Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Engineering (670)
- Arts and Humanities (345)
- Physical Sciences and Mathematics (335)
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (274)
- Operations Research, Systems Engineering and Industrial Engineering (239)
-
- Computer Sciences (207)
- Business (143)
- Electrical and Computer Engineering (135)
- History (129)
- Operational Research (128)
- Aerospace Engineering (118)
- Computer Engineering (74)
- Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration (55)
- Life Sciences (54)
- Information Security (52)
- English Language and Literature (51)
- Psychology (48)
- Operations and Supply Chain Management (47)
- Aviation (46)
- Education (44)
- Other Operations Research, Systems Engineering and Industrial Engineering (44)
- Political Science (43)
- Religion (43)
- Signal Processing (42)
- Systems Engineering (42)
- Communication (39)
- Mormon Studies (38)
- Digital Communications and Networking (37)
- Medicine and Health Sciences (37)
- Human Resources Management (35)
- Institution
-
- Air Force Institute of Technology (935)
- University of North Dakota (247)
- Brigham Young University (174)
- Virginia Commonwealth University (122)
- University of South Carolina (112)
-
- Mississippi State University (105)
- American University in Cairo (86)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (55)
- Illinois State University (41)
- Florida Institute of Technology (33)
- Pepperdine University (33)
- University of Arkansas Little Rock (31)
- University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (30)
- Rowan University (19)
- St. John's University (19)
- Columbus State University (14)
- Texas A&M International University (14)
- Nova Southeastern University (7)
- University for Business and Technology in Kosovo (4)
- SASTRA Deemed to be University (2)
- Seattle Pacific University (1)
- Keyword
-
- #antcenter (68)
- History (40)
- Decision making (31)
- United States (29)
- Computer networks--Security measures (24)
-
- Computer security (22)
- Information warfare (21)
- Drone aircraft (17)
- Terrorism (16)
- Women (16)
- Leadership (13)
- Military (13)
- War (13)
- Command and control systems (12)
- North Dakota (12)
- Computer vision (11)
- Global Positioning System (11)
- Mormon Church (11)
- Target acquisition (11)
- Trauma (11)
- World War II (11)
- Computer war games (10)
- Drone aircraft--Control systems (10)
- Machine learning (10)
- Civil War (9)
- Cold War (9)
- Feminism (9)
- Simulation (9)
- Artificial intelligence (8)
- Combat--Computer simulation (8)
- Publication Year
Articles 451 - 480 of 2084
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Maximizing Accuracy Through Stereo Vision Camera Positioning For Automated Aerial Refueling, Kirill A. Sarantsev
Maximizing Accuracy Through Stereo Vision Camera Positioning For Automated Aerial Refueling, Kirill A. Sarantsev
Theses and Dissertations
Aerial refueling is a key component of the U.S. Air Force strategic arsenal. When two aircraft interact in an aerial refueling operation, the accuracy of relative navigation estimates are critical for the safety, accuracy and success of the mission. Automated Aerial Refueling (AAR) looks to improve the refueling process by creating a more effective system and allowing for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(s) (UAV) support. This paper considers a cooperative aerial refueling scenario where stereo cameras are used on the tanker to direct a \boom" (a large, long structure through which the fuel will ow) into a port on the receiver aircraft. …
Development Of A Drone-Mounted Wireless Attack Platform, Nathan V. Barker
Development Of A Drone-Mounted Wireless Attack Platform, Nathan V. Barker
Theses and Dissertations
The commercial drone market has grown rapidly due to the increasing utility and capabilities of drones. This new found popularity has made it possible for inexpensive drones capable of impressive carry capacities and flight times to reach the consumer market. These new features also offer an invaluable resource to wireless hackers. Capitalizing on their mobility, a wireless hacker can equip a drone with hacking tools to surpass physical security (e.g. fences) with relative ease and reach wireless networks. This research seeks to experimentally evaluate the ability of a drone-mounted wireless attack platform equipped with a directional antenna to conduct wireless …
Recognizing Potential Cyberspace Warriors Through The Use Of Suspicion Propensity Index, Meghan G. Strang
Recognizing Potential Cyberspace Warriors Through The Use Of Suspicion Propensity Index, Meghan G. Strang
Theses and Dissertations
The Air Force currently suffers from excessively high attrition rates in the cyberspace career. The field is currently aiming to develop an entrance examination for the career, striving to improve personnel selection and decrease these high attrition rates. The attribute of suspicion is a key focus of the preliminary examination development, theorizing that it is a potential indicator present among competent cyber operators. This research makes use of the Suspicion Propensity Index (SPI), a reliable measure of one’s tendency to be suspicious, along with the highly cited Mayer’s trust questionnaire in order to compare the attributes that appear in successful …
Verifying And Improving A Flight Reference System's Performance, Loren E. Myers
Verifying And Improving A Flight Reference System's Performance, Loren E. Myers
Theses and Dissertations
The 746th Test Squadron (746 TS) at Holloman AFB, NM operates the Ultra High Accuracy Reference System (UHARS) as part of its mission positioning and navigation test. This research presents a method for verifying the performance of a flight reference system using a Delta-Position velocity derived from radio navigation positioning measurements. The algorithm presented may utilize Global Positioning System (GPS) or the Locata ground based positioning system. In the latter case, Locata provides a velocity truth independent from GPS. The accuracy of Locata and GPS are assessed and UHARS velocity measurements are characterized both in nominal and GPS denied applications.
Hybrid Tri-Objective Optimization Of F-15 Fleet Modernization Scheduling, Richard S. Danaher
Hybrid Tri-Objective Optimization Of F-15 Fleet Modernization Scheduling, Richard S. Danaher
Theses and Dissertations
The F-15 weapons system is vital to the Air Forces efforts to obtain air supremacy during conflict. Originally produced almost 50 years ago, technological advancement through systems modifications is necessary to ensure the Eagles lethality and survivability against next-generation adversarial threats. The F-15 Systems Program Office faces challenges to plan aircraft inductions for five fleet modernization programs. Optimal induction schedules are developed using binary-integer linear programming models. Diverse constraints such as manpower, equipment, modification kit availability, minimum operational flight levels, and integration of scheduled depot maintenance reveal that no feasible schedule exists. Two competing objectives representing the value of fully …
Microturbine Turbojets: Experimental Evaluation Of Commercially Available Engines, Richard A. Depaola Iii
Microturbine Turbojets: Experimental Evaluation Of Commercially Available Engines, Richard A. Depaola Iii
Theses and Dissertations
This research assessed the performance of commercial microturbine turbojets and was the first industry-wide investigation into this class of engine by AFRL's SERL. Four commercial engines of the same thrust class were evaluated for overall and component-level performance. In addition to providing an evaluation of existing systems, the maximum performance for a commercial turbojet was predicted based on component evaluations. This analysis indicated that a commercial turbojet could have comparable thrust performance to a similarly sized military-grade engine, but it is unlikely that commercial engines can achieve the SFC of military engines without upgrading the compressors found in commercial microturbines.
The Effect Of Aeration Rate And Free-Floating Carrier Media On The Emission Of Bacillus Globigii In Bioaerosols, Andrew J. Owens
The Effect Of Aeration Rate And Free-Floating Carrier Media On The Emission Of Bacillus Globigii In Bioaerosols, Andrew J. Owens
Theses and Dissertations
Aerosols produced by turbulent mechanical mixing and bubble aeration at Waste Water Treatment Plants (WWTPs) become bioaerosols with the entrainment of biological materials. Bioaerosols become a public health risk when human pathogens are present. This study evaluated bioaerosols containing Bacillus globigii (BG) spores, and the effects that aeration rate and the addition of Free-Floating Carrier Media (FFCM) had on the amount of BG spores collected following aerosolization. A series of laboratory-scale experiments investigated two different sizes of floating polystyrene spheres as FFCM and four different aeration rates. When the differences in compared aeration rates were sufficiently large, a positive correlation …
Analysis Of Additively Manufactured Rings Under Compression Loading For Use In A Vacuum Lighter Than Air Vehicle Structure, Kevin D. Greenoe
Analysis Of Additively Manufactured Rings Under Compression Loading For Use In A Vacuum Lighter Than Air Vehicle Structure, Kevin D. Greenoe
Theses and Dissertations
A Vacuum Lighter Than Air Vehicle (VLTAV) utilizes a lightweight structure paired with an internal vacuum to achieve buoyancy; this allows it to float through-out a given atmosphere. The pressure differential between the internal vacuum andexternal atmosphere places the vehicle under intense loading. A specific structure under investigation is the celestial icosahedron, which features nine intersecting rings that have an outer diameter of 0.2032m and circular cross-sectionalthickness of 5.08mm.The celestials rings are positioned in three different orientations and are analyzed both experimentally and analytically.
Cyber Risk Assessment And Scoring Model For Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, Dillon M. Pettit
Cyber Risk Assessment And Scoring Model For Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, Dillon M. Pettit
Theses and Dissertations
The commercial-off-the-shelf small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) market is expanding rapidly in response to interest from hobbyists, commercial businesses, and military operators. The core commercial mission set directly relates to many current military requirements and strategies, with a priority on short range, low cost, real time aerial imaging, and limited modular payloads. These small vehicles present small radar cross sections, low heat signatures, and carry a variety of sensors and payloads. As with many new technologies, security seems secondary to the goal of reaching the market as soon as innovation is viable. Research indicates a growth in exploits and vulnerabilities …
Human Performance Modeling: Analysis Of The Effects Of Manned-Unmanned Teaming On Pilot Workload And Mission Performance, Jinan M. Andrews
Human Performance Modeling: Analysis Of The Effects Of Manned-Unmanned Teaming On Pilot Workload And Mission Performance, Jinan M. Andrews
Theses and Dissertations
Due to the advent of autonomous technology coupled with the extreme expense of manned aircraft, the Department of Defense (DoD) has increased interest in developing affordable, expendable Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to become autonomous wingmen for jet fighters in mosaic warfare. Like a mosaic that forms a whole picture out of smaller pieces, battlefield commanders can utilize disaggregated capabilities, such as Manned-Unmanned Teaming (MUM-T), to operate in contested environments. With a single pilot controlling both the UAVs and manned aircraft, it may be challenging for pilots to manage all systems should the system design not be conducive to a steady …
Novel On-Chip Optical Modulator Designs, Mohamed Mahmoud Ibrahim Ibrahim Elsayed
Novel On-Chip Optical Modulator Designs, Mohamed Mahmoud Ibrahim Ibrahim Elsayed
Theses and Dissertations
The huge increments in data traffic and communication over the past few decades have pushed the conventional electronic communication systems to their physical limits in terms of data rate, bandwidth and capacity. The continuous shrinking of feature sizes, the increase in the microelectronic integrated circuits complexity, and the increasing demand for higher speeds and data rates have all stimulated seeking new technology to replace the currently present microelectronics industry rather than improving it. Photonics is one of the most likely candidates to answer this pursuit for its compatibility with the fiber optic industry, which has shown a great success in …
Evaluation Of The Strength Of The Norm Against Chemical Weapons Usage Through The International Reaction. Case Study: Chemical Weapons Usage In Syria., Omnya Yassin
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this research is to evaluate the strength of the existing norm and conventions banning the usage of chemical weapons through the international reactions. Although it is agreed by many scholars that chemical weapons were banned due to moral, military and political reasons, this research will examine the political expediency behind the existing norm; due to the lack of efficient, strong and decisive international reactions. The paper will go through the background on Syria's chemical weapons program and will provide a brief on the Syrian civil war where the chemical weapons were used. Also, the paper will go …
Will Wonders Never Cease: Jess’S Translations, 1959-1976, Lily Goldberg
Will Wonders Never Cease: Jess’S Translations, 1959-1976, Lily Goldberg
Theses and Dissertations
This thesis examines Jess’s series of Translations paintings (1959-1976). It argues that, in subject matter, painterly technique, and conceptual approach, the works are shrewdly self-referential and grapple with many of the primary concerns of postwar American art, questions of appropriation, authorship, figuration versus abstraction, and selfhood and identity.
Guided By The Inner Light: A Historiometric Study Of Quaker Education In The State Of New York, Joseph John Crotty
Guided By The Inner Light: A Historiometric Study Of Quaker Education In The State Of New York, Joseph John Crotty
Theses and Dissertations
The following historiometric analysis examined the historical experiences of Quaker educational institutions during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The researcher utilized artifacts (n = 34) related to Quaker education in New York State in order to ascertain to what extent Quaker testimonies, including integrity, community, simplicity, equality, and peace, were influenced by salient historical experiences, such as war, racial equality, and economic equality. The researcher utilized structural coding to facilitate the conveyance of qualitative data into quantitative data in order to measure statistical differences. MANOVA results examined the significance of the difference among artifacts with different levels of description. MANOVA …
The Misconception Of Cornelius Packard Rhoads, Savita Sukul
The Misconception Of Cornelius Packard Rhoads, Savita Sukul
Theses and Dissertations
The main purpose of this investigation is to determine whether or not the notorious Cornelius Packard Rhoads should be considered racist for his time period. The medical practitioners during the early 1900’s did not typically censor their dialogue and actions when referring to minorities, so it will be essential to study their rhetoric in medical journals for that time period. I will also pay close attention to how Rhoads was spoken about in articles during his era versus contemporary society. The significance of contemporary bias in contemporary writing will be beneficial to note as the distinction in context may provide …
One Nation Invisible: U.S. Veterans Of Color And The Authoring Of Cultural Citizenship Through Asymmetrical Authorship, Sheeba W. Varkey
One Nation Invisible: U.S. Veterans Of Color And The Authoring Of Cultural Citizenship Through Asymmetrical Authorship, Sheeba W. Varkey
Theses and Dissertations
The national story of America is one of a country that has managed the contradictory: many bodies coming together, “out of many, one.” However, such a mythos naturally evades the problematic erasure of many cultural and minority bodies and stories, in the proposition that unity demands such an erasure. As an extension of American civil society, the U.S. military has operated as a part of this system of whiteness, while its military operations have been celebrated as victory for progress and democratic ideals, particularly in WWII. Bodies of color, recruited into the national agenda through military service, while historically denied …
Women For Ireland: Republican Feminism In The Northern Ireland Troubles, Laura Jacobsen
Women For Ireland: Republican Feminism In The Northern Ireland Troubles, Laura Jacobsen
Theses and Dissertations
This paper studies the involvement of republican women in the Northern Ireland conflict, a struggle which defined life in Northern Ireland from 1969-1998. Too often, the Troubles, as the conflict is known, has been conceptualized as a struggle of men, while women are seen to be little more than suffering wives, girlfriends, and mothers. The image of “Mother Ireland” reinforces this notion: in this trope, Ireland is a woman begging for her sons to save her from British subjectivity. Similarly, contemporary feminist critics did not consider republican women to be equal to men. It was their belief that republican women …
Ptsd And Immunological Correlations Of Attention And Working Memory In Gulf War Illness, Mary Jeffrey
Ptsd And Immunological Correlations Of Attention And Working Memory In Gulf War Illness, Mary Jeffrey
Theses and Dissertations
Gulf War Illness (GWI) impacts 25 to 32 percent of those deployed in the 1991 Gulf War (White et al., 2016) and includes symptoms related to fatigue and mood/neurological disturbances. Therefore, it is difficult to ascertain the influence of trauma exposure and chemical exposure when investigating neuropsychological symptoms. This cross-sectional study utilized a group of veterans with and without GWI (n=61) to investigate: 1) the unique impact that GWI has on a survey measure of attention and memory or the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT). We also investigated how PTSD symptoms, followed by fatigue levels, improved the GWI model …
Port To World, Samuel M. Brown
Port To World, Samuel M. Brown
Theses and Dissertations
Among those that are ill for long periods, there is often a mistrust created not only in one’s own body but in the institution that promises a cure to the malady. Often this stems naturally from the dogma of the institution paired with one’s desire for wellness, for the institution's goals are many besides the overall health of the patient. Even when a patient is cured of an ailment, this is often just the first step in the actual healing process. The body can quickly change, and the mind takes time to catch up with the body's condition. My work …
It’S Funny Because It’S True: The Transmission Of Explicit And Implicit Racism In Internet Memes, Tabitha Fairchild
It’S Funny Because It’S True: The Transmission Of Explicit And Implicit Racism In Internet Memes, Tabitha Fairchild
Theses and Dissertations
Video games are traditionally seen as the domain of heteronormative white males. The purpose of this study is to explore how racism is transmitted and reproduced within digital communities, and how humor is being used to frame racist discourse in virtual spaces. Digitally, internet memes are widely used rhetorical vehicles, reaching large and broad audiences. The roles these artifacts play in the reproduction and transmission of racist ideology is often obfuscated by the perception that internet memes are "just jokes." This study analyzes internet memes collected from 16 months of communication between members of Discord servers that self-identify as communities …
Predators And Principles: Think Tank Influence, Media Visibility, And Political Partisanship, Timothy Beryl Bland
Predators And Principles: Think Tank Influence, Media Visibility, And Political Partisanship, Timothy Beryl Bland
Theses and Dissertations
By some measures, the major U.S. political parties have become more extreme in their political positions in recent decades, and scholars have raised concerns about whether the policy expertise provided by today’s think tanks has become similarly partisan and polarized. Furthermore, there is a perception that certain overtly partisan and highly visible think tanks wield considerable and growing influence over the policy platforms of the major U.S. parties, using their media presence to shape public and policymaker views of particular issues. Using publicly accessible tax, media, and congressional data, my proposed study assesses the extent to which media visibility and …
Probing Vibrational Wave Packets In Organophoshorous Molecules Using Femtosecond Time-Resolved Mass Spectrometry (Ftrms), Derrick Ampadu Boateng
Probing Vibrational Wave Packets In Organophoshorous Molecules Using Femtosecond Time-Resolved Mass Spectrometry (Ftrms), Derrick Ampadu Boateng
Theses and Dissertations
The study of organophosphorus and nitroaromatic compounds is essential due to their suitability as models for understanding the dynamics of radiation induce damage to DNA sugar-phosphate backbone, and the detection of chemical warfare agents as well as nitroaromatic explosives (such as TNT). The ultrafast dynamics of these polyatomic radicals were studied using femtosecond time-resolved mass spectrometry (FTRMS), a versatile method that is capable of monitoring the ultrafast dynamics of rapid dissociation in the gas phase after the removal of an electron. The method uses a technique called pump-probe, which makes use of two time-delayed laser pulses. In this work, the …
Reducing Material Attractiveness Utilizing Pu-238 And U-232, Cody Lloyd
Reducing Material Attractiveness Utilizing Pu-238 And U-232, Cody Lloyd
Theses and Dissertations
Decreasing the material attractiveness of uranium and plutonium materials is crucial to nuclear nonproliferation. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) implements safeguards across the world on a limited budget. Not only does decreasing material attractiveness reduce the possibility of proliferation, but also may lighten the financial burden on the IAEA if safeguards can be reduced. Two particular isotopes that have negative material attractiveness traits are 238Pu and 232U. Without isotopic separation technology, these isotopes cannot be removed from plutonium and uranium materials respectively. Both 238Pu and 232U produce large quantities of heat by alpha decay. High …
Building Datasets From Publicly Accessible Social Media Images For Biometric Analysis, Giordano Roberto Benitez Torres
Building Datasets From Publicly Accessible Social Media Images For Biometric Analysis, Giordano Roberto Benitez Torres
Theses and Dissertations
The world is developing at a rapid pace, and some of its advancement can be accredited to technological innovations that are affecting many aspects of society. A field within computer science that is increasingly reaching many industries is Biometrics, specifically the area face recognition. Researchers, scientists, and organizations actively try to improve the performance of tools and algorithms. Nevertheless, for it to occur, there is a need for high-quality datasets to test and develop new techniques. Never had humanity, in the course of the history of civilization, produced massive amounts of data as it currently does. Social media networks play …
Identity Fluidity, Empowerment, And Engendered Poverty: Performing A Veteran-Latina-Online-Graduate Student, Maricela Burns
Identity Fluidity, Empowerment, And Engendered Poverty: Performing A Veteran-Latina-Online-Graduate Student, Maricela Burns
Theses and Dissertations
The goal of this project is to use critical race theory and gendered discourse to shed light on engendered poverty, cultural capital and resilience in efforts to identify how the American educational system affects marginalized groups when the systems of power and privilege were not created for them. It is through a poignant narrative of one of these students (myself) in the educational system that I reflect, recollect, write and interweave my lived curriculum with what the literature says about ethnic experiences like mine. The efforts here serve to analyze the processes of constructing and building social and gender identity …
Machine Learning In The State Design Pattern, Timothy Matthew Von Friesen
Machine Learning In The State Design Pattern, Timothy Matthew Von Friesen
Theses and Dissertations
As the Internet of Things revolution continues to become more prevalent in humanity's daily routine, securing these devices is paramount. Society has seen a substantial increase in activity in the cyber-warfare battle space, resulting in an increasing amount of security breaches every year. The responsibility of securing our devices can no longer rely solely on cyber-security engineers keeping systems hardened through Security Technical Implementation Guides and vulnerability scans; it must shift towards the developer. Previous research has been done in this area of securing our devices. However, these solutions rely heavily on cloud computing resources to perform computationally expensive algorithms. …
Numerical Simulations Of Comprehensive Hydrodynamic Performance Of Darpa Suboff Submarine, Kenshiro Takahashi
Numerical Simulations Of Comprehensive Hydrodynamic Performance Of Darpa Suboff Submarine, Kenshiro Takahashi
Theses and Dissertations
A numerical study of the DARPA SUBOFF model using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been presented for developing a CFD application procedure to compute the hydrodynamic performance of underwater vehicles, including submarines. Several configurations, such as bare hull, fairwater, sterns, and/or ringwing-appended hulls, were examined for the straight-ahead, steady translation and turning, and self-propelled conditions. A systematic study was conducted to ensure an adequate computational domain expansion and reasonable prism layer mesh properties for solutions independent of the parameters. The hydrodynamic forces exerted on the hull and the appendages were verified and validated in accordance with a published methodology under …
Why Did The Eisenhower Administration Decide To Deploy Jupiter Missiles In Turkey: A Case Study In Nuclearization Of Nato Strategy, Murat Iplikci
Why Did The Eisenhower Administration Decide To Deploy Jupiter Missiles In Turkey: A Case Study In Nuclearization Of Nato Strategy, Murat Iplikci
Theses and Dissertations
Looking out at the international political landscape of the late 1940s and the early 1950s, the Eisenhower administration was determined to challenge the evident appeal of Communism, particularly in Western Europe. NATO, which was a fragile organization due to the devastation of World War II (WWII), and its members were prone to any communist attack, either by military forces or through political parties. They had to be defended. The Eisenhower administration saw nuclear weapons as the only means to defend the alliance against the massive threat of the Soviet Union. Therefore, President Eisenhower committed nuclear weapons to NATO as a …
The Rohingya: Ethnic Nationalism, Domestic Diversionary Targets, And Burmese Post-Colonial Nation Building, Ibrahim Abd-El-Barr
The Rohingya: Ethnic Nationalism, Domestic Diversionary Targets, And Burmese Post-Colonial Nation Building, Ibrahim Abd-El-Barr
Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation explores the question of whether recurring episodes of violence, forced displacement, and other forms of repression against the ethno-religious sub-nationalist identity group, the Rohingya, across Burma's (Myanmar) modern history, are rooted in the implications of post-colonial nation-building or represent independent and self-contained incidents of communal/ethnic violence. The sub-question of whether the modern construct of the Burmese state accurately fits the description of a modern nation-state or whether other paradigms or ideal types better capture the development of the post-colonial Burmese state, is also explored. By revisiting the main events/national framework which have amounted to the Rohingya's exclusion from …
Numerical Simulation Of Unstable Laser Resonators With A High Gain Medium, Robert L. Lloyd
Numerical Simulation Of Unstable Laser Resonators With A High Gain Medium, Robert L. Lloyd
Theses and Dissertations
This research focused on the numeric simulation of unstable laser resonators with high gain media. In order to accomplish the research, the modes and eigenvalues for various bare cavity resonator were computed followed by modes of a resonator in the presence of gain. Using a Fourier Split Step Method in a Fox and Li iteration scheme, different laser outputs for various laser cavities with gain were computed. Various parameters defining positive branch confocal unstable resonators were chosen corresponding to four studies. The four studies focused on modifying laser cavity Fresnel number, gain medium parameters, gain cell position, and gain cell …