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Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

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Factors Affecting School Readiness And Level Of Distraction Among Black Children During Virtual Learning In The United States, Imani Barnes Dec 2025

Factors Affecting School Readiness And Level Of Distraction Among Black Children During Virtual Learning In The United States, Imani Barnes

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated an shift to mandatory virtual learning (VL) for kindergarten through grade 12 students, disrupting educational systems globally and exposing systemic inequities. Although researchers had explored health and education disparities separately, they had not adequately examined the intersection of child health, specifically body mass index (BMI) and health-affected ability, with school readiness and level of distraction in VL environments. The purpose of this quantitative, cross-sectional study was to examine associations between BMI, health affected ability, school readiness, and distraction levels among U.S. Black children engaged in VL in the 2020 school year, controlling for gender, age, and …

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Brain–Computer Interface Integration In Mental Health: Clinician Perspectives On Diagnostic Efficacy And Ethical Implications, Serena D. Sanders Dec 2025

Brain–Computer Interface Integration In Mental Health: Clinician Perspectives On Diagnostic Efficacy And Ethical Implications, Serena D. Sanders

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This study explored the integration of brain–computer interface (BCI) technology into mental health care, focusing on clinicians' perceptions, ethical concerns, and the practical challenges associated with its adoption. As technological advancements in healthcare continue to reshape clinical practices, understanding how emerging technologies like BCI can be incorporated into therapeutic settings is essential. The purpose of this research was to examine clinician perspectives on the potential benefits of and barriers to BCI and to explore the ethical implications of its use in therapy. Guided by the technology acceptance model and the ethical decision-making framework, this qualitative study utilized semi structured interviews …

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Addressing Nursing Shortages In Rural Hospitals: Strategies For Recruitment And Retention, Harrison Efosa Omoruyi Dec 2025

Addressing Nursing Shortages In Rural Hospitals: Strategies For Recruitment And Retention, Harrison Efosa Omoruyi

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Abstract The shortage of nursing staff in rural hospitals has created a critical workforce challenge in the United States, negatively affecting patient care, organizational performance, and community health. The purpose of this integrative review was to identify evidence-based strategies to improve the recruitment and retention of nurses in rural hospital settings. A search of literature published between 2021 and 2025 yielded 20 high-quality and good-quality studies that addressed the problem. Guided by Herzberg’s two-factor theory, thematic analysis revealed six overarching themes: (a) strategic improvements, (b) system efficiency and effectiveness, (c) service availability, (d) care models, (e) organizational support, and (f) …

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Implicit Weight Bias Among Men In Allied Health Career Fields, Jessica Jensen Dec 2025

Implicit Weight Bias Among Men In Allied Health Career Fields, Jessica Jensen

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This quantitative study observed if there was a difference in the presence of implicit weight bias in men who work in allied health fields versus men not in allied health fields. Age and ethnicity (Hispanic/Non-Hispanic) were also observed in these groups as moderating factors to see if they also had differences in the effects between groups. The purpose of this study was to utilize an electronic weight-implicit association test (W-IAT) to identify any significant differences in the presence of weight bias between the two groups. Implicit weight bias in this population is problematic in that implicit bias, particularly implicit weight …

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Healthcare Access, Economic Stability, And Food Security And Inflammatory Bowel Disease In Hispanic Adults Living In The United States, Jennifer Rodriguez Dec 2025

Healthcare Access, Economic Stability, And Food Security And Inflammatory Bowel Disease In Hispanic Adults Living In The United States, Jennifer Rodriguez

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Hispanic adults in the United States experience disparities in chronic disease detection and outcomes, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Social determinants of health (SDoH), including economic stability, healthcare access, and food security, play a crucial role in shaping health risks and diagnostic opportunities in this population. The purpose of this quantitative cross-sectional study was to examine the relationship between selected SDoH factors and self-reported IBD diagnosis among U.S. Hispanic adults. This study utilized survey data from the 2023 National Health Interview Survey (n = 29,457). Weighted descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to analyze the relationships between variables while …

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Staff Education To Peri Operative Registered Nurses, Shahida P. Meghani Dec 2025

Staff Education To Peri Operative Registered Nurses, Shahida P. Meghani

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) project implemented a staff education initiative to enhance perioperative nursing adherence to evidence-based practices for preventing surgical site infections (SSIs). SSIs remain among the most prevalent healthcare-associated infections, affecting 2%–5% of surgical patients and contributing to extended hospital stays, higher costs, and preventable morbidity. The practice-focused question guiding this project was: In adult surgical patients, how does the implementation of a perioperative nursing education program on SSI prevention, compared to standard practice, affect SSI incidence rates over a 2- to 4-month period? The project applied the Johns Hopkins Nursing Evidence-Based Practice (JHNEBP) model to …

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Expressing Diversity And Anxiety Among Graduate Psychology Students, Paola G. Garcia Betancourt Dec 2025

Expressing Diversity And Anxiety Among Graduate Psychology Students, Paola G. Garcia Betancourt

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This quantitative study examined the relationship between motivational factors that contribute to challenges in expressing diversity and the levels of anxiety experienced by graduate psychology students when discussing racial topics. The study was grounded in critical race theory, which posits that racism is embedded within social and institutional systems and influences interpersonal and educational dynamics. The purpose of the study was to determine whether motivational factors, as measured by the Color-Blind Racial Attitudes Scale, predicted anxiety levels, as measured by the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Emotional Distress Anxiety Short Form, and whether racial background moderated this relationship. Data were …

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Healthcare Leaders’ Effective Strategies For Shaping Organizational Culture, Samuel H. Zoker Dec 2025

Healthcare Leaders’ Effective Strategies For Shaping Organizational Culture, Samuel H. Zoker

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Some leaders in healthcare organizations lack effective leadership strategies and practices to influence and shape organizational culture, leading to inconsistent cultural values and behaviors that undermine organizational effectiveness and employee engagement. Grounded in transformational leadership theory, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to explore strategies healthcare leaders use to shape organizational culture and strengthen employee engagement. Using purposive sampling, seven healthcare leaders with three or more years of experience were recruited from a medical institution. Data were collected through semistructured interviews using a protocol refined with the IPR method. Using reflective thematic analysis, five themes emerged: (a) employee-engagement …

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Examining Emotional Intelligence Strategies Of Human Resource Administrators For Women’S Leadership In Healthcare, Selenda Johnson Dec 2025

Examining Emotional Intelligence Strategies Of Human Resource Administrators For Women’S Leadership In Healthcare, Selenda Johnson

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Gender-based distinctions between leaders create differences in leadership methods that reshape their choices and teamwork approaches. Human Resource Administrators are concerned with how the lack of organizational support for Emotional Intelligence (EI) in female leaders influences them to leave, potentially leading to increased organizational costs. Grounded in Emotional Intelligence theory, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic study was to explore EI strategies used by healthcare administrators in the Southeastern United States to increase female leadership retention in their organizations. The participants were 6 HR administrators with at least 2 years of experience from healthcare organizations who successfully implemented EI strategies …

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Assessing Health Literacy In Somali Women Living In The United States With Hypertension, Tawanna Morris Dec 2025

Assessing Health Literacy In Somali Women Living In The United States With Hypertension, Tawanna Morris

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Health literacy (HL) remains a critical public health concern, particularly among immigrant populations. This qualitative study explored how low health literacy relates to hypertension (HTN) management among Somali immigrant women. Low HL and chronic conditions such as HTN continue to affect this group disproportionately, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions. Guided by the Health Belief Model, this research examined Somali immigrant women’s perceptions of HL, how literacy levels influence hypertension management, and the barriers they encounter when managing their condition. Five Somali immigrant women who met the criteria participated in semi-structured interviews. All spoke English, were at least 18 years …

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Strategies Top Airline Managers Use To Reduce Occupational Stress Among Cabin Crewmembers For Improved Flight Safety, Yograj Sewdat Raghunauth Dec 2025

Strategies Top Airline Managers Use To Reduce Occupational Stress Among Cabin Crewmembers For Improved Flight Safety, Yograj Sewdat Raghunauth

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Airline cabin crew members face significant occupational stress, which adversely affects their psychological well-being and flight safety performance. Airline managers are concerned with identifying stress reduction strategies to support crew effectiveness and mitigate safety risks. Grounded in the job demands-resources theory, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to explore effective strategies that top airline managers in the United States use to reduce occupational stress among cabin crew members for improved flight safety. The participants were six top airline managers in the United States with at least 5 years of experience in senior management and had implemented successful strategies …

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Predictors Of Sexual Violence Prevalence At U.S. Colleges And Universities, Theodore Daniel Hostikka Dec 2025

Predictors Of Sexual Violence Prevalence At U.S. Colleges And Universities, Theodore Daniel Hostikka

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This research explored the prevalence of sexual harassment and assault among students at U.S. colleges and universities, aiming to quantify incident rates and assess their impact on academic and psychological well-being. Grounded in socioecological and intersectional theories, the research examined how environmental interactions and interconnected social identities shape individual experiences. Specifically, this research explored (a) the link between the percentage of female students and the prevalence of sexual violence on campuses; (b) how the proportion of first-generation students relates to sexual violence prevalence; (c) the connection between campus size and rates of sexual violence; and (d) whether gender makeup, first-year …

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Improving Nursing Staff Knowledge To Provide High-Value Dementia Care, Kimone L. Johns Dec 2025

Improving Nursing Staff Knowledge To Provide High-Value Dementia Care, Kimone L. Johns

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This staff education project aimed to increase nurses' knowledge to provide high-value dementia care. At the project site, nurses indicated low self-confidence and knowledge in providing quality dementia care. Providing low-value care to persons with dementia (PwD) contributes to suboptimal clinical outcomes and poor quality of life and adversely influences nurses' satisfaction. Therefore, the project question addressed whether a staff education program would increase nurses' self-perceived ability and confidence to provide high-value dementia care. The staff education objective was to enhance patient-centered dementia care, provision of quality care that can improve quality of life (QoL) of PwD. Twenty peer-reviewed journal …

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Developing Nurse Knowledge And Confidence In Telehealth Delivery For Ptsd Care, Bisilola M. Yinusa Dec 2025

Developing Nurse Knowledge And Confidence In Telehealth Delivery For Ptsd Care, Bisilola M. Yinusa

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

With posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) prevalence increasing and telehealth becoming more integrated into mainstream healthcare practice, it is critical to ensure that nurses are adequately trained to deliver evidence-based, trauma-informed care through digital modalities. The identified practice problem centered on the limited telehealth competency among nurses, particularly in communication strategies, confidence, and clinical readiness for PTSD care via virtual platforms. This doctoral project was a staff education initiative designed to enhance the telehealth delivery of trauma-informed care for patients with PTSD. The purpose of this project was to evaluate whether the structured educational intervention improved nurses’ knowledge and confidence in …

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Staff Education On Burnout For Mental Healthcare Staff Mitigation Strategies For Psychiatric Outpatient Staff, Kadine Foreman-Westly Dec 2025

Staff Education On Burnout For Mental Healthcare Staff Mitigation Strategies For Psychiatric Outpatient Staff, Kadine Foreman-Westly

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The purpose of this project is to determine whether implementing a staff education program in a psychiatric clinical setting can improve healthcare staff knowledge of strategies to prevent burnout. The project addresses a critical practice problem: a lack of structured education programs specifically targeting burnout recognition and management among mental healthcare staff. Burnout not only negatively impacts staff well-being but also affects patient safety and the overall quality of care. This project was designed to fill this gap by providing an educational intervention, with effectiveness measured through pre- and post-intervention surveys assessing staff knowledge. This staff education project was strengthened …

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Counselors’ Experience Of Vicarious Trauma Symptoms During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Aleah B. Curley Dec 2025

Counselors’ Experience Of Vicarious Trauma Symptoms During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Aleah B. Curley

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

As caseloads increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, counselors experienced a shift to telehealth counseling and double exposure to trauma and pandemic elements. Some counselors experienced symptoms of vicarious trauma (VT). A gap in the literature existed regarding the interaction of the pandemic among clients and counselors’ experiences of VT symptoms. The purpose of this narrative inquiry was to explore the lessons learned by capturing the stories of counselors who experienced VT symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research question concerned the retrospective experiences of counselors who self-reported experiencing VT symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. Seven licensed professional counselors who experienced …

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Effective Strategies To Attract And Retain Qualified Hospitality Staff In The Post-Pandemic Caribbean, Rajan Bhattarai Dec 2025

Effective Strategies To Attract And Retain Qualified Hospitality Staff In The Post-Pandemic Caribbean, Rajan Bhattarai

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Employee attraction and retention remain critical constraints for Caribbean luxury-wellness resorts in the post-pandemic era. Hospitality and tourism leaders are concerned because persistent vacancy, churn, and extended time-to-competence impair service quality and performance of their organizations. Grounded in the Baldrige Excellence Framework and social exchange theory, the purpose of this qualitative single case study was to explore the effective strategies employed by tourism leaders to attract and retain qualified staff within a Caribbean hospitality organization. Data were collected from five Caribbean leaders (HR director, department manager, and supervisors) using semistructured interviews and analyzing organizational documents. Thematic analysis was used to …

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Perception Of Veterans With Traumatic Brain Injury Regarding The Veterans Administration Rehabilitation Process, Kalangie J. Serrano Dec 2025

Perception Of Veterans With Traumatic Brain Injury Regarding The Veterans Administration Rehabilitation Process, Kalangie J. Serrano

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

There was a social work practice gap on the perceptions of veterans with traumatic brain injury (TBI) regarding the Veterans Administration's (VA’s) rehabilitation process in terms of its ability to enhance their vocational skills and employability. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the vocational and employment needs of military veterans with TBI and to understand their perceptions and challenges in navigating the vocational rehabilitation and employment process. Using a generic qualitative approach and ecological systems theory, data were collected through semistructured interviews with seven veterans who had participated in rehabilitation programs. Thematic analysis of the data revealed …

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Pregnancy Intention And Maternal Morbidity In Oklahoma And Mississippi: A Moderation Analysis Of Abortion Restriction Policies, Vicki Johnson Dec 2025

Pregnancy Intention And Maternal Morbidity In Oklahoma And Mississippi: A Moderation Analysis Of Abortion Restriction Policies, Vicki Johnson

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

More than half of all pregnancies are unintended (mistimed or unwanted), and women with unplanned pregnancies may face economic hardships for families and additional health consequences if they have pre-existing medical conditions. This quantitative study was conducted to examine the relationship between pregnancy intention levels and severe acute maternal morbidity, specifically chorioamnionitis, among women who gave birth in Oklahoma and Mississippi in 2022. Using secondary data (N=1939) from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System Automated Research Files and state-level abortion policy data from the Guttmacher Institute, this study employed Bronfenbrenner’s social ecological model framework to investigate the relationship between pregnancy …

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Staff Education For Enhancing Providers’ Knowledge Of Long Acting Injectables (Lais) Antipsychotics In The Outpatient Mental Health Clinic, Belinda Okoruwa Dec 2025

Staff Education For Enhancing Providers’ Knowledge Of Long Acting Injectables (Lais) Antipsychotics In The Outpatient Mental Health Clinic, Belinda Okoruwa

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This doctoral study is a quality-improvement educational program in an outpatient mental health clinic designed to address the underutilization of long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics due to gaps in providers’ knowledge. The project question centered on whether structured education on LAIs antipsychotics increases providers’ knowledge in an outpatient mental health setting. The purpose of this project is to increase LAI antipsychotic utilization by educating providers about the advantages, safety, and appropriate administration to promote consistent implementation. In this project, I used a single-group pre/post design including six participants, incorporating a 12-item questionnaire and 5-point Likert scale questions (Not at all/Somewhat/Very Much). …

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The Effects Of Perceived Stress On First Responders' Job Performance While Moderating For Self-Efficacy, Diane Craig Dec 2025

The Effects Of Perceived Stress On First Responders' Job Performance While Moderating For Self-Efficacy, Diane Craig

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Stress in the workplace results in substantial economic losses for U.S. organizations. The effects of perceived stress on reducing the job performance of first responders continue to be a concern for administrators in emergency response management. Grounded in self-efficacy theory, the purpose of this quantitative correlational study was to examine the moderating effects of self efficacy on the relationship between perceived stress and job performance among U.S. first responders. The sample comprised 78 men and 65 women (N = 143) from professional response agencies in the United States. They completed the Perceived Stress Scale, Endicott Work Productivity Scale, and the …

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Developing Outreach Strategies To Sustain Diversity And Inclusion In Interfaith Partnerships With Local Government, Dora Muhammad Dec 2025

Developing Outreach Strategies To Sustain Diversity And Inclusion In Interfaith Partnerships With Local Government, Dora Muhammad

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Local government has been hindered by a lack of sustained interfaith engagement. Faith leaders have not been consistent stakeholders in policymaking decisions. This gap in practice stemmed from a lack of research of self-transcendence within public administrative settings. Grounded in a review of 70 years of research into the conceptual framework of government needs analysis, this study’s purpose was to explore principles and concepts of civic engagement and partnership shared among faiths. Qualitative research was designed to answer, “How do faith leaders describe the current civic participation, partnership, diversity, and inclusive strategies within their faith communities as they relate to …

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Strategies Leaders Use To Reduce Voluntary Attrition Among Employees With Access To Wellness Programs, Cara Murray Dec 2025

Strategies Leaders Use To Reduce Voluntary Attrition Among Employees With Access To Wellness Programs, Cara Murray

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Voluntary employee attrition presents ongoing challenges for organizational leaders, particularly among employees whose workplace needs and preferences are unmet. The problem is that many leaders lack effective strategies to mitigate voluntary attrition, which negatively impacts productivity, morale, and overall organizational performance. Grounded in the job demands–resources model and wellness climate theory, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry project was to explore strategies leaders used to reduce voluntary employee attrition among employees who have access to workplace wellness programs. The participants were six organizational leaders from mid-sized and public-sector organizations who successfully mitigated voluntary attrition. Data were collected through semistructured …

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Clinical Practice Guideline On Reducing Catheter -Associated Urinary Tract Infections (Cautis), Nkechi Christiana Udah Dec 2025

Clinical Practice Guideline On Reducing Catheter -Associated Urinary Tract Infections (Cautis), Nkechi Christiana Udah

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The project was a clinical practice guideline (CPG) for early catheter removal to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). At the project site, the practice gap was the surgical nurses’ nonadherence to clinical guidelines for reducing CAUTIs. This gap resulted in inconsistent catheter care practices and delays in catheter removal. The purpose of this CPG was to enhance surgical nurses’ knowledge and adherence to clinical guidelines for reducing CAUTI rates. The following practice-focused question guided the project: In hospitalized patients in acute care settings, does early removal of the urinary catheter compared to leaving the catheter until discharge reduce the …

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Strategies Used By Psychiatric Hospital Directors To Reduce Readmission Rates, Increase Revenue And Improve Patient Outcomes, K'Chinwe Blanche Marie Ezeokoli Dec 2025

Strategies Used By Psychiatric Hospital Directors To Reduce Readmission Rates, Increase Revenue And Improve Patient Outcomes, K'Chinwe Blanche Marie Ezeokoli

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

High psychiatric hospital readmission rates threaten patient stability, strain hospital finances, and reduce community wellbeing. Psychiatric hospital leaders need effective strategies to lower readmissions. Grounded in complex adaptive systems theory and the balanced scorecard framework, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry project was to identify and explore effective strategies used by psychiatric hospital directors to reduce readmission rates, increase revenue, and improve patient outcomes. The participants were seven psychiatric hospital directors who had implemented strategies for reduced readmission rates. Data were collected through semistructured interviews and relevant public documents. Using thematic analysis, five themes were identified: (a) establish a …

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Effective Strategies Hawaiian Food Truck Owners Use To Sustain Their Businesses, Eric J. Harring Dec 2025

Effective Strategies Hawaiian Food Truck Owners Use To Sustain Their Businesses, Eric J. Harring

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Food trucks are popular choices for consumers seeking diverse cuisines and unique dining experiences, but running a successful food truck business presents significant challenges, including fluctuating customer preferences, regulatory hurdles, and intense competition. Addressing these obstacles is crucial for food truck owners to ensure the long-term viability of their enterprises. Grounded in contingency theory, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry research project was to explore the strategies employed by food truck owners to overcome these challenges and foster sustainable growth. The participants were six business owners of Hawaiian food trucks who sustained their businesses for at least three years. …

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Attrition Experiences Among Officers In A Texas Correctional Organization, Dewanou Frejus Aisse Dec 2025

Attrition Experiences Among Officers In A Texas Correctional Organization, Dewanou Frejus Aisse

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) faces employee retention challenges, and recruiting and retaining correctional officers remains TDCJ’s most significant challenge and highest priority. Correctional facility leaders need to understand these challenges as indicators of workforce sustainability. Grounded in job embeddedness theory, the purpose of this general qualitative study was to explore the turnover experiences of Texas correctional officers, to understand why officers left their jobs, and the factors that contributed to their decisions to stay in their jobs. Participants comprised 11 former correctional officers who had worked between 5 months and 6 years for the TDCJ. Data were …

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Strategies For Improving Supported Employment Services For Adults With Intellectual And Developmental Disabilities, Janelle Latoya Bailey Dec 2025

Strategies For Improving Supported Employment Services For Adults With Intellectual And Developmental Disabilities, Janelle Latoya Bailey

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

There is a growing need for supported employment services and improved programming among people with intellectual/developmental disabilities (I/DD). The research question for this study was; what are human service staff and administrators’ experiences and perceptions of what is working well in supported employment programs, and how to improve the services offered to adults with I/DD in a northeastern county? The tenets of Kurt Lewin’s change model form the theoretical framework for the study, to serve as a foundation for effective change. A force field analysis approach was used to gather narrative written data from open ended questionnaire responses to grasp …

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Effective Leadership Strategies Used To Retain Volunteers In Nonprofit Organizations, Celine Ejoh Njeck Dec 2025

Effective Leadership Strategies Used To Retain Volunteers In Nonprofit Organizations, Celine Ejoh Njeck

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Abstract Nonprofit organizations provide critical services that address social, cultural, and economic needs within communities. Nonprofit leaders who cannot retain volunteers risk reduced organizational capacity, interruptions in program delivery, and weakened ability to achieve program objectives. Grounded in servant leadership theory, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry project was to identify and explore the effective strategies nonprofit leaders use to retain volunteers to support their program objectives. Participants were six nonprofit leaders in north Texas who have successfully retained volunteers to support their program objectives. Data was collected using semi structured interviews and a review of publicly available documents …

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Social And Contextual Factors Influencing Hypertension Among Latino Men Living In California, Leslie Ivett Ortega Dec 2025

Social And Contextual Factors Influencing Hypertension Among Latino Men Living In California, Leslie Ivett Ortega

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Hypertension remains a critical and often silent public health issue that disproportionately affects Latino men in California. This quantitative, retrospective cross-sectional study explored the social and contextual factors influencing hypertension among this vulnerable population. Using the 2019 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System dataset, which included a sample size of 2,060 participants, the study examined the relationship between hypertension and key variables including primary care utilization, health insurance, smoking, physical activity, mental health, and marital status, while controlling for age, education, and income. Guided by the health belief model, binary logistic regression analyses found health insurance and primary care utilization significantly …

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