Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Arts and Humanities (1474)
- American Studies (1136)
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (955)
- Education (456)
- Physical Sciences and Mathematics (378)
-
- Engineering (335)
- Medicine and Health Sciences (321)
- Life Sciences (305)
- Communication (301)
- Other Education (192)
- Public Health (168)
- Psychology (158)
- Teacher Education and Professional Development (154)
- Mass Communication (153)
- Business (130)
- Civil and Environmental Engineering (121)
- Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Structural Biology (112)
- Sociology (107)
- Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies (103)
- Anthropology (101)
- Computer Sciences (100)
- Environmental Sciences (99)
- Social and Cultural Anthropology (94)
- Environmental Engineering (93)
- Molecular Biology (87)
- Film and Media Studies (79)
- Chemistry (77)
- Political Science (69)
- Business Administration, Management, and Operations (68)
- Biology (65)
- Keyword
-
- Gender (61)
- Race (38)
- Identity (37)
- Media (34)
- Education (31)
-
- Culture (30)
- Ethnography (27)
- Health (27)
- Narrative (26)
- Social media (25)
- Communication (23)
- Neoliberalism (23)
- Film (22)
- Rhetoric (22)
- Technology (21)
- Body image (20)
- Feminism (20)
- Higher education (19)
- Autoethnography (18)
- Pedagogy (18)
- Qualitative (18)
- Television (18)
- Women (18)
- Immigration (17)
- Sexuality (17)
- Sports (17)
- Community (16)
- Motivation (16)
- Public health (16)
- Framing (15)
- Publication Year
- File Type
Articles 3181 - 3210 of 3356
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Development Of Interactive Web-Based Tutorials For Chemical Engineering Undergraduates, Stefan Cular
Development Of Interactive Web-Based Tutorials For Chemical Engineering Undergraduates, Stefan Cular
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
This thesis presents the design, creation, and testing of a web-based tool for generating interactive web-based problem set assignments. In prior research (Stetka, 2001) it was shown that students enjoyed interactive problems. In this research, multiple programming languages were used to provide a web-based, fully interactive, problem solving environment for the students. Sample problem sets were written by the author and a few chemical engineering students.
These web pages were then used as a basis to test the effectiveness of the webbased interactive problem sets for two engineering courses. Initial findings are presented illustrating the student’s results along with results …
Assessment Of The Community Healthcare Providers' Ability And Willingness To Respond To A Bioterrorist Attack In Florida, Jeffrey S. Crane
Assessment Of The Community Healthcare Providers' Ability And Willingness To Respond To A Bioterrorist Attack In Florida, Jeffrey S. Crane
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Previous findings have demonstrated that the preparedness and infrastructure of the public health system are inadequately developed for a biological and/or chemical terrorism attack. (1-4) Chen et al. reported that those primary care providers that would have to respond to such an attack do not feel prepared to diagnose and manage such an event.(5)
This research was an observational study using e-mail/web based survey to assess the levels of preparedness (PL) and willingness to respond (WTR) to a bioterrorism attack, and identify factors that predict PL and WTR of Florida community healthcare providers. The conceptual framework and questionnaire was designed …
Communicating Collaboration And Empowerment: A Research Novel Of Relationships With Domestic Violence Workers, Elizabeth A. Curry
Communicating Collaboration And Empowerment: A Research Novel Of Relationships With Domestic Violence Workers, Elizabeth A. Curry
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation is an experiment in thinking with the story, not about the story in order to erase the boundaries between analysis and narrative. CASA, Community Action Stops Abuse, is the context for this research on the lived realities and meaning of working with an empowerment philosophy. A University-Community Initiative (UCI) grant with CASA and the University of South Florida is the occasion to study the communicative aspects of individual and collective perceptions of empowerment. The dissertation focuses broadly on two UCI project goals: developing a collaborative relationship and producing a booklet of stories about the work of paid staff …
Theoretical And Experimental Investigation Of Phase Behavior Of Polymeric Systems In Supercritical Carbon Dioxide And Their Modeling Using Saft, Ratka Damnjanovic
Theoretical And Experimental Investigation Of Phase Behavior Of Polymeric Systems In Supercritical Carbon Dioxide And Their Modeling Using Saft, Ratka Damnjanovic
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Environmentally friendly processing of materials is becoming an increasingly important consideration in a wide variety of emerging technologies. Polymer processing, in particular, has benefited tremendously in this venue from numerous advances achieved using high-pressure carbon dioxide (CO2) as a viscosity modifier, plasticizing agent, foaming agent, and reaction medium. Polymer processing in supercritical fluids has been a major interest for a portfolio of materials processing applications including their impregnation into porous matrices. Also, SCF solvents are being examined as a media for polymerization processes, polymer purification and fractionation, and as environmentally preferable solvents for solution coatings. Pressurized CO2 …
Development And Validation Of A Systematically Designed Unit For Online Information Literacy And Its Effect On Student Performance For Internet Search Training, Emily K. Dunsker
Development And Validation Of A Systematically Designed Unit For Online Information Literacy And Its Effect On Student Performance For Internet Search Training, Emily K. Dunsker
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
As online learning increases and classroom use of print textbooks are gradually replaced by web-based instruction, what features of online instruction prove beneficial to student learning? The present study has three purposes; (1) To examine the effects of conversion of textbook content to web-based instruction for an extant Internet search course. The researcher examined performance differences of an online textbook to web tutorial compared to a second version that included interactive features found in classroom instruction. (2) To investigate students’ perceptions of material that afforded high levels of learner control and compared responses to a more structured instructional module. (3) …
Political And Economic News During The Argentine Crisis Of 2000-2002: An Agenda-Setting Analysis Of Major Newspaper Coverage, Mariana Eberle-Blaylock
Political And Economic News During The Argentine Crisis Of 2000-2002: An Agenda-Setting Analysis Of Major Newspaper Coverage, Mariana Eberle-Blaylock
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
During the years 2000-2002, the Republic of Argentina experienced one of the most, if not the most, devastating social/political/economic crises ever seen. President Fernando de la Rua, elected in 1999, was forced to resign on December 20, 2001, after several months of protests, public demonstrations, and a colossal economic recession. This unprecedented event in the history of the country created a state of chaos and confusion in a frantic population desperately searching for answers.
During the crisis, the media played a vital role in providing the public their daily updates. This study analyzed the newspapers’ role during the crisis using …
The Use Of Electrical Charge To Produce Cell-Cell Contact Prior To Electrofusion, Jyothi Fernandes
The Use Of Electrical Charge To Produce Cell-Cell Contact Prior To Electrofusion, Jyothi Fernandes
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
From previous studies it has been demonstrated that the fusion of tumor cells with antigen-presenting cells generates hybrids that are known to induce anti-tumor immunity. With the advancement of scientific research and medicine, the need to produce cell-cell hybrids for cancer immunotherapy and for various other applications is substantial.
Among the many methods used to generate these hybrid cells, electrofusion is a technique that is more widely used and recognized as a method to efficiently produce hybrids. Electrofusion requires two steps. In the first step, cells are brought into close adjacent contact either by a mechanical method like centrifugation or …
Negotiating Artistic Identity Through Satire: Subreal 1989-1999, Anca Izabel Galliera
Negotiating Artistic Identity Through Satire: Subreal 1989-1999, Anca Izabel Galliera
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The focus of this research study is on major art works produced during the nineteen-nineties by the Romanian collective subREAL, composed of Calin Dan and Josif Kiraly. The thesis is an alternative to the literal-minded and politically biased Western view typified in two major exhibitions of art from Eastern Europe: Beyond Belief: Contemporary Art from East Central Europe (Chicago, 1995) and After the Wall: Art and Culture in Post-Communist Europe (Sweden, 1999). Both exhibitions presented Post-Communist nations as a monolithic bloc, in which art was primarily a passive reflection of political and social events. It will be demonstrated that …
Study Of The Roles Of Lrba In Cancer Cell Proliferation And Ship-1 In Nk Cell Function, Joshua John Gamsby
Study Of The Roles Of Lrba In Cancer Cell Proliferation And Ship-1 In Nk Cell Function, Joshua John Gamsby
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
LRBA (LPS Responsive Beige-like Protein Kinase A anchor) gene expression is induced by the mitogen LPS and is a member of the WBW gene family member which is comprised of genes that are involved in cellular proliferation and differentiation. This work provides evidence for the over-expression of LRBA in certain cancers, and that LRBA promoter activity and endogenous LRBA mRNA levels are negatively regulated by the tumor suppressor p53 and positively regulated by E2F transactivators. Furthermore, we demonstrate that inhibition of LRBA expression or function leads to decreased proliferation of cancer cells and that LRBA plays a role in the …
The Role And Regulation Of Argininosuccinate Synthase In Endothelial Function, Bonnie L. Goodwin
The Role And Regulation Of Argininosuccinate Synthase In Endothelial Function, Bonnie L. Goodwin
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
While cellular levels of arginine greatly exceed the apparent Km for endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), nitric oxide (NO) production is limited by availability of arginine. Results from this work have provided a unique understanding of endothelial NO production, showing that arginine regeneration, that is the recycling of citrulline back to arginine by argininosuccinate synthase (AS) and argininosuccinate lyase (AL), defines the essential source of arginine for NO production. Using RNA interference analysis, selective reduction of AS expression was shown to directly correspond with a diminished capacity of endothelial cells to produce NO, despite saturating levels of arginine in the …
Full-Page Versus Partial-Page Screen Designs In Web-Based Training: Their Effects On Learner Satisfaction And Performance, Phillip Eulon Grace
Full-Page Versus Partial-Page Screen Designs In Web-Based Training: Their Effects On Learner Satisfaction And Performance, Phillip Eulon Grace
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
This is a report on research regarding the screen layout of Web-based training (WBT) programs, conducted with an eye toward providing evidence-based guidance for the design and development of WBT interfaces. Specifically, the study investigated the relative instructional benefits of two general types of WBT screen design, full-page and partial-page, in terms of both learner performance and learner satisfaction. The main hypotheses of the study were that the full-page design option would yield significantly better outcomes in both categories of interest.
The study employed a mixed-method design, generating both quantitative and qualitative data. The main phase of the study was …
Development Of A Dna Vaccine Against Streptococcus Mutans: A Novel Approach To Immunization Against Dental Caries, Thomas Han
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Streptococcus mutans is the main causative agent of dental caries, which is a widespread infectious disease. A number of surface molecules are involved in the pathogenicity of this organism, including adherence and aggregation factors. The wallassociated protein A (WapA) of Streptococcus mutans GS-5 was previously demonstrated to be a sucrose-dependent adherence and aggregation factor, and is a larger precursor to extracellular antigen A (AgA), a candidate antigen for a dental caries vaccine.
The full-length wapA gene and a C-terminal truncated version agA encoding the AgA were cloned into the mammalian expression vector pcDNA 3.1/V5/His-TOPO. The above constructs were …
A Discourse Concerning Two New Compositions, Stanley D. Harrison
A Discourse Concerning Two New Compositions, Stanley D. Harrison
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
This project addresses problems for theorists of writing and composition that arose in the 1990s when capital privatizes the production of internetworked writing and starts operating in the manner of a practicing compositionist. I begin by noting that capital in the 1990s converted internetworked writing machines into fixed capital and started composing its version of the cultural form of the "social" we call the Internet. Thereafter, I argue that composition theorists can best understand the Internet, internetworked writing, and internetworked subjectivities if they regard capital as a formidable compositionist, one capable of making the machinofactured internetworked composition into a privately …
Influence Of Gender On Heart Rate And Core Temperature At Critical Wbgt For Five Clothing Ensembles At Three Levels Of Metabolic Rate, Maeen Zakaria Islam
Influence Of Gender On Heart Rate And Core Temperature At Critical Wbgt For Five Clothing Ensembles At Three Levels Of Metabolic Rate, Maeen Zakaria Islam
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Three main factors that influence heat stress are clothing, work demands and environmental conditions. Gender may also influence the amount of heat stress an individual can tolerate. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of gender in heat stress limits (critical WBGT) and heat strain (heart rate and core temperature). The null hypothesis was that there was no gender difference among critical WBGT, heart rate and core temperature.
Fifteen subjects (11 men and 4 women) wore five different clothing ensembles (cotton work clothes, cotton coveralls, particle barrier Tyvek, water-barrier/vapor permeable NexGen LS417, and vapor barrier Tychem QC …
All The News That’S Fit To Print? Media Reporting Of Environmental Protection Agency Penalties Assessed Against The Petroleum Refining Industry, 1997-2003, Melissa L. Jarrell
All The News That’S Fit To Print? Media Reporting Of Environmental Protection Agency Penalties Assessed Against The Petroleum Refining Industry, 1997-2003, Melissa L. Jarrell
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Although examination of the relationship between the media and crime has received considerable attention in the academic literature, only a few studies have examined news media coverage of environmental crimes. The present study examines print news media coverage of federal penalties assessed against the petroleum refining industry from 1997 to 2003. The Environmental Protection Agency initiated and/or settled 162 cases involving seventy-eight petroleum refining companies from 1997 to 2003. While a news search of the nation’s twenty-five largest newspapers produced seventy-four articles related to petroleum refining industry violations, only seventeen articles matched the EPA cases analyzed in the present study. …
A Comparison Of Traditional Physical Laboratory And Computer Simulated Laboratory Experiences In Relation To Engineering Undergraduate Students’ Conceptual Understandings Of A Communication Systems Topic, Giti Javidi
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
This study was designed to investigate an alternative to the use of traditional physical laboratory activities in a communication systems course. Specifically, this study examined whether as an alternative, computer simulation is as effective as physical laboratory activities in teaching college-level electronics engineering education students about the concepts of signal transmission, modulation and demodulation. Eighty undergraduate engineering students participated in the study, which was conducted at a southeastern four-year university.
The students were randomly assigned to two groups. The groups were compared on understanding the concepts, remembering the concepts, completion time of the lab experiments and perception toward the laboratory …
Occupational Role Portrayals Of African-American Women On Prime-Time Television, Shani Tyhirah Jefferson
Occupational Role Portrayals Of African-American Women On Prime-Time Television, Shani Tyhirah Jefferson
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
This study examined portrayals of African-American women shown in professional careers on prime-time network television during the May 2005 sweeps month. Specifically, the study compares these portrayals to actual U.S. Department of Labor workforce statistics to observe a possible similarity. Additionally, the study identifies any behavioral and conversational stereotyped attributes ascribed to AfricanAmerican female characters shown in the workplace. A quantitative content analysis of four broadcast networks (FOX, ABC, UPN, and WB) ranked by Nielsen Media as having the highest rated prime-time television programming among minority households for 2003-2004 revealed that African-American female characters on network television are over-represented in …
Florida: Presidential Elections And Partisan Change, 1952-2004, Matthew Thomas Jefferys
Florida: Presidential Elections And Partisan Change, 1952-2004, Matthew Thomas Jefferys
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The presidential contest of 1952 established a new trajectory for Florida politics. This pivotal election reversed decades of Democratic dominance and signified the beginning of presidential Republicanism in the state. Elections in the second half of the 20th century provided evidence of an increasingly favorable environment for Republican nominees. During this period Democrats were limited to carrying the state’s electoral votes three times. GOP presidential ascendancy in Florida was augmented by partisan conversion and the disproportionate in-migration of white Northerners following World War II. Contrary to unrivaled 1980s support, which created an anchor in a new core Southern Republican electoral …
Polytetrahydrofuran-And Dendrimer-Based Novel Sol-Gel Coatings For Capillary Microextraction (Cme) Providing Parts Per Trillion (Ppt) And Parts Per Quadrillion (Ppq) Level Detection Limits In Conjunction With Gas Chromatography And Flame Ionization Detection (Fid), Abuzar Kabir
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Sol-gel capillary microextraction (CME) is a new direction in solvent-free extraction and preconcentration of trace analytes. CME presents significant interest in environmental, pharmaceutical, petrochemical, biomedical, agricultural, food, flavor, and a host of other important areas. Sol-gel CME utilizes advanced material properties of organic-inorganic hybrid sol-gel polymers to perform efficient extraction and enrichment of target analytes from a variety of matrices. In this dissertation, two novel sol-gel coatings were developed for CME: (a) sol-gel benzyl-terminated dendrimer coating, and (b) sol-gel polytetrahydrofuran (poly-THF) coating. A detailed investigation was conducted to evaluate the performance of the newly developed sol-gel coatings in solvent-free extraction …
The Role Of Sensation Seeking In Children’S Ability To Learn Alcohol Expectancy Associations, Nicole M. Bekman
The Role Of Sensation Seeking In Children’S Ability To Learn Alcohol Expectancy Associations, Nicole M. Bekman
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Sensation seeking is a personality characteristic associated with problematic alcohol use and positive alcohol expectancies, but little research has examined the relationship between sensation seeking and the acquisition of alcohol expectancy information. In a recent study (Steinberg, 2003), sensation seeking was associated with how quickly and accurately college-aged students were able to learn alcohol-expectancy word pairs in a paired associate learning task. In this age group, however, the individuals had fully developed alcohol expectancies that may have influenced their rates of learning.
The current study sought to minimize the influence of previously held alcohol expectancies by exploring this relationship in …
Do Expectancies Influence Outcomes For Tailored Smoking Cessation Messages? A Placebo Tailoring Experiment, Monica S. Webb
Do Expectancies Influence Outcomes For Tailored Smoking Cessation Messages? A Placebo Tailoring Experiment, Monica S. Webb
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
This study was an effort to replicate and extend findings from our previous research, which suggested that the efficacy of tailored messages is influenced by high levels of content personalization within the message and by individuals trait expectancies about tailored interventions. We tested whether tailoring-related expectancies regarding smoking-cessation booklets could be altered via a brief expectancy-priming intervention, and whether this would enhance the impact of the cessation materials. A 2x2 factorial design crossed personalization level and expectancy priming on evaluation of the intervention content, readiness to quit smoking, cessation self-efficacy, cognitive processing, and progress towards quitting. Smokers (N = 205) …
Three Studies Of Problem Solving In Collaborative Software Development, Madeline Ann Domino
Three Studies Of Problem Solving In Collaborative Software Development, Madeline Ann Domino
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
A potential solution to producing quality software in an acceptable time frame may be found by using the newer, innovative methods, such as collaborative software development. The purpose of this dissertation is to examine the individual developer characteristics, developmental settings, collaborative methods and the processes during development that impact collaborative programming performance and satisfaction outcomes.
Understanding individual differences in performance in the collaborative development setting is important, since it may help us understand how the collaborative setting may raise the lowest level of performance to much higher levels, as well as how to select individuals for collaborative development. Exploring the …
The Construct Validation Of An Instrument Based On Students’ University Choice And Their Perceptions Of Professor Effectiveness And Academic Reputation At The University Of Los Andes, Josefa Maria Montilla
The Construct Validation Of An Instrument Based On Students’ University Choice And Their Perceptions Of Professor Effectiveness And Academic Reputation At The University Of Los Andes, Josefa Maria Montilla
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to examine the construct validation of an instrument based on students university choice and their perceptions of professor effectiveness and academic reputation at the University of Los Andes (ULA). Moreover, a comparative analysis was carried out to determine how the selected factors that influence the students decisions and perceptions differ according to student demographic factors such as: gender and university campus.
This instrument was developed with items based on the three domains formulated: university choice process, professor effectiveness, and university academic reputation. To determine the instruments appropriateness to measure the students decisions in university …
American Folk, Preston Poe
American Folk, Preston Poe
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
This piece is a forty-five minute video utilizing the concept of liquid medium cross-pollination of media including, sound, music, video and "found" art. The piece was shot over the course of three years at a cost of twelve thousand dollars using a Sony trv950, a Mac PowerBook, a 1954 Gibson J45, and a 1971 Guild F212, edited on Final Cut Pro and conceptualized for multiple viewings.
Threatening Skies, Brandon Dunlap
Threatening Skies, Brandon Dunlap
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
No abstract provided.
Transnational Social Movements And The War On Drugs, Ben Mostyn
Transnational Social Movements And The War On Drugs, Ben Mostyn
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
This thesis discusses the growing body of work on transnational social movement theory. Transnational social movement theory is an attempt to adapt social movement theory to the changing nature of international relations. To further this theory, I test the hypothesis that "a transnational social movement has caused drug law reforms at the local and state level".
To test this hypothesis I undertake a case study of one local and one national drug law reform. The drug laws in the state of New South Wales, Australia were reformed in 1999 to allow heroin addicts to use a medical center to inject …
Building A Case For The Unfamiliar Cause In Cause-Related Marketing: The Importance Of Cause Vested Interest, Charles G. O'Brien
Building A Case For The Unfamiliar Cause In Cause-Related Marketing: The Importance Of Cause Vested Interest, Charles G. O'Brien
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Marketing and advertising practitioners are currently matching up a brand with a cause and broadcasting the association to consumers in a practice called cause related marketing (CRM). Scholars are building a stream of academic research which seeks to understand the relationship between a brand and a cause (a.k.a., alliance) in relation to the final outcome of a CRM campaign. Ostensibly, both partners benefit from this alliance, although many CRM studies seek to understand how to optimize this relationship for each partner.
In professional practice and academic research both practitioners and researchers have focused on established, popular, well-known causes in consideration …
The Effects Of Militant Press On Nigeria's Democratic Evolution, Oluwaniran Malaolu
The Effects Of Militant Press On Nigeria's Democratic Evolution, Oluwaniran Malaolu
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
This is an in-depth study of the Nigerian press, the ubiquitous behemoth which called itself the "defender" of Nigeria's national independence and the last "hope" of the common man. It's a bold attempt to critically examine its antecedents, its evolution or development especially the historical, political, technological and socio-economic events that had impacted its growth, its world views and ideologies. It's a thorough assessment of the press' influence on Nigeria's socio-economic and political development, as well as the suitability of its tactics and posturing toward attaining its set goals of economic and political emancipation of Nigerians. Most importantly, this study …
Efforts To Promote Tourism As A Catalyst For Urban Redevelopment In Florida: Insights From The Anthropology Of Tourism And An Annotated Bibliography., John F. Collins
Efforts To Promote Tourism As A Catalyst For Urban Redevelopment In Florida: Insights From The Anthropology Of Tourism And An Annotated Bibliography., John F. Collins
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Tourism is a major contributor to the global economy and is an agent of cultural change. Tourism has been utilized throughout the United States as an engine of economic renewal in the promotion of redevelopment within many of our most celebrated urban centers. Urban tourism as it is found within Florida is explored. A chapter is dedicated to Tampa, Florida. Anthropology has spent little time or effort in attempting to understand the complexities of urban tourism and what it means for the cities of 21st century. The anthropology of tourism is utilized in exploring the political economy of tourism within …
Colombian Immigrant Children In The United States: Representations Of Food And The Process Of Creolization, María Claudia Duque-Páramo
Colombian Immigrant Children In The United States: Representations Of Food And The Process Of Creolization, María Claudia Duque-Páramo
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this dissertation research is to study the experience of adjustment of Colombian immigrant children to living in the U.S. In order to understand the changes they have experienced as immigrants, the research focuses on the ways in which they talk about the food they eat hereand on the foods they ate in Colombia. Because of the symbolic importance of food in the construction of ethnic and personal identities, a study of how the children talk about food illuminates the process of blending elements from the immigrant culture with those of the U.S.
Based on the symbolic interactionism …