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Integrating Weed-Suppressive Cotton Chromosome Substitution Lines And Cover Crops For Sustainable Weed Management In Cotton Production Systems., Alyssa Lea Miller Aug 2023

Integrating Weed-Suppressive Cotton Chromosome Substitution Lines And Cover Crops For Sustainable Weed Management In Cotton Production Systems., Alyssa Lea Miller

Theses and Dissertations

Weeds pose a challenge to cotton production, and herbicides have been the primary means of control. However, there is growing concern over weed resistance to herbicides. To address this issue, we evaluated three cover crop species and six cotton accessions for weed suppression. The study found that hairy vetch, wheat, and B16 cotton CS line effectively suppressed Amaranthus species, while MNTN 4-15, B16, hairy vetch, and wheat were correlated with the highest cotton yield. Cover crops were also analyzed for chlorogenic acid content, with wheat, MNTN 4-15, and hairy vetch producing the highest amounts. The greenhouse tray study showed that …

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Using Dynamic Task Allocation To Evaluate Driving Performance, Situation Awareness, And Cognitive Load At Different Levels Of Partial Autonomy, Viraj R. Patel Aug 2023

Using Dynamic Task Allocation To Evaluate Driving Performance, Situation Awareness, And Cognitive Load At Different Levels Of Partial Autonomy, Viraj R. Patel

Theses and Dissertations

The state of the art of autonomous vehicles requires operators to remain vigilant while performing secondary tasks. The goal of this research was to investigate how dynamically allocated secondary tasks affected driving performance, cognitive load, and situation awareness. Secondary tasks were presented at rates based on the autonomy level present and whether the autonomous system was engaged. A rapid secondary task rate was also presented for two short periods regardless of whether autonomy was engaged. There was a three-minute familiarization phase followed by a data collection phase where participants responded to secondary tasks while preventing the vehicle from colliding into …

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The Effects Of Impulsivity On Psychological Problems In Emerging Adults: Moderation By Parental Discipline And Gender, Richard K. Nelson Jr. Aug 2023

The Effects Of Impulsivity On Psychological Problems In Emerging Adults: Moderation By Parental Discipline And Gender, Richard K. Nelson Jr.

Theses and Dissertations

Parental discipline behaviors and trait impulsivity are related to the development of psychological problems in children. Less research has examined these relations during emerging adulthood, despite the continued importance of parenting and increases in impulsivity during this time. Thus, the current study examined the association of impulsivity with current parental discipline practices and psychological problems as reported by college-attending emerging adults. Specifically, paternal and maternal discipline practices were examined as moderators between impulsivity and psychological problems with gender as an additional moderator. Participants (N = 911, 38.2% women, 78.0% White, aged 18 to 25) completed self-report measures on current discipline …

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Identifying Additional Neuroprotective Mechanisms Of Novel Phenoxyalkyl Pyridinium Oximes Against Organophosphorus Compound Toxicity, Chiquita Yvette Price Aug 2023

Identifying Additional Neuroprotective Mechanisms Of Novel Phenoxyalkyl Pyridinium Oximes Against Organophosphorus Compound Toxicity, Chiquita Yvette Price

Theses and Dissertations

Our laboratory has invented a series of oxime acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivators (US Patent 9,227,937) that enter the brain, reduce time to cessation of seizure-like activities, and prevent organophosphorus compound (OP) neuropathology, not seen with the current U.S. approved AChE reactivator, pralidoxime (2-PAM). Thus, 2-PAM fails to protect the brain against damage and long-term cognitive and behavioral deficits seen in humans after OP exposure. However, the mechanisms by which these novel oximes provide central neuroprotection through preservation of neuronal cell structures from damage in a rat model are not fully understood by AChE reactivation alone. This dissertation investigated neurotoxic mechanisms of …

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Investigating The Role Of Plant Traits And Interactions In Emergent Wetland Nutrient Removal, Andrew Ryan Sample Aug 2023

Investigating The Role Of Plant Traits And Interactions In Emergent Wetland Nutrient Removal, Andrew Ryan Sample

Theses and Dissertations

Increasing wetland restoration in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley has been identified as a method to reduce nutrient loading in the Gulf of Mexico. Wetlands have historically been used to treat water through processes facilitated by wetland plants, and relatively few species and plant traits have been identified as important in carrying out these processes. This study focuses on some of those species and traits and aims to identify species differences and plant traits that may be important for wetland nutrient mitigation. Chapter I provides background information on nutrient pollution, wetland biogeochemical mechanisms for nutrient sequestration, and the focal species …

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Utilizing Soil Quality Data For Premium Rate Making In The Federal Crop Insurance Program, Rylan Moore Aug 2023

Utilizing Soil Quality Data For Premium Rate Making In The Federal Crop Insurance Program, Rylan Moore

Theses and Dissertations

The federal crop insurance program provides crop insurance for millions of acres and many commodities every year. The Risk Management Agency of the USDA is responsible for determining the premium rates for these covered commodities. Currently, the quality of soil is not considered when determining baseline yields and expected premium rates. This study utilizes the moment-based maximum entropy method to assess the effect of incorporating soil in the rate making methodology. Several moments of upland cotton yield in Arkansas, Mississippi, and Texas are conditioned on weather, irrigation, and soil control variables. Ultimately, I find evidence of mispriced premium rates for …

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A Comparison Of Ground Reaction Forces And Muscle Activity Of The Tsunami Bar® Against A Rigid Barbell During Back Squat Phases, John Carver Middleton Aug 2023

A Comparison Of Ground Reaction Forces And Muscle Activity Of The Tsunami Bar® Against A Rigid Barbell During Back Squat Phases, John Carver Middleton

Theses and Dissertations

An Institutional Review Board (IRB)-approved study was conducted to investigate the effects of the Tsunami Bar® (TB), a flexible barbell, on ground reaction force (GRF) production and muscle activity in the quadricep, hamstring, and gluteal muscle groups during phases of the squat exercise and compare the effects to the effects to using a rigid barbell (RB). A two-by-two repeated measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test was used to compare the results. Descriptive statistics showed significantly higher GRFs for the TB during the unweighting phase, significant differences in GRFs between speeds for each phase, significantly higher forces on average with the …

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Ruggedness Test Of A New Standardized Test Method For Abrasion Resistance Of E-Textiles, Erin Parker Aug 2023

Ruggedness Test Of A New Standardized Test Method For Abrasion Resistance Of E-Textiles, Erin Parker

Theses and Dissertations

Standard test methods provide product developers with information regarding materials' suitability for different purposes. Typically, current standards are suitable for determining the mechanical properties of new materials. However, in the case of electronic textiles (E-Textiles) and wearable technology (wearables), adding conductive components with added functionality makes utilizing textile standards difficult, and these standards will not provide information on mechanical and electrical properties of conductive elements. New standards for E-Textile and wearables testing are needed to ensure product developers can obtain the information necessary to make informed decisions about new products. Standards organizations such as the American Society for Testing and …

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Use Of Comparative Genomics And In Vitro Screening Approach To Identify Vaccine Candidates For The Food-Borne Pathogen Campylobacter Jejuni, Sabin Poudel Aug 2023

Use Of Comparative Genomics And In Vitro Screening Approach To Identify Vaccine Candidates For The Food-Borne Pathogen Campylobacter Jejuni, Sabin Poudel

Theses and Dissertations

Campylobacteriosis is a leading foodborne illness worldwide, primarily caused by Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) which is associated with poultry consumption. The emergence of antibiotic resistance has emphasized the need for alternative strategies to control C. jejuni colonization in poultry. To assess the prevalence of C. jejuni in poultry, 270 cloacal swab samples were collected from broilers raised under No-Antibiotics Ever system. Among these samples, 16.3% were identified as C. jejuni positive. Notably, these isolates exhibited a diverse range of virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance genes, with 61.36% of isolates showing hyper-motile and 20.45% demonstrating multidrug resistance. Following isolation, whole genome …

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Reflecting On Design: A Study Of The Relationship Between Beginning Landscape Architecture Students’ Graphic Skills And Self-Efficacy Through Hybrid Assessments And Reflective Writing, Rachel Michelle Nobles Aug 2023

Reflecting On Design: A Study Of The Relationship Between Beginning Landscape Architecture Students’ Graphic Skills And Self-Efficacy Through Hybrid Assessments And Reflective Writing, Rachel Michelle Nobles

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study is to examine the connection between self-efficacy, reflective writing, and graphic quality inside a first-year Landscape Architecture design studio. Reflective writing and self-efficacy can be studied to better understand how to motivate students within a design studio. Bandura (1977) defines self-efficacy as the belief in one’s own capabilities relating to motivation, behavior, and environment. Reflective writing is overlooked as a mode of advancing knowledge in the design process (Lousberg, 2019). The data were collected with pre- and post-semester Likert scale questionnaires, graphic skill-building tests, and reflective writing. To determine growth, the pre-and post-Likert-type questionnaires and …

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Re(Engineering) Student Success: Constructing Knowledge On Students’ Experiences In Engineering Education Programs To Encourage Holistic Student Success, Shaylin Williams Aug 2023

Re(Engineering) Student Success: Constructing Knowledge On Students’ Experiences In Engineering Education Programs To Encourage Holistic Student Success, Shaylin Williams

Theses and Dissertations

If a group of engineering deans were asked whether students at their institutions were successful and why, what information might they immediately or subconsciously use to measure or gauge the engineering students’ success? If only academic performance outcomes like GPA, individual course grades, or graduation rate race to their minds, then their rationale aligns with the majority of researchers. My research seeks to shift the mindset that frames engineering student success mainly within the boundaries of academic performance measures. By measuring students’ perceived autonomy, competence, social integration and relatedness within their programs, and aspirations after graduation, one can more accurately …

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An Analysis Of Coastal Restoration Projects In Alabama And Mississippi, Barbara Nyarkoa Okai Aug 2023

An Analysis Of Coastal Restoration Projects In Alabama And Mississippi, Barbara Nyarkoa Okai

Theses and Dissertations

This study aims to review thirteen coastal restoration projects considering the various ecosystem services provided by restoration and estimates the economic value of one of the ecosystem services of restoration. These ecosystem services include water quality improvement, fish and benthic species productivity, shoreline stabilization, oyster abundance, and marsh growth. The projects represent a set of large-scale projects within Alabama and Mississippi, with construction and monitoring costs ranging from $2.3 million to $50 million per project. To determine the economic value of one of the ecosystem services of coastal restoration projects, I used the meta-analysis method to estimate the willingness to …

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The Response Of Bats And Their Insect Prey To Different Coastal Upland Habitat Management Techniques, Amanda Nicole Sartain Aug 2023

The Response Of Bats And Their Insect Prey To Different Coastal Upland Habitat Management Techniques, Amanda Nicole Sartain

Theses and Dissertations

Declining bat populations necessitates a need to understand how different land management techniques influence bat activity. This study assessed the influences of different coastal upland habitat management techniques, such as mulching, prescribed fire, and select cut, on forest bat activity within the Grand Bay National Wildlife Refuge and National Estuarine Research Reserve. Acoustic recorders were used to monitor bat activity and insect and vegetation surveys were used to assess influences on bat activity across different land management techniques. Results demonstrate that overall bat activity was similar across different land management techniques, however larger species adapted for open-space flying were shown …

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Identification And Characterization Of Silk Gland Specific Ugt34 Gene In Helicoverpa Zea, Courtney Nicole Wynn Aug 2023

Identification And Characterization Of Silk Gland Specific Ugt34 Gene In Helicoverpa Zea, Courtney Nicole Wynn

Theses and Dissertations

Uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferase (UGT) is a multigene family of enzymes responsible for catalyzing glycosylation of small hydrophobic molecules. Recently, a genomic analysis of the corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea) identified 45 different UGT genes. We discovered a UGT gene (UGT34) showing high levels of expression exclusively in the silk gland tissue. The expression levels of UGT34 were analyzed in different developmental stages and silk gland sub-segments, revealing that UGT34 is generally expressed at all larval instar stages and largely expressed in the middle and posterior subsegments of the silk glands. The soybean looper (Chrysodeixis includens), another noctuid …

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Assessment Of Light Weight Deflectometer For Low Volume Roads Experiencing Rapidly Increased Traffic Levels, Margarita Ordaz Aug 2023

Assessment Of Light Weight Deflectometer For Low Volume Roads Experiencing Rapidly Increased Traffic Levels, Margarita Ordaz

Theses and Dissertations

When evaluating low volume roads (LVRs), structural capacity emphasis is minimal since deterioration typically results from environmental factors. However, in cases where LVR’s experience rapidly increased traffic loading, structural condition becomes important. The research objective was to determine whether the Light Weight Deflectometer (LWD) can be used as a structural evaluation tool for LVRs in the aforementioned conditions. This study explored the capability of LWD equipment in evaluating major factors that influence flexible pavement structural capacity: load induced deterioration, soil moisture, and asphalt temperature. Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) and LWD tests were performed to measure pavement structural condition. LWD was …

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A New Saturation-Based Framework For Compaction Quality Control, Kevin Clark Miller Aug 2023

A New Saturation-Based Framework For Compaction Quality Control, Kevin Clark Miller

Theses and Dissertations

Field compaction control is arguably the most common yet critical quality control procedure in geotechnical engineering. Since the early 1930s, the systematic process for performing quality control of compacted soils has often been performed by measuring the in-place dry unit weight (or density) and as-compacted soil moisture content after placement in a fill. However, the current practice overlooks several facts resulting from comparing soil prepared and compacted in the laboratory to soils placed and compacted in the field. These issues include comparing the compaction energy in the lab versus what is applied in the field, and the behavior of saturated …

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The Definition Of A Black Man: The Entanglement Of Race, Sexuality, And Space, Michael Moore Aug 2023

The Definition Of A Black Man: The Entanglement Of Race, Sexuality, And Space, Michael Moore

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis examines how Black queer men and transmasculine individuals navigate Black heteronormative and White queer spaces in New Orleans. Over the last few decades, articles, including anthropological and sociological, have focused on the relationship between race, gender performance, sexuality, and emotional expression among men such as Christian (2005), which analyzed how Black queer men expressed their masculinity within queer spaces (Christian 2005). This thesis builds on this literature to explore how societal and cultural pressures of masculinity can hinder Black queer men institutionally, socially, and romantically.

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Effects Of Fire Seasonality On Bachman’S Sparrows In The Longleaf Pine Forests Of Southern Mississippi, Michael D. Warren Aug 2023

Effects Of Fire Seasonality On Bachman’S Sparrows In The Longleaf Pine Forests Of Southern Mississippi, Michael D. Warren

Theses and Dissertations

The Bachman’s sparrow (Peucaea aestivalis) is a ground-dwelling, pine-obligate species experiencing range-wide population declines due to land development and fire exclusion. We explored the effects of fire seasonality on wintering Bachman’s sparrow abundance in Southern Mississippi from 2021-2022. We used generalized linear mixed models to investigate differences in sparrow abundance and vegetation characteristics following dormant and growing season fire. We explored the effects of growing season fire on breeding territory vegetation characteristics. Our results indicate that burn type (dormant vs. growing season), native grass groundcover, and shrubs over 1m were the most significant predictors for wintering Bachman’s sparrow …

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Development Of Hydrophobic Paper And Wood Products Via Metal Ion Modification, Oshani Nayanathara Rathnayaka Mudiyanselage Aug 2023

Development Of Hydrophobic Paper And Wood Products Via Metal Ion Modification, Oshani Nayanathara Rathnayaka Mudiyanselage

Theses and Dissertations

Renewable lignocellulosic materials are promising green plastic alternatives to fossil fuel-based plastics. However, the hydrophilic nature and poor water resistance of lignocellulosic materials have hindered their practical applications. This study reports a facile metal-ion-modification (MIM) route, swelling with aqueous metal ion solutions, and drying to convert conventional hydrophilic paper and wood pulp into biodegradable hydrophobic paper and tableware without the addition of hydrophobic sizing chemicals/materials. Metal ions such as Fe3+ and Zr4+ can coordinate with pulp fibers’ polar groups (i.e., O.H., C=O, and COOH) that induce self-assembly of their surface fibrillated “hairy” cellulose nanofibrils to form a more compact structure …

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Exploring Bistatic Scattering Modeling For Land Surface Applications Using Radio Spectrum Recycling In The Signal Of Opportunity Coherent Bistatic Simulator, Dylan R. Boyd Aug 2023

Exploring Bistatic Scattering Modeling For Land Surface Applications Using Radio Spectrum Recycling In The Signal Of Opportunity Coherent Bistatic Simulator, Dylan R. Boyd

Theses and Dissertations

The potential for high spatio-temporal resolution microwave measurements has urged the adoption of the signals of opportunity (SoOp) passive radar technique for use in remote sensing. Recent trends in particular target highly complex remote sensing problems such as root-zone soil moisture and snow water equivalent. This dissertation explores the continued open-sourcing of the SoOp coherent bistatic scattering model (SCoBi) and its use in soil moisture sensing applications. Starting from ground-based applications, the feasibility of root-zone soil moisture remote sensing is assessed using available SoOp resources below L-band. A modularized, spaceborne model is then developed to simulate land-surface scattering and delay-Doppler …

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Ai-Enabled Modeling And Monitoring Of Data-Rich Advanced Manufacturing Systems, Abdullah Al Mamun Aug 2023

Ai-Enabled Modeling And Monitoring Of Data-Rich Advanced Manufacturing Systems, Abdullah Al Mamun

Theses and Dissertations

The infrastructure of cyber-physical systems (CPS) is based on a meta-concept of cybermanufacturing systems (CMS) that synchronizes the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoTs), Cloud Computing, Industrial Control Systems (ICSs), and Big Data analytics in manufacturing operations. Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be incorporated to make intelligent decisions in the day-to-day operations of CMS. Cyberattack spaces in AI-based cybermanufacturing operations pose significant challenges, including unauthorized modification of systems, loss of historical data, destructive malware, software malfunctioning, etc. However, a cybersecurity framework can be implemented to prevent unauthorized access, theft, damage, or other harmful attacks on electronic equipment, networks, and sensitive data. The …

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Expanding One-Dimensional Game Theory-Based Group Decision Models: Extension To N-Dimension And Integration Of Distributed Position Function, Mirhossein Mousavi Karimi Aug 2023

Expanding One-Dimensional Game Theory-Based Group Decision Models: Extension To N-Dimension And Integration Of Distributed Position Function, Mirhossein Mousavi Karimi

Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation aims to expand the current one-dimensional game theory based model to a multidimensional model for multi-actor predictive analytics and generalize the concept of position to address problems where actors’ positions are distributed over a position spectrum. The one-dimensional models are used for the problems where actors are interacting in a single issue space only. This is less than an ideal assumption since, in most cases, players’ strategies may depend on the dynamics of multiple issues when dealing with other players. In this research, the one-dimensional model is expanded to N-Dimensional model by considering different positions, and separate salience …

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Ai Methods For Identifying Process Defects In Advanced Manufacturing With Rare Labeled Data, Ayantha Umesh Senanayaka Mudiyanselage Aug 2023

Ai Methods For Identifying Process Defects In Advanced Manufacturing With Rare Labeled Data, Ayantha Umesh Senanayaka Mudiyanselage

Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation aims to provide efficient process defect identification methods for advanced manufacturing environments using AI tools/algorithms with limited labeled data availability. Asset and equipment quality become highly sensitive in sustaining virtuous performance and safety in various manufacturing domains. Internally generated process imperfections degrade finished products' optimum performance and mechanical attributes. The evolution of big data and intelligent sensing systems leverage data-driven defect identification in advanced manufacturing environments. Widely adopted data-driven process anomaly detection methods assume that the training (source) and testing (target) data follow the same distribution and that labeled data are available in both source and target domains. …

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Travel Time Prediction Using Machine Learning, Vignaan Vardhan Nampalli Aug 2023

Travel Time Prediction Using Machine Learning, Vignaan Vardhan Nampalli

Theses and Dissertations

With the rapid growth of urban populations and increasing vehicular traffic, congestion has become a major challenge for transportation systems worldwide. Accurate estimation of travel time plays a crucial role in mitigating congestion and enhancing traffic management. This research focuses on developing a novel methodology that utilizes machine learning models to estimate travel time using real-time traffic data collected through Bluetooth sensors deployed at traffic intersections. The research compares five different prediction systems for replicating travel time estimation, evaluating their performance and accuracy. The results highlight the effectiveness of the machine learning models in accurately predicting travel time. Lastly, the …

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A Silvicultural Approach To Increase Drought Resistance And Resilience In Longleaf Pine, Kyle R. Dues Aug 2023

A Silvicultural Approach To Increase Drought Resistance And Resilience In Longleaf Pine, Kyle R. Dues

Theses and Dissertations

Droughts are a common disturbance experienced by forest systems across the southeastern United States and are expected to increase in frequency in the near future. Few empirical studies have evaluated the response of individual tree resistance and resilience following silvicultural treatment in longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.). This study evaluates the differences in drought responses between two forests during three different periods. The first period evaluated pretreatment (2000) conditions, while the second (2006), and third (2011) compared conditions after the implementation of five silvicultural treatments. The main findings are that, as additional basal area is removed, both individual tree …

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Faculty Experiences Facilitating Study Abroad, Francis Edmond Dechert Aug 2023

Faculty Experiences Facilitating Study Abroad, Francis Edmond Dechert

Theses and Dissertations

Faculty who teach at the college level are often responsible for their own pedagogical training and development, and leading a short-term study abroad program may be one strategy for helping faculty with this development. This study explores the experiences of faculty who have led short-term study abroad programs and provides insight into how the experiences align with experiential learning models and ways that they can lead to pedagogical development. Nine faculty members were interviewed and asked questions about their teaching backgrounds, their introduction to study abroad, and their experiences related to teaching and learning while abroad. The findings show that …

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Determining Student Attentiveness By Use Of Heart Rate Measurement Using A Wearable Device, Erik Rhodes Brown Aug 2023

Determining Student Attentiveness By Use Of Heart Rate Measurement Using A Wearable Device, Erik Rhodes Brown

Theses and Dissertations

Distraction from personal technology is a widely recognized problem in the modern classroom. Further, instructors have limited abilities to determine when students are waxing or waning in attentiveness. This evaluative experiment leverages the Apple Watch’s heart rate sensors to capture signs of attentiveness in participants simulating remote university lectures of differing interest levels as determined by YouTube commenters. Once captured, the heart rate data separated and analyzed to determine the effect of the lecture treatment on the participants’ heart rates. Twenty-seven students from Mississippi State University’s Electrical and Computer Engineering and Computer Science and Engineering departments elected to participate in …

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More Is Better Than One: The Effect Of Ensembling On Deep Learning Performance In Biochemical Prediction Problems, Jacob A. Stern Aug 2023

More Is Better Than One: The Effect Of Ensembling On Deep Learning Performance In Biochemical Prediction Problems, Jacob A. Stern

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis presents two papers addressing important biochemical prediction challenges. The first paper focuses on accurate protein distance predictions and introduces updates to the ProSPr network. We evaluate its performance in the Critical Assessment of techniques for Protein Structure Prediction (CASP14) competition, investigating its accuracy dependence on sequence length and multiple sequence alignment depth. The ProSPr network, an ensemble of three convolutional neural networks (CNNs), demonstrates superior performance compared to individual networks. The second paper addresses the issue of accurate ligand ranking in virtual screening for drug discovery. We propose MILCDock, a machine learning consensus docking tool that leverages predictions …

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Using Motivation To Assess Affective States Of Captive Red Kangaroos (Macropus Rufus) In Response To Visitor Presence And Crowd Size In A Walk-Through Zoo Exhibit, Julia King Aug 2023

Using Motivation To Assess Affective States Of Captive Red Kangaroos (Macropus Rufus) In Response To Visitor Presence And Crowd Size In A Walk-Through Zoo Exhibit, Julia King

Theses and Dissertations

This study investigates how visitor presence influences affective states of captive red kangaroos housed in a walk-through zoo exhibit by using motivation to consume a food reward in desired vs undesired locations and with/without an additional challenge feeder as a proxy for affective state, while considering individual variation and personality.

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Age And Sex Of Wild Asian Elephants Observed In And Around Protected Areas In Kanchanaburi, Thailand, Leah D. Wersebe Aug 2023

Age And Sex Of Wild Asian Elephants Observed In And Around Protected Areas In Kanchanaburi, Thailand, Leah D. Wersebe

Theses and Dissertations

This study observed the wild Asian elephant population in and around Salakpra Wildlife Sanctuary and found a greater proportional presence of adults and subadults than calves and infants per observation, and a greater proportion of males than females outside of the protected area compared to inside the protected area.

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