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Articles 1 - 30 of 1377
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High School Teachers' Experiences Working With Latino Immigrant Students Who Have Experienced Trauma, Collette Marie Jiménez Serra
High School Teachers' Experiences Working With Latino Immigrant Students Who Have Experienced Trauma, Collette Marie Jiménez Serra
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Latino immigrant students in U.S. public high schools are disproportionately exposed to trauma related to migration experiences, family separation, poverty, and acculturative stress, yet many teachers report feeling underprepared to address students’ trauma-related needs in culturally responsive ways. Limited research has examined high school teachers’ lived experiences implementing trauma-informed practices with Latino immigrant students, particularly from teachers’ own perspectives. The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to explore high school teachers’ lived experiences implementing trauma-informed practices with Latino immigrant students, including their perceptions of preparedness and the factors influencing implementation. Guided by principles of trauma-informed care (TIC) and relational-cultural …
Urban Secondary Teachers’ Perspectives On Their Experiences With Ai-Generated Lesson Plans To Support Instructional Practices, Jennifer Amend
Urban Secondary Teachers’ Perspectives On Their Experiences With Ai-Generated Lesson Plans To Support Instructional Practices, Jennifer Amend
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Urban secondary schools are increasingly encouraged to integrate AI tools into instructional planning. The problem many teachers remain uncertain about the effectiveness of AI-generated lesson plans. Grounded in Hall and Hord’s concerns-based adoption model, the purpose of this project study was to explore urban secondary teachers’ perspectives of their successes, challenges, and resource needs related to the use of AI-generated lesson plans to support instructional practices at PUHS. For this basic qualitative design, data were collected through semistructured interviews with 11 secondary teachers and analyzed using first-cycle coding and second-cycle pattern coding. Six themes emerged: AI as an Efficiency and …
Teachers’ Perceptions Of The Challenges Related To Science Vocabulary Instruction In Wyoming Elementary Schools, Alexis Barney
Teachers’ Perceptions Of The Challenges Related To Science Vocabulary Instruction In Wyoming Elementary Schools, Alexis Barney
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Science vocabulary supports conceptual understanding, engagement in scientific discourse, and achievement across content areas. The problem addressed in this study was Wyoming’s low literacy and science performance, as indicated by standardized and national test scores, highlighting the critical need for improved vocabulary instruction to close gaps in content-specific terminology that hindered elementary students’ understanding and achievement. The purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore Wyoming elementary science teachers’ perceptions of challenges, instructional strategies, and recommendations for improving science vocabulary instruction. Guided by Vygotsky’s (1978) constructivist theory and the concept of the zone of proximal development, the study included …
Fractured Identities: Military–Civilian Dissonance And The Well-Being Of Women Veterans, Melissa D. Smith
Fractured Identities: Military–Civilian Dissonance And The Well-Being Of Women Veterans, Melissa D. Smith
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
For many women leaving military service, the path to civilian life involves a fundamental renegotiation of identity. Gender-specific pressures, institutional norms, and fractured belonging compound reintegration, yet the lived experiences of women veterans navigating competing identities remain underexplored. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to understand the lived experiences of women veterans at least 5 years postdischarge who struggled with identity dissonance between their military and civilian identities. The study was informed by reculturation theory. Seven women veterans participated in semistructured interviews, and data were analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis, revealing five themes: institutions, culture, and unequal …
From Service To Start-Up: Personality Prediction Of Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation In Female Veterans And Current Service Members, Carolyn Flinn Gaskill
From Service To Start-Up: Personality Prediction Of Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation In Female Veterans And Current Service Members, Carolyn Flinn Gaskill
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The entrepreneurial orientation of female veterans and current service members remains insufficiently understood despite their growing presence in the military and small-business sectors. Organizational leaders need to understand this concern as an important indicator of entrepreneurial potential, innovation capacity, and business development outcomes among women with military experience. Grounded in personality theory and the individual entrepreneurial orientation framework, this quantitative predictive correlational study examined whether the Big Five traits, individually and collectively, predicted individual entrepreneurial orientation (Ind-EO) among 135 U.S. female veterans and current female service members. They completed the Big Five Inventory-2 and the Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation Scale in …
Black American School Counselors’ Experiences Of Racial Discrimination In The Workplace, Tiffany Jackson
Black American School Counselors’ Experiences Of Racial Discrimination In The Workplace, Tiffany Jackson
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
While school counselors play a pivotal role in promoting equity and inclusion within educational institutions, they may experience systemic challenges themselves, particularly in predominantly White professional environments. The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study was to explore the experiences of Black American school counselors who experienced racial discrimination in the workplace and how they made meaning of those experiences. The research addressed the lived experiences of Black American school counselors who experienced racial discrimination in the workplace and how they make meaning of those experiences. The study was grounded in hermeneutic phenomenology and critical race theory. Six Black American school …
Strategies General Practitioners Use To Effectively Communicate Patient Cases To Medical Specialists In Saudi Arabia, Alshraefarana Alharthi
Strategies General Practitioners Use To Effectively Communicate Patient Cases To Medical Specialists In Saudi Arabia, Alshraefarana Alharthi
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Effective communication between general practitioners (GPs) and medical specialists is essential for reducing healthcare costs and improving continuity of care. Healthcare leaders are concerned that ineffective communication between GPs and specialists may contribute to delays in care, fragmented services, and inefficient use of healthcare resources. Grounded in relational coordination theory, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to explore the effective communication strategies used by six GPs in Saudi Arabia when communicating patient cases to medical specialists to reduce healthcare costs and improve the quality of patient care. The participants were six GPs in Saudi Arabia. Data were collected …
Visual Arts Teachers’ Perception Of Integrating Visual Arts To Help With Student Core Content Achievement, Amanda Munoz
Visual Arts Teachers’ Perception Of Integrating Visual Arts To Help With Student Core Content Achievement, Amanda Munoz
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The problem addressed in this study was that local school districts in Texas do not offer a visual arts-integrated curriculum despite the known academic and social-emotional benefits for K–12 students. The purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore the perceptions of Texas K–12 visual arts teachers regarding arts integration to enhance core content learning. Grounded in Gardner’s multiple intelligences theory, the research questions focused on teachers' perceptions of arts integration and their recommendations for implementation. Data were collected through semistructured interviews with 10 K–12 visual arts teachers in Texas who had at least 1 year of teaching experience. …
Navigating Sexuality In Therapy: Counselors Lived Experiences Of Initiating Conversations With Clients, Sandra Mireles
Navigating Sexuality In Therapy: Counselors Lived Experiences Of Initiating Conversations With Clients, Sandra Mireles
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Gaps in counselor education leave many counselors inadequately prepared to initiate sexuality-related conversations with clients. This qualitative hermeneutic phenomenological study was an exploration of the lived experiences of independently licensed mental health counselors and the personal, cultural, and professional meanings they constructed around initiating conversations related to sexuality. Guided by hermeneutic phenomenology and social constructivism, semistructured interviews were conducted with six independently licensed mental health counselors who had practiced independently for at least 5 years and primarily worked with adult clients. Data were analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Three overarching themes emerged: (a) societal and religious influences and misconceptions …
Staff Education On Standardized Suicide Risk Assessment In An Outpatient Clinic For Behavioral Health, Fanta Haja Cabah
Staff Education On Standardized Suicide Risk Assessment In An Outpatient Clinic For Behavioral Health, Fanta Haja Cabah
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Suicide risk assessment is a high-priority nursing safety responsibility in outpatient behavioral health. The practice gap was a variation in nurses’ knowledge of validated suicide screening, direct inquiry, risk escalation, referral, and related documentation expectations working in an outpatient behavioral health clinic located on the Eastern Atlantic Coast. To address this problem, I developed, implemented, and evaluated a staff education program on a standardized suicide risk assessment. The practice question focused on whether staff knowledge increased following participation in the education program. Ten nursing staff members participated in a 60-minute education program. Pretest and posttest questionnaires included 20 multiple-choice questions. …
How Non-Secular Leaders In Culturally Homogeneous Faith-Based Organizations Understand And Experience Cultural Intelligence Training, Marlon Anthony Ayers
How Non-Secular Leaders In Culturally Homogeneous Faith-Based Organizations Understand And Experience Cultural Intelligence Training, Marlon Anthony Ayers
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Over the past five decades, shifts in U.S. immigration policy, demographic change, and civil rights reforms have increased cultural diversity across the U.S. workforce, while many faith based leaders lack the cultural intelligence (CQ) needed to navigate diverse interactions effectively. Non secular leaders in culturally homogeneous faith based organizations (FBOs) need to understand this concern as a leading indicator of challenges associated with cross-cultural engagement, organizational effectiveness, and community inclusion. The specific research problem is that it is unknown how non-secular leaders in culturally homogeneous FBOs understand and experience the challenges of managing cultural diversity in the absence of CQ …
Meaning Of Mentoring For Puerto Rican Diaspora Professionals Seeking Career Advancement, Coralys M. Cedó Negrón
Meaning Of Mentoring For Puerto Rican Diaspora Professionals Seeking Career Advancement, Coralys M. Cedó Negrón
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Hispanic/Latino professionals remain underrepresented in senior leadership positions across industries in the United States. Organizational leaders need to understand this concern as a critical indicator of factors that may shape leadership development and career advancement among underrepresented professionals. Grounded in the mentoring model, the purpose of this qualitative interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) study was to understand the meaning of mentoring for Puerto Rican diaspora professionals seeking career advancement in the United States. The participants comprised 10 Puerto Rican professionals living and working in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area who had participated in formal or informal mentoring relationships. Data were collected …
Implementation Of A Discharge Planning Protocol, Sylvia Ngwikooh Forku
Implementation Of A Discharge Planning Protocol, Sylvia Ngwikooh Forku
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
This doctoral project was a nursing led quality improvement initiative focused on standardizing discharge planning on an adult inpatient psychiatric unit. The goal of the project was to strengthen evidence-based, person-centered transitions of care to reduce readmissions and promote safer community reintegration for adults with serious mental illness. The practice focused question guiding this project was whether implementing an evidence based, standardized discharge planning protocol on an adult inpatient psychiatric unit would improve staff knowledge and adherence to best practice discharge elements and contribute to a favorable decrease in 30-day readmission rates. Analytical strategies included descriptive analysis of pre and …
Mexican Women Caregivers’ Support For Family Members With Type 2 Diabetes, Andrea Mesa
Mexican Women Caregivers’ Support For Family Members With Type 2 Diabetes, Andrea Mesa
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a persistent public health challenge in the United States, disproportionately affecting Hispanic populations. Mexican-origin women often serve as primary caregivers for relatives living with diabetes, yet their voices and lived experiences remain underrepresented in research. This study addressed the limited understanding of how cultural values and caregiving roles influence diabetes management within Hispanic families. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to explore the lived experiences of Mexican-origin women aged 40 to 60 who care for a family member with T2D. Guided by the theory of planned behavior and social cognitive theory, the study …
African American Experiences Accessing Mental Health Services In Rural Communities, Danielle O. Keith-Alexandre
African American Experiences Accessing Mental Health Services In Rural Communities, Danielle O. Keith-Alexandre
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
African American communities have exhibited greater vulnerability in psychological functioning and well-being, and usage of mental health services for evaluation and treatment are lower than for other groups, due to a range of barriers, including geographic location and lack of access. There is a lack of research on the difficulties African Americans face in accessing mental health services in U.S. rural communities. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore, from a phenomenological approach, the lived experiences of African American adults residing in rural Pennsylvania mid-U.S. Eastern Coastal communities in regard to accessing mental health services. The social-ecological model …
Relationship Between Hospital Case Management Leadership Style And Employee Engagement, Malinda Ellis
Relationship Between Hospital Case Management Leadership Style And Employee Engagement, Malinda Ellis
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Employee engagement among hospital-based nurse case managers is important because these nurses support discharge planning, utilization management, care coordination, and safe patient transitions. Although leadership style has been studied in nursing, limited research has examined its relationship to engagement among nurse case managers. The purpose of this quantitative, nonexperimental, correlational study, using House’s path-goal theory, was to examine the relationship between transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership styles and employee engagement among hospital-based nurse case managers. Data were collected from 89 registered nurse case managers in acute care settings in the United States, who completed the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, Short Form, …
Exploring The Experiences And Support Needs Of African Immigrant Families Raising Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder In Ohio, Linda Nkoumba Eteki
Exploring The Experiences And Support Needs Of African Immigrant Families Raising Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder In Ohio, Linda Nkoumba Eteki
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) presents unique challenges for families; however, African immigrant parents raising children with ASD in Ohio experience additional difficulties related to cultural stigma, systemic inequities, and limited access to culturally responsive services. This social work practice problem is important because it reflects disparities in diagnosis, intervention, service access, and family support that align with social work’s commitment to equity, advocacy, and social justice. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the experiences of African immigrant families raising children with ASD in Ohio and to examine how they describe autism-related stigma, caregiving challenges, and interactions with …
Teachers’ Perspectives About Early-Career Implementation Of Culturally Responsive Teaching Practices In Secondary Science Classrooms, Nicole D. Wilson-Pringle
Teachers’ Perspectives About Early-Career Implementation Of Culturally Responsive Teaching Practices In Secondary Science Classrooms, Nicole D. Wilson-Pringle
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The problem that was addressed through this study was that little was known about how secondary science teachers use their training to implement culturally responsive teaching practices (CRTPs) during their early careers in classrooms with diverse student populations. Grounded in the culturally relevant pedagogy and the teacher identity development frameworks, the purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore secondary science teachers’ perspectives on the use of their training to implement CRTPs during their early careers in classrooms with diverse student populations. Data were collected through semistructured interviews with 10 middle and high school science teachers who received certification …
Postsecondary Experiences And Impact On Career Choices And Employment Status For Cisgender Women With Autism, Maureen Bell
Postsecondary Experiences And Impact On Career Choices And Employment Status For Cisgender Women With Autism, Maureen Bell
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Cisgender women with autism remain underrepresented in research on postsecondary education and career development despite experiencing distinct barriers within these systems. This qualitative study examined how cisgender women with autism perceived the impact of their postsecondary education experiences on career choices and employment navigation. Guided by the social model of disability and intersectionality theory, nine postsecondary participants formally diagnosed with autism and who self-identified as cisgender completed semistructured interviews exploring their educational and employment experiences. Thematic analysis identified seven interconnected themes. Findings indicated that academic success often masked significant internal distress, suggesting that performance did not reflect accessible environments. Participants …
Examining The Association Between Socioeconomic Factors And Cervical Cancer Among Minority Women In The United States, Darla Fils
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Cervical cancer remains a significant public health concern, with African American and Hispanic women experiencing disproportionately higher incidence and mortality rates in the United States. Socioeconomic factors, including income, education, employment status, and place of residence, may contribute to these disparities by affecting access to preventive services, timely diagnosis, and follow-up care. This quantitative cross-sectional study examined associations between these factors and cervical cancer incidence among African American and Hispanic women while controlling for age and health insurance status. Guided by the socio-ecological model, the study used 2022 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data from N = 33,886 African American …
Elementary Teachers’ Perceptions About Teaching Students With Disabilities In The General Education Classroom, Mackenzie Rathburn
Elementary Teachers’ Perceptions About Teaching Students With Disabilities In The General Education Classroom, Mackenzie Rathburn
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The problem that was addressed through this study is that elementary teachers encounter challenges to meet the diverse needs of students with disabilities (SWDs) in Georgia’s general education classrooms, despite policy mandates requiring inclusive education. Grounded in Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior, the purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore elementary teachers’ perceptions of the challenges they face and the resources and supports recommended to teach SWDs in general education classrooms. Data were collected through semistructured interviews with 10 elementary general education teachers and analyzed using thematic analysis with the following six themes emerging: Teachers noted (1) instructional …
A Program Proposal For An Evidence-Based Dietary Program To Support Spanish Speaking Diabetic Patients, Shaquetta Ann Mccloud-Petion
A Program Proposal For An Evidence-Based Dietary Program To Support Spanish Speaking Diabetic Patients, Shaquetta Ann Mccloud-Petion
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
This Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) executive leadership system improvement project addresses provider-identified gaps in dietary education for Spanish-speaking patients with diabetes, which may contribute to suboptimal glycemic control and diabetes self-management. A comprehensive review of evidence from CINAHL Complete, PubMed/MEDLINE, and Cochrane supports the use of culturally tailored, evidence-based dietary education to improve diabetes knowledge, self-management behaviors, and health outcomes. The project proposes the development and implementation of a standardized dietary education program using culturally appropriate dietary exchange tools within an outpatient clinic. The initiative aims to improve staff confidence, adoption, and consistency in delivering culturally responsive diabetes education …
Kindergarten Teachers’ Challenges Embedding Play-Based Learning In A Standards-Based Curriculum, Anna Catalan
Kindergarten Teachers’ Challenges Embedding Play-Based Learning In A Standards-Based Curriculum, Anna Catalan
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The problem addressed in this study was that kindergarten teachers in a Western United States elementary school were challenged by standards that have become heavily focused on teaching academic skills at a younger age, instead of teaching with developmentally appropriate practices that allow for play-based learning (PBL). Framed by Vygotsky’s theory of PBL, the purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore what challenges local kindergarten teachers had when embedding PBL in a standards-based curriculum. Data were collected through 15 semistructured interviews with Kindergarten teachers who had at least 2 years' experience embedding PBL in instruction. Using thematic analysis …
English Language Arts Remedial Teachers’ Perspectives On Strategies To Close The Academic Achievement Gap Of Minority High School Students, Barbara Williams
English Language Arts Remedial Teachers’ Perspectives On Strategies To Close The Academic Achievement Gap Of Minority High School Students, Barbara Williams
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The problem that was addressed throughout this study is that 53% of minority students do not reach proficiency on the English Language Arts (ELA) portion of the Florida Assessment of Student Thinking test compared to the 42% of other student populations at Grover High School (GHS, a pseudonym), a large and diverse high school, despite targeted school improvement interventions each school year. Grounded in Ladson-Billings’s culturally relevant pedagogy, the purpose of this basic qualitative study was to investigate ELA remedial teachers’ perspectives on reading strategies and instructional planning tools that might help minority students close the academic achievement gap. Semistructured …
Parents' Perspectives Of Factors Contributing To Speech Delays In Children Born During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Alva Jessica Daniels
Parents' Perspectives Of Factors Contributing To Speech Delays In Children Born During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Alva Jessica Daniels
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The COVID-19 pandemic significantly disrupted children’s developmental environments by limiting access to childcare, healthcare, and opportunities for social interaction, raising concerns about speech and language outcomes in children born during this period. Grounded in Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory, this qualitative study was an exploration of factors associated with speech and language delays and examined parents’ perceptions and experiences in Philadelphia. The qualitative study included a sample of nine parents who cared for children during the COVID-19 pandemic quarantine period. Analysis of the interview data revealed five emergent themes: (a) limited social interaction during the pandemic, (b) delayed identification and diagnosis …
Cultural Integration Of Ethiopian Immigrants And Refugees And Role Of Ethnic Nonprofits In Chicago, Aklilu Abraham Adeye
Cultural Integration Of Ethiopian Immigrants And Refugees And Role Of Ethnic Nonprofits In Chicago, Aklilu Abraham Adeye
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Despite the availability of institutional services and interventions, cultural integration outcomes among refugees and immigrants often remain uneven. Existing literature has demonstrated the important role of nonprofit organizations in supporting refugee and immigrant resettlement and early integration. However, comparatively little research has examined how refugees and immigrants themselves experience the influence of nonprofit services on long-term cultural integration. The purpose of this general qualitative study was to explore how nonprofit services and programs influence the cultural integration experiences of Ethiopian refugees and immigrants in Chicago through the lens of the new assimilation theory and the integration context perspective. Data were …
Strategies To Improve Communication Among Culturally Diverse International Manufacturing Teams, Bessem Enow Nchenge
Strategies To Improve Communication Among Culturally Diverse International Manufacturing Teams, Bessem Enow Nchenge
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Inefficient communication and insufficient collaboration in multicultural organizations can result in suboptimal team performance and stifle employee creativity. Manufacturing firm leaders who struggle with communication issues are concerned about deterioration in team cohesion, worker productivity, and information flow. Grounded in the theory of planned behavior, this qualitative, pragmatic inquiry research project explored strategies that leaders of international manufacturing firms use to bridge cultural differences and improve communication among international team members to enhance team performance. The participants were six leaders from manufacturing firms in the southwestern United States with international manufacturing agreements who demonstrated measurable success in improving communication among …
English As A Second Language Students’ Perceptions On Their Reasons To Persist In An Adult Learning Program In Connecticut, Laurie Anne Winek
English As A Second Language Students’ Perceptions On Their Reasons To Persist In An Adult Learning Program In Connecticut, Laurie Anne Winek
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The problem that was addressed through this study is that 30% of the English as a second language (ESL) students drop out of classes after the first 2 weeks in an adult education program in Connecticut. Grounded in Tinto’s model of student departure, the purpose of this study was to explore ESL students’ perceptions on reasons they persisted in an adult education program in Connecticut. For this basic qualitative design, semistructured interviews were conducted with five students. The data analysis procedures used open coding and categories, with eight themes emerging: ESL students persisted when their instructors cultivated lifelong learning; included …
Phenomenological Exploration Of The Military Veterans' Experiences Transitioning Into Civilian Workplace In Central Florida, James Wesley Shelton
Phenomenological Exploration Of The Military Veterans' Experiences Transitioning Into Civilian Workplace In Central Florida, James Wesley Shelton
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Military veterans transitioning from military service to civilian employment frequently encounter challenges related to workforce integration, translating military-acquired skills, adapting to civilian workplace cultures, and employer perceptions of their qualifications. Organizational leaders need to understand these challenges as a key indicator of the factors that influence successful workforce integration, organizational commitment, and employee retention. Grounded in person-environment fit theory, the purpose of this qualitative study using an interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) approach was to explore the lived experiences of military veterans and how they make meaning of their transition to the civilian workplace. The participants comprised seven U.S. military veterans …
Secondary Special Education Teachers’ Perspectives On Professional Socialization In A Maryland School District, Darice Mattie Holmes
Secondary Special Education Teachers’ Perspectives On Professional Socialization In A Maryland School District, Darice Mattie Holmes
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The problem addressed in this study was the insufficient professional socialization of novice secondary special education teachers (SSETs), undermining their ability to adapt to school culture in a Maryland school district (MSD, a pseudonym). Grounded in Mayo's theory of human relations, the purpose of this study was to explore novice SSETs' perceptions of professional socialization through peers, professional development, or mentoring to adapt to the school culture at MSD. For this basic qualitative design, semistructured interviews were conducted with seven novice SSETs. The data were analyzed using Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis with Saldaña's coding strategies, yielding four themes: (a) …