetary goals. Data were collected …


Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence And Well-Being Among New York Police Department Law Enforcement Agents, La’Lisa Scudder Jun 2025

Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence And Well-Being Among New York Police Department Law Enforcement Agents, La’Lisa Scudder

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The problem this quantitative study addressed was police officers’ willingness to use organizational help-seeking interventions and rely on organizational support to mitigate operational and organizational stress. Previous literature discussed how officers engaged in different maladaptive coping behaviors as a result of work related stressor or low well-being, divorce, depression, prescription drug abuse, alcoholism, and suicide. The purpose of this quantitative correlational cross-sectional study was to examine the relationship between emotional intelligence and well-being among law enforcement agents and examine agents’ willingness to use organizational-based intervention services. The organizational support theory and the social exchange theory provided the theoretical framework for …


Exploring Educator Psychological Capital Through Participation In A Coordinated School Violence Prevention Approach, Stephanie Lorraine Neff Jun 2025

Exploring Educator Psychological Capital Through Participation In A Coordinated School Violence Prevention Approach, Stephanie Lorraine Neff

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This study is a description of how educators’ participation in a coordinated approach to violence prevention contributed to employee wellness and school climate. Using principles of psychological capital (PsyCap) theory, archival focus group and interview data were used to describe educator experiences during implementation of a 3-year coordinated approach to school violence in a mid-sized public school district. Findings of the analysis revealed consistent references to feelings of hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism throughout the study, but with slight shifts in frequency each year based on both internal (i.e. skill development, relationship-building), and external (i.e. administrative support, policy directives, broader …


Managing Values-Based Purchasing In School Nutrition Programs, Laura Lee Benavidez Jun 2025

Managing Values-Based Purchasing In School Nutrition Programs, Laura Lee Benavidez

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

School nutrition managers face the challenge of balancing values-based purchasing (VBP) with maintaining student participation and budgetary stability. While VBP integrates sustainability, environmental impact, and animal safety, these priorities may sometimes compete with traditional goals, such as cost efficiency and meal accessibility. Grounded in program evaluation theory, the purpose of this mixed methods explanatory sequential study was to examine how school food service managers implement VPB, integrating procurement and nutrition transparency while managing participation and costs. The quantitative phase focused on participation trends, cost structures, and procurement metrics across diverse school districts to establish a foundation for understanding VBP’s measurable …


Enhancing Nurse Retention In Acute Care Hospitals By Creating An Environment Supportive Of Evidence-Based Practice, Vanessa Roxana Funes May 2025

Enhancing Nurse Retention In Acute Care Hospitals By Creating An Environment Supportive Of Evidence-Based Practice, Vanessa Roxana Funes

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

High nurse turnover rates in acute care hospitals negatively impact operations, increase turnover-related costs, and worsen organizational performance. Developing solutions for healthcare administrators to create environments supportive of evidence-based practice (EBP) can yield positive nurse outcomes, including reducing nurse turnover and increasing retention. This integrative review includes strategies to execute a system-wide environment supportive of EBP as an efficient strategy to reduce nurse turnover and increase retention in acute care hospitals. Using the advancing research and clinical practice through close collaboration (ARCC) model as a guiding framework and the Johns Hopkins evidence-based model as a tool to evaluate evidence, empirical …


Assessing The Influence Of Core Transformational Leadership Style On Job Satisfaction And Organizational Citizenship Behavior In A Rural Healthcare Facility, Bruce Daryl Mitchell May 2025

Assessing The Influence Of Core Transformational Leadership Style On Job Satisfaction And Organizational Citizenship Behavior In A Rural Healthcare Facility, Bruce Daryl Mitchell

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The successful application of core transformational leadership (CTL) in healthcare may enhance the quality of patient care and foster a positive and optimistic workforce. As such, CTL may be linked with job satisfaction (JS) and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). There was a knowledge gap in understanding CTL’s relation to JS and OCB. In this quantitative study, the influence of the predictor variable CTL on the dependent variables JS and OCB was examined. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs provided a theoretical lens for the investigation. The secondary data set included data from 221 participants: 37 physicians, 111 nurses, and 73 other workforce …


Leadership Perspectives On Clinical Staff Turnover In A Behavioral Health Organization, Carla Evans May 2025

Leadership Perspectives On Clinical Staff Turnover In A Behavioral Health Organization, Carla Evans

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Clinical staff turnover is a persistent challenge within behavioral health organizations (BHOs), impacting service continuity, staff morale, and client outcomes. The purpose of the case study was to understand the perspectives of behavioral health leaders (BHLs) regarding clinical staff turnover and their adaptive strategies and approaches to sustaining organizational continuity. The study was grounded in the Baldrige Excellence Framework criteria to examine leadership practices, core values of visionary leadership, workforce engagement, agility, and operational sustainability. Data were collected from semi-structured interviews with BHLs and administrative data from a BHO located on the U.S. East Coast. Thematic analysis involved identifying patterns …


Age, Race, Religious Commitment, And Fertility Quality Of Life, Dana L. Ward May 2025

Age, Race, Religious Commitment, And Fertility Quality Of Life, Dana L. Ward

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Infertility is a major health issue that impacts an individual’s physical, social and mental well-being. Women who are childless due to infertility experience a reduced fertility quality of life. Quality of life is directly related to an individual’s overall well-being and happiness. Using family systems theory, this quantitative research study aimed to answer how age, race, and religious commitment influence the fertility quality of life in women aged 25 to 50 who are involuntarily childless due to infertility. Data were collected from 132 participants using a demographic survey, The Religious Commitment Inventory (RCI-10), and the Fertility Quality of Life Survey …


Leadership Strategies To Decrease Resistance To Structural Changes Within A Healthcare Organization, Alicia J. Myers May 2025

Leadership Strategies To Decrease Resistance To Structural Changes Within A Healthcare Organization, Alicia J. Myers

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This single case study is an exploration of the necessary leadership skills to reduce resistance to organizational changes. Behavioral health leaders (BHLs) frequently implement changes, and poor execution can result in employee burnout, increased turnover, and decreased productivity. The participant population in this study included five BHLs in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The study included the use of the Baldrige excellence framework as an evidenced-based model to evaluate organizational systems. Data were collected primarily through semistructured interviews and were supplemented by information collected in organizational documents. When the data were analyzed, the emerging themes were communication gaps, …


Prearrival Phone Call Initiative To Decrease Procedural Cancellations And Delays, Fazali Nkoloma May 2025

Prearrival Phone Call Initiative To Decrease Procedural Cancellations And Delays, Fazali Nkoloma

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This doctor of nursing practice project evaluation of an organizational quality improvement initiative focused on evaluating the effectiveness of implementing a prearrival phone call process for interventional radiology patients scheduled for procedures requiring moderate sedation or anesthesia. Adherence to NPO guidelines is crucial for patient safety before moderate sedation and anesthesia. The practice problem identified was the number of procedures that were canceled or delayed because of patient nonadherence with NPO guidelines. The practice-focused question that guided this project was, Can the implementation of prearrival phone calls in the preprocedural radiology surgical services help improve patient adherence with NPO protocol …


Workplace Mobbing, Job Satisfaction, And Intent To Leave The Information Technology Industry, Sherry Elaine Baker-Thompson May 2025

Workplace Mobbing, Job Satisfaction, And Intent To Leave The Information Technology Industry, Sherry Elaine Baker-Thompson

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Some information technology leaders are increasingly concerned about employees’ intent to leave their organizations, as it contributes to higher turnover rates, increased recruitment costs, and potential disruptions to project continuity and service delivery. Grounded in affective events theory, the purpose of this quantitative correlational study was to examine the relationship between workplace mobbing, job satisfaction, and the intent to leave the information technology industry. The study surveyed 101 information technology employees residing in the United States who had experienced workplace mobbing. The participants completed the Negative Acts Questionnaire, the Job Satisfaction Questionnaire, and the Turnover Intention Questionnaire. Results from a …


Relationship Between Transformational Leadership And Employee Satisfaction In The Nigerian Natural Gas Industry, Andrew Ajinde Omomehin May 2025

Relationship Between Transformational Leadership And Employee Satisfaction In The Nigerian Natural Gas Industry, Andrew Ajinde Omomehin

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Nigeria’s natural gas sector is economically vital but faces ongoing workforce productivity and satisfaction issues. Despite insecurity, pipeline vandalism, and corruption, the Nigerian natural gas industry has low employee job satisfaction. Organizational leaders need to understand this social problem and its negative effect on the local economy. The purpose of this nonexperimental quantitative correlational study was to examine the relationship between employee perceptions of their manager’s transformational leadership dimensions and job satisfaction in the Nigerian natural gas industry. The dimensions are idealized influence-attribute and behavior, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration. The transformational leadership and social exchange theories grounded …


Postpandemic Perspectives Of Teleassessments In Clinical Psychology, Jacklin B. Cardentey May 2025

Postpandemic Perspectives Of Teleassessments In Clinical Psychology, Jacklin B. Cardentey

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Teleassessments gained prominence as a viable means of conducting psychological assessments in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study was an exploration of teleassessment use catalyzed by the pandemic, with a focus on the postpandemic era. The aim was to identify the factors influencing perceptions and strategies used in effective postpandemic teleassessment adoption, including factors that influence licensed psychologists’ perceptions of effective teleassessments and strategies adopted to maintain quality practices since face-to-face restrictions were lifted. The significance of this inquiry extended to various stakeholders, including mental health care practitioners, policymakers, and the public, all of whom have a vested …


Leadership In Quality Improvement In Academic Children’S Hospitals, Tiffany Enriquez May 2025

Leadership In Quality Improvement In Academic Children’S Hospitals, Tiffany Enriquez

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

To orient children’s academic leaders to basic competency in quality improvement (QI) practices, academic children’s hospitals must overcome leadership diversity deficits and prepare for QI practice readiness. Leadership is a key factor in enhancing patients’ care outcomes, though practice models do not allow for organizational advancements. The distributed leadership (DL) theory on leadership applies in contexts where the leadership role in QI is not solely centralized to a single individual but is decentralized and spread to include all parties involved. This paper sought to determine the effects of leadership on QI in children’s hospitals and further establish the best leadership …


Behavioral Health Leadership’S Role In Enhancing Family Reunification Success In Residential Care., Porscha Profitt May 2025

Behavioral Health Leadership’S Role In Enhancing Family Reunification Success In Residential Care., Porscha Profitt

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This qualitative case study examined the role of behavioral health leadership (BHL) in facilitating effective family reunification within residential treatment settings, focusing on Organization X in Northern California. The study addressed the persistent issue of high recidivism rates among youth with intellectual and co-occurring mental health disorders following discharge from therapeutic foster care. Using the Baldrige Excellence Framework as a guiding model, the research explored how BHLs assess reunification success, engage families, and navigate systemic and individual challenges that hinder sustainable transitions to home environments. Data collection involved semi-structured interviews with administrators and supplemented by organizational documents and reports. Thematic …


Effective Strategies Remote Business Leaders Use For Monitoring And Improving Remote Employees’ Performance, Lama Najem May 2025

Effective Strategies Remote Business Leaders Use For Monitoring And Improving Remote Employees’ Performance, Lama Najem

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The shift to remote work has created leadership challenges in communication, career development, performance monitoring, trust, and time management. Remote business leaders are increasingly concerned about maintaining employee engagement and productivity, as ineffective leadership strategies can result in disengagement, reduced performance, and higher turnover in virtual work environments. Grounded in transformational leadership theory, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to identify and explore effective strategies that remote business leaders used to support work-from-home employees and sustain organizational performance. The participants were eight remote team business leaders from the United States, Lebanon, and the United Arab Emirates. Data were …


Success Strategies Small Business Enterprise Leaders Use To Effectively Develop Resource Capabilities For Sustainable Growth, Denean Lear May 2025

Success Strategies Small Business Enterprise Leaders Use To Effectively Develop Resource Capabilities For Sustainable Growth, Denean Lear

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Small business leaders often lack effective strategies to develop resource capabilities essential for sustainable growth. This gap challenges their ability to navigate complex and uncertain business environments, which can lead to missed opportunities and long-term instability—making it a critical concern for leaders and entrepreneurs striving for organizational resilience and success. Grounded in the dynamic capabilities’ framework, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to explore strategies small business leaders used to develop resource capabilities for effective, sustainable growth. The participants were nine managers of social enterprise and nonprofit organizations from a cross-sector of industries in the Greater Philadelphia area, …


Developing Organizational Leaders’ Personal Mastery Through Emotional Intelligence Training In The Workplace: An Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis, Billie Bruce Relyea May 2025

Developing Organizational Leaders’ Personal Mastery Through Emotional Intelligence Training In The Workplace: An Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis, Billie Bruce Relyea

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Mayer and Salovey, seminal researchers of emotional intelligence (EI), indicated that the ability measures of EI are still evolving, and the mental abilities involved in EI remain to be determined. Organizational leaders should understand this intention as the key to developing EI and personal mastery, resting firmly upon attaining accurate self-awareness as a prerequisite for human behavior. The purpose of this interpretive phenomenological analysis was to gain an understanding of the socially constructed realities of the lived experiences of organizational leaders and organizational development specialists who have completed Ennea International’s 5 Lens Development Platform (5LDP). Bandura’s social cognitive theory grounded …


Enhancing Strategies For Government Partnerships To Meet Organizational Goals And Objectives, Nuela Uche Umeh May 2025

Enhancing Strategies For Government Partnerships To Meet Organizational Goals And Objectives, Nuela Uche Umeh

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Organization X’s mission to strengthen legal rights and rehabilitate inmates involves effective collaboration with government entities. Organization X struggled to build strong partnerships with government agencies, limiting its ability to provide legal aid and rehabilitation services to marginalized inmates and victims of human rights violations. The purpose of this study was to use a SWOT analysis to explore the challenges and opportunities in government partnerships, aiming to identify barriers and recommend strategies to strengthen collaboration, build staff capacity, and enhance service delivery. Guided by four research questions, the study examined barriers and opportunities in government partnerships. Data were collected through …


Examining The Relationship Between Leadership Styles, Staff Performance, And Staff Retention In Medication-Assisted Treatment, Chauncey Manique Tims May 2025

Examining The Relationship Between Leadership Styles, Staff Performance, And Staff Retention In Medication-Assisted Treatment, Chauncey Manique Tims

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This case study examines the influence of leadership styles on employee retention and performance in medication-assisted treatment (MAT) facilities located in the southeastern United States, with a focus on facilities treating patients with severe opioid use disorder (F11.20). Using the Baldrige Excellence Framework, the study explores how different leadership approaches impact the work environment, employee satisfaction, and retention. Data were collected through semi structured interviews with six clinic directors, one regional clinical supervisor, and one regional director, as well as a review of organizational archival records and a literature review. The analysis revealed several key findings: (a) staff licensure requirements …


Reducing Medical Supplies Waste By Managing Healthcare Resources In A Clinical Setting In The United States: Lessons Learned From The Covid-19 Pandemic, Chiatuogu Anna Ukaga May 2025

Reducing Medical Supplies Waste By Managing Healthcare Resources In A Clinical Setting In The United States: Lessons Learned From The Covid-19 Pandemic, Chiatuogu Anna Ukaga

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The gap in practice identified for my DNP capstone project is reducing medical supplies waste by managing healthcare resources in a clinic setting in the United States of America. The Organizational Change Process (OCP) Evaluation project assessed a tracking and exchange system to track the inventory of supplies used in different worksite clinics and their expiration dates. Knowledge of the expiration dates enabled exchange or shift to high-utilization areas before the supplies expired, thereby reducing waste, costs, and environmental pollution. The healthcare organization was a mix of ambulatory clinics and hospitals of varying scopes and sizes. The small clinics served …


Examining Hospital Mergers And Acquisitions From A Supply Chain Perspective: Applications For Public Hospitals In Louisiana, Jamar O'Neal Powell May 2025

Examining Hospital Mergers And Acquisitions From A Supply Chain Perspective: Applications For Public Hospitals In Louisiana, Jamar O'Neal Powell

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Public hospitals undergoing mergers and acquisitions (M&As) often encounter complex supply chain challenges that disrupt operations, decrease efficiency, and jeopardize financial sustainability. Ineffective post-merger integration may result in increased costs, lower employee performance, and diminished patient satisfaction. The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine whether key post-merger supply chain strategies: supply chain integration, vendor consolidation, inventory rationalization, and healthcare landscape evolution (independent variables) were significantly associated with hospital performance outcomes: supply chain efficiency, employee performance, employee satisfaction, patient care experiences, and financial efficiency (dependent variables). Grounded in organizational change theory, this study utilized a secondary data analysis design …


Faculty Perceptions Of Challenges To Faculty Retention In Workforce Training Programs At A Higher Education Center In The Southern United States, Brea Terry May 2025

Faculty Perceptions Of Challenges To Faculty Retention In Workforce Training Programs At A Higher Education Center In The Southern United States, Brea Terry

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The problem addressed in this study is the challenges of retaining faculty in the workforce training program division at a higher education center in the southern United States. The purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore faculty perceptions regarding challenges to faculty retention in the workforce training program division at a higher education center in the southern United States and their recommendations for improved faculty retention. The conceptual framework that supported the study was Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory. Data were collected through semistructured interviews with eight full-time workforce training faculty members who had been employed with the …


Increasing Diversity, Equity, And Inclusion Among C-Suite Executives In Non-Profit Rural Hospitals, Veaunka Gulley May 2025

Increasing Diversity, Equity, And Inclusion Among C-Suite Executives In Non-Profit Rural Hospitals, Veaunka Gulley

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Rural hospital health systems in the United States provide different services to rural communities, such as serving vulnerable populations, providing better access to healthcare, and contributing to the overall health of the community. Ninety percent of nonprofit CEOs are White, and 90% of nonprofit board members are White. This integrative review aimed to explore evidence of strategies to implement, promote, and increase DEI representation among C-suite executives in rural health systems. Twenty-five articles published between 2018 and 2024 were selected based on words used across the databases which included rural health*, hospital*, diversity*, and equity*. Literature containing the inclusion criteria …


Organization Change Process Initiative Recurrent Emergency Room Visits By Mental Health And Substance Use Patients, Julie Marie Tucker Apr 2025

Organization Change Process Initiative Recurrent Emergency Room Visits By Mental Health And Substance Use Patients, Julie Marie Tucker

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The rising rates of patients diagnosed with mental health and substance use disorders (MHSUD) signify a critical national crisis, worsened by the COVID-19 pandemic, as reported by the United States Department of Health and Human Services. This increase has reduced access to essential resources and treatment options, resulting in overcrowded emergency rooms (ER) and extended wait times. Addressing these issues is vital for nursing practice, as they significantly influence patient care and health outcomes, especially for vulnerable populations. This doctoral project explores whether an organizational change designed to raise awareness of updated community resources impacts MHSUD patient visits to the …


Leadership Strategies For Employee Engagement And Retention In Behavioral Health Organizations, Nneka Grace Slater Apr 2025

Leadership Strategies For Employee Engagement And Retention In Behavioral Health Organizations, Nneka Grace Slater

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Healthcare business leaders encounter significant challenges related to employee engagement and retention across the United States. These healthcare business leaders are increasingly concerned with developing effective leadership strategies that promote employee engagement and ensure retention for periods extending beyond 5 years for improved organizational performance. Grounded in participative theory, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to explore strategies business owners use to minimize employees’ intent to leave. The participants included six behavioral healthcare leaders in Monroe, Louisiana, United States, who successfully implemented strategies to engage and retain their employees for at least 5 years. Data were collected using …


Effective Followership And Successful Leadership In Small And Medium Enterprises In The Middle East, Kayan Alameh Apr 2025

Effective Followership And Successful Leadership In Small And Medium Enterprises In The Middle East, Kayan Alameh

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Effective leadership has long been recognized as a critical factor in organizational success, yet the role of followership remains underexplored. The purpose of this quantitative quasi-experimental study was to examine the relationship between effective followership and successful leadership within small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the Middle East. Followership theory, transformational leadership theory, and organizational culture theory grounded this study. The participants comprised 192 employees working in SMEs across the Middle East who completed the implicit followership theories scale developed by Thomas Sy to measure followership effectiveness. Leadership success was determined based on whether leaders achieved at least 80% of …


Nonprofit Leader Strategies To Retain First-Time Charitable Donors, Regina Goodrum Williams Apr 2025

Nonprofit Leader Strategies To Retain First-Time Charitable Donors, Regina Goodrum Williams

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

First-time donor retention remains a significant concern for nonprofit organizations, especially from rural nonprofit business leaders striving to maintain financial sustainability. These leaders care about identifying effective marketing strategies to retain first-time donors, as low retention threatens both their funding stability and their capacity to serve their communities. Grounded in single- and double-loop learning theory, the purpose of this qualitative multiple case study was to explore marketing strategies rural nonprofit business leaders use to retain first-time donors to achieve financial sustainability. The participants included four different charitable nonprofit business leaders in South Georgia and South Carolina with successful experiences in …