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Discrete And Continuous Operational Calculus In Stochastic Games, Kenneth Ibe Iwezulu Dec 2016

Discrete And Continuous Operational Calculus In Stochastic Games, Kenneth Ibe Iwezulu

Theses and Dissertations

First, we consider a class of antagonistic stochastic games between two players A and B. The game is specified in terms of two "hostile" stochastic processes representing mutual attacks upon random times exerting casualties of random magnitudes. This game is observed upon random epochs of time and the outcome of the game is not known in real time. The game ends at the time when the underlying fixed threshold of either player is crossed (referred to as the first passage time). The first passage time is then shifted to an epoch, i.e. upon one of the observation instants of time. …

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Phytotoxicity Of Silver Species To Egeria Densa And Applications To Phytoremediation, Leonard James Bernas Dec 2016

Phytotoxicity Of Silver Species To Egeria Densa And Applications To Phytoremediation, Leonard James Bernas

Theses and Dissertations

Silver species pose a significant threat to aquatic ecosystems because the use of silver nanoparticles (AgNps) for industrial applications is significantly increasing, as are discharges into waterways. The effects have only been studied on select fish and aquatic plants, so more research is needed to understand the risks associated with silver species in the environment. Egeria densa (E. densa, also known as Elodea densa), a common freshwater submerged macrophyte, was exposed to 0-1.25 ppm silver cations and 2 and 15 nm AgNps in an aqueous environment for 7 days. E. densa was chosen for this study because it is a …

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Categorizing “Muck” In The Indian River Lagoon, Florida, Based On Chemical, Physical And Biological Characteristics, Katherine Mae Beckett Dec 2016

Categorizing “Muck” In The Indian River Lagoon, Florida, Based On Chemical, Physical And Biological Characteristics, Katherine Mae Beckett

Theses and Dissertations

During the past six decades, the thickness and areal extent of muck sediments have continually increased in the Indian River Lagoon (IRL), Florida. These sediments are anoxic, store and release nutrients, and destroy natural benthic habitats. The main objective of this research was to develop guidelines that help prioritize sites for muck removal based on the following: (1) biological abundance and diversity, (2) muck thickness, and (3) the physical and chemical composition of muck. Thinner muck deposits (20-40 cm), collected during two seasons at eight locations in the lagoon and adjacent creeks, had greater variability in sediment composition and ~5 …

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Leader Emotion Management Behavior And Perceived Leader Effectiveness: The Moderating Roles Of Gender And Culture, Julianna Fischer Dec 2016

Leader Emotion Management Behavior And Perceived Leader Effectiveness: The Moderating Roles Of Gender And Culture, Julianna Fischer

Theses and Dissertations

A key aspect of successful management includes a leader’s responsibility to manage employees’ emotions (Leavitt & Bahrami, 1988). This form of management can be reflected in a number of behaviors, such as demonstrating consideration and support for employees, providing frequent emotional “uplifts,” and managing interactions and relationships among coworkers (Kaplan, Cortina, Ruark, LaPort, & Nicolaides, 2014). Emotion-related skills and abilities have been supported as critical assets in management (e.g., George, 2000; Pescosolido, 2002). However, this evidence has not been sufficiently verified in a cross-cultural setting. The cultural value of gender egalitarianism, or the degree of gender role differentiation in a …

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Indonesian Women’S Health Determinants, Victoria A. Mcgrady Dec 2016

Indonesian Women’S Health Determinants, Victoria A. Mcgrady

Theses and Dissertations

This study utilized the Indonesian Family Life Survey 5 to investigate the relationships between broad health outcomes and selected biopsychosocial measures. The study population was comprised of 17,480 Indonesian women who ranged in age from 15 years to 103 years with a mean age of 38.27 years. The results of this study showed the biopsychosocial model of health is valid for Indonesian women. Results supported the assumption that the measures of physical health (acute morbidity and medically diagnosed chronic conditions) are significantly correlated with the measures of psychological health (depression, and subjective wellbeing). Results also supported the assumption that biopsychosocial …

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Multiscale Mechanics Of Bone: Examining The Influence Of Genetic Alterations, Brendyn James Miller Dec 2016

Multiscale Mechanics Of Bone: Examining The Influence Of Genetic Alterations, Brendyn James Miller

Theses and Dissertations

This MSc thesis investigates how genetic alterations involved in the synthesis of proteins or in the regulation of tissue remodeling affects the composition, structure and mechanics of bone at the multiscale levels. This was accomplished by performing two mouse model studies. In the first study, bone properties of TIMP-3 knock-out (Timp-3⁻ˊ⁻) mice were examined by performing mechanical testing, µCT analysis, and FTIR analysis. Results demonstrated that the mechanical integrity of the Timp-3⁻ˊ⁻ bone was compromised. Decreased values for the yield and ultimate load, stress capacity, and fracture toughness were observed in both the TIMP-3 deficient bones. These reductions in the …

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Design Of A Rotating Brush Underwater Grooming Device With A Focus On Brush Optimization, Motor Control And Design For Reliability, Mark Harrison Nanney Dec 2016

Design Of A Rotating Brush Underwater Grooming Device With A Focus On Brush Optimization, Motor Control And Design For Reliability, Mark Harrison Nanney

Theses and Dissertations

The design and control of Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV) to groom or clean the underwater surface of ship hulls is becoming an important aspect of the maintenance of vessels to the United States Navy. The biological growth below the waterline of the vessels can be the cause for drag penalties near 21% causing up to 32% increase in shaft power at 15 knots (Schultz, 2007). Research conducted by the Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control at Florida Institute of Technology (FIT) indicated that weekly grooming can prevent high profile biological growth (Hearin, et al., 2015). The design of a rotating …

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Chemical Forms Of Nitrogen In Runoff From Diverse Florida Watersheds, Jessica Emily Voelker Dec 2016

Chemical Forms Of Nitrogen In Runoff From Diverse Florida Watersheds, Jessica Emily Voelker

Theses and Dissertations

Watershed use along the Indian River Lagoon (IRL) on the central east coast of Florida has changed drastically during the past century, bringing with it declining water quality, eutrophication, hypoxia and fish kills. The decline of the lagoon has been directly linked to nutrient overloading; however, the sources and chemical forms of nutrients to the IRL are still not well constrained. This study was designed to determine how watershed land use impacts concentrations and fluxes of the various forms of dissolved nitrogen to the IRL. Five tributaries to the IRL were sampled monthly from July 2015 – September 2016. Storm …

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Modeling Reef-Coral Response To Climate Change, Christopher William Cacciapaglia Dec 2016

Modeling Reef-Coral Response To Climate Change, Christopher William Cacciapaglia

Theses and Dissertations

Coral reefs are one of the most diverse ecosystems on the planet. They provide goods and services to millions of people living in the coastal tropics. Recently, however, rising sea-surface temperatures have been threatening reef corals, causing episodes of thermal stress that lead to coral bleaching, mortality, and changes in reef composition. This increase in ocean temperature, along with the melting of glaciers and polar ice caps, is also causing an increase in sea level, which is threatening to ‘drown’ reefs that cannot keep up with sea-level rise. Some early models predicted that nearly all coral species would be unable …

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The Tolerance Of Benthic Infauna To Fine-Grained Organic Rich Sediments In A Shallow Subtropical Estuary, Daniel Christopher Hope Dec 2016

The Tolerance Of Benthic Infauna To Fine-Grained Organic Rich Sediments In A Shallow Subtropical Estuary, Daniel Christopher Hope

Theses and Dissertations

Fine-grained organic-rich sediments (FGORS) from anthropogenic impacts are a growing concern for bays and estuaries around the world. This study explores the relationships between infaunal community diversity and species’ abundances with FGORS in the Indian River Lagoon and its tributaries. To examine these potential relationships, infauna were collected monthly using a Petit Ponar grab at 16 stations in the central Indian River Lagoon from October 2015 to August 2016. Abundant taxa in these sediments include polychaete worms (e.g., the polychaete Nereis succinea), molluscs (e.g., clam Parastarte triquetra), and arthropods (e.g., the tanaid Leptochelia dubia) with densities as high as 5.3x10⁴ …

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Benthic Foraminiferal Distributions In A Shallow Subtropical Estuary And The Influence Of Environmental Factors, Maria Angelica Zamora-Durán Dec 2016

Benthic Foraminiferal Distributions In A Shallow Subtropical Estuary And The Influence Of Environmental Factors, Maria Angelica Zamora-Durán

Theses and Dissertations

Benthic foraminiferal communities are potentially useful tools for assessing and monitoring estuarine ecosystems and as bioindicators of water quality and pollution. To evaluate this indicator for the Indian River Lagoon (IRL) benthic ecosystem, the densities and distributions of Foraminifera were measured in Turkey Creek (Palm Bay, Florida), Crane Creek (Melbourne, Florida), and the adjacent IRL. Spatial population patterns were compared with parameters characterizing benthic sediments, including silt and clay content, organic matter (OM), and associated boundary water column conditions including salinity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO. Samples (n=145) were collected from October 2015 to December 2015 at 12 locations. Four …

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Exploring The Role Of Biofilms In The Transport And Establishment Of Invasive Marine Macrofoulers, Lynn Holly Sweat Dec 2016

Exploring The Role Of Biofilms In The Transport And Establishment Of Invasive Marine Macrofoulers, Lynn Holly Sweat

Theses and Dissertations

Biofilms dominated by bacteria and diatoms universally colonize submerged surfaces and mediate larval recruitment in benthic marine systems. The ability for macrofoulers to be transported by vessels and become globally established is likely affected by cues from the biofilm organisms they encounter. This study investigates how macrofoulers respond to biofilms shaped by local geography, transport processes and relocation. Biofilm assemblages in neighboring ports were largely unique to the site at which they were developed. Bacteria were primary drivers of variations among sites, and overall bacterial richness was an order of magnitude higher than has been reported for other marine environments. …

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The Effects Of Time Of Day And Circadian Rhythm On Performance During Variable Levels Of Cognitive Workload, Kathryn A. Feltman Dec 2016

The Effects Of Time Of Day And Circadian Rhythm On Performance During Variable Levels Of Cognitive Workload, Kathryn A. Feltman

Theses and Dissertations

The present study examined the effects of time of day of testing on a simulated aviation task. The tasks required the participants to engage in multitasking while electroencephalogram (EEG) data was collected to objectively measure participants’ workload. Task demands were altered throughout the testing period to expose participants to both high and low workload conditions. Additionally, individual differences in circadian rhythm were explored by assessing participants’ circadian typology. No significant differences in performance were found resulting from time of day differences. However, performance and EEG differences were found based on phase of testing and workload manipulations. Subjective workload measures were …

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Fatigue Mitigation Effects Of En-Route Napping On Commercial Airline Pilots Flying International Routes, Thomas Bunting Dec 2016

Fatigue Mitigation Effects Of En-Route Napping On Commercial Airline Pilots Flying International Routes, Thomas Bunting

Theses and Dissertations

The introduction of ultra-long range commercial aircraft and the evolution of the commercial airline industry has provided new opportunities for air carriers to fly longer range international route segments while deregulation, industry consolidation, and the constant drive to reduce costs wherever possible has pressured airline managements to seek more productivity from their pilots. At the same time, advancements in the understanding of human physiology have begun to make their way into flight and duty time regulations and airline scheduling practices. In this complex and ever changing operating environment, there remains an essential need to better understand how these developments, and …

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Calculating Evapotranspiration Of Arundo Donax Along The Rio Grande, Jose R. Escamilla Jr. Dec 2016

Calculating Evapotranspiration Of Arundo Donax Along The Rio Grande, Jose R. Escamilla Jr.

Theses and Dissertations

Invasive species have been recorded to cause large economic and ecological impacts on various ecosystems and their services. Locally, giant reed (Arundo donax L.), a woody grass native to the Mediterranean, adversely impacts riparian ecosystems in southwestern United States by aggressively displacing their native flora and fauna. Giant reed also has become a cause of concern for national water security, especially in water-limited areas of the arid southwestern United States. The main objective of this study is to provide the first, landscape-level estimates of water use by giant reed in the United States. Evapotranspiration was monitored using the eddy …

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Development Of A Fundamental Autonomous Ground Vehicle Cruise Control Using Matlab And Simulink, Luis F. Martinez Dec 2016

Development Of A Fundamental Autonomous Ground Vehicle Cruise Control Using Matlab And Simulink, Luis F. Martinez

Theses and Dissertations

This study presents and describes the development of a fully autonomous vehicle cruise control system covering the vehicle dynamics and control design needed to simulate such system. It encompasses obstacle avoidance, intelligent-and-optimal lane change as well as adaptive behavior. This study offers a comprehensive two-dimensional cruise control with three degrees of freedom and it is designed using active obstacle avoidance controllers. It also includes optimized fuzzy logic for optimal vehicle trajectory and an extensive array of control law methodology. The end work shows a complete simulation run using MATLAB and Simulink.

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Robustness Of The Potential And Flux Landscapes In Fission Yeast Cell Cycle Networks, Xiaosheng Luo Nov 2016

Robustness Of The Potential And Flux Landscapes In Fission Yeast Cell Cycle Networks, Xiaosheng Luo

Theses and Dissertations

Using fission yeast cell cycle as an example, we uncovered that the non-equilibrium network dynamics and global properties are determined by two essential features: the potential landscape and the flux landscape. While potential landscape quantifies the probabilities of different states forming hills and valleys, the flux landscape quantifies the probability fluxes of different loops flowing through states. These two landscapes can be quantified through the decomposition of the dynamics into the detailed balance preserving part and detailed balance breaking non-equilibrium part. While the funneled potential landscape is often crucial for the stability of the single attractor networks, we have uncovered …

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Linking Transcriptional And Physiological Responses To High Light Stress In A Wild-Type And A Photomorphogenic Tomato Mutant, Jordyn Radke Nov 2016

Linking Transcriptional And Physiological Responses To High Light Stress In A Wild-Type And A Photomorphogenic Tomato Mutant, Jordyn Radke

Theses and Dissertations

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicon) is the leading vegetable crop worldwide and an important part of a healthy human diet. In this study we used Next-Generation Sequencing, metabolomics and gene ontologies to study the effects of high light stress on the photomorphogenic hp-2dg tomato mutant. Wild-type (cv. ‘Manapal’) and mutant plants were grown for six weeks under low light and transferred to high light for one week. Illumina-based RNA Sequencing was performed and analysis of differential gene expression identified over 650 transcripts that were strongly regulated by light intensity (FC>4, p2,p<0,01). HPLC analysis of tomato leaves showed differential accumulation of phenylpropanoid metabolites such as chlorogenic acid, rutin, and caffeoylglucaric acid which was strongly dependent on genotype and light condition. Our findings show insightful differences between the wildtype and the photomorphogenic mutant as well as novel genes involved in high light adaptation in plants.

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The Effect Of Teaching Strategies And Learning Environment On Certification Exam Pass Rates In Dietetic Education, Debra Head Nov 2016

The Effect Of Teaching Strategies And Learning Environment On Certification Exam Pass Rates In Dietetic Education, Debra Head

Theses and Dissertations

The obligation for preparing competent graduates begins with an educational experience in an environment that promotes optimal learning. An important outcome of successful health professions education is the passage of the certification exam. The objective of this study was to evaluate learning outcomes and teaching strategies and the effect on certification exam pass rate in dietetic education programs. A non-experimental associational cross-sectional mixed methods design was chosen for the study in order to gather objective data through the use of the previously validated Constructivist Learning Environment Survey. A 30 item electronic survey was administered to faculty in dietetic education programs …

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Fluorescent Graphene For Cancer Cell Targeting And Detection, Rabab Nadeem Hamzah Nov 2016

Fluorescent Graphene For Cancer Cell Targeting And Detection, Rabab Nadeem Hamzah

Theses and Dissertations

The highest cause of death and illness around the world is cancer, and the range of cancers continues to increase. Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in women today, mainly in older women (over 40 years), younger women can also be affected, especially those with a genetic predisposition. Early detection of breast cancer is needed in order to limit the risk of this disease and make significant improvements in the rate of cure. Combining clinical trials with bionanotechnology for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer has received considerable attention in the last several years. Different nanomaterials …

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Using Geochemistry And Strontium Isotopic Ratios (87sr/86sr) To Determining Water Mixing And Sources In The Picher Mining District, William Daniel Ketcheside Nov 2016

Using Geochemistry And Strontium Isotopic Ratios (87sr/86sr) To Determining Water Mixing And Sources In The Picher Mining District, William Daniel Ketcheside

Theses and Dissertations

The mining of lead and zinc ores in the Tri-State Mining District of Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma resulted in some of the most severe environmental degradation in the country. Large amounts of waste rock, known as ‘chat’, were produced during mining and left in surface piles in the surrounding area. These chat piles, located mostly near the town of Picher, Oklahoma contain potentially harmful elements that can be leached from the rock into local streams and sediment. The mines also filled with water after mining ceased and have discharged contaminated water to nearby waterways, as well as resulted in groundwater …

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Dopamine Effects Of Stimulant And Non-Stimulant Drugs Used In The Treatment Of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Preeti Chalwadi Nov 2016

Dopamine Effects Of Stimulant And Non-Stimulant Drugs Used In The Treatment Of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Preeti Chalwadi

Theses and Dissertations

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is thought to be associated with dysfunction of ascending catecholamine neuronal systems, particularly dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE). Dysfunction of these catecholamine neurons innervating the prefrontal cortex is hypothesized to underlie impaired executive functions. Dysfunction of the DA neurons innervating the striatum is additionally hypothesized to underlie deficits in motivation and reinforcement learning. However, mechanisms of action of therapeutic drugs used for treating ADHD have mainly focused on catecholamines in the prefrontal cortex and have not adequately addressed the role played by DA signaling in the striatum. Stimulants such as Adderall® and Ritalin® are chemically …

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Social Supers: A Content Analysis Of Non-Physical Aggressions In Popular Superhero Movies, Ian Trent Gillespie Nov 2016

Social Supers: A Content Analysis Of Non-Physical Aggressions In Popular Superhero Movies, Ian Trent Gillespie

Theses and Dissertations

In recent years superhero movies have skyrocketed in popularity, bringing with them plots and characters that tend to exhibit high levels of aggression. As social learners, humans often learn from what they observe, and especially emulate characters they admire – including fictional superheroes and villains. Consequently, this study content analyzed non-physical aggressions (verbal aggression, relational aggression, and violent ideation) in the top 25 highest grossing superhero movies between 2005 and 2015. Results found an average of 171.8 acts of non-physical aggression per movie. Females in these movies were also significantly more likely to engage in verbal and relational aggressions, which …

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Childhood Abuse Types And Adult Relational Violence Mediated By Adult Attachment Behaviors And Romantic Relational Aggression In Couples, Tabitha Nicole Webster Nov 2016

Childhood Abuse Types And Adult Relational Violence Mediated By Adult Attachment Behaviors And Romantic Relational Aggression In Couples, Tabitha Nicole Webster

Theses and Dissertations

The current study investigated how three distinct types of childhood abuse—witnessing of parental domestic violence, experiencing physical abuse and total in-home violence, and experiencing sexual abuse—predicted partner reports of relational violence through the mediating factors self-perceptions of attachment and partner reports of relational aggression. The study used paired dyadic data from 1,658 couples who had completed the RELATionship Evaluation (RELATE). The Family Violence, the Brief Accessibility and Responsiveness, Couples Relational Aggression and Victimization, and the Conflict Tactics scales were the measures used. Data was analyzed by using structural equation modeling to estimate an actor-partner interdependence model exploring these relationships. Results …

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Overexpression Of Hdac1 Induces Functional Β-Cell Mass, Carrie Draney Nov 2016

Overexpression Of Hdac1 Induces Functional Β-Cell Mass, Carrie Draney

Theses and Dissertations

Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder that results in β-cell dysfunction and ultimate destruction, and leads to impaired glucose homeostasis. High rates of proliferation and differentiation of pancreatic β-cells occurs mostly during neonatal development. However, research shows these mechanisms remain intact as β-cell proliferation has been observed during pregnancy and obesity. We have shown that overexpression of the β-cell transcription factor Nkx6.1 is sufficient to induce β-cell proliferation. Exploration of the transcriptional targets of Nkx6.1 has identified histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) as a down-stream target of Nkx6.1. Here we demonstrate that HDAC1 overexpression is sufficient to induce β-cell proliferation, …

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A Cryab Interactome Reveals Clientele Specificity And Dysfunction Of Mutants Associated With Human Disease, Whitney Katherine Hoopes Nov 2016

A Cryab Interactome Reveals Clientele Specificity And Dysfunction Of Mutants Associated With Human Disease, Whitney Katherine Hoopes

Theses and Dissertations

Small Heat Shock Proteins (sHSP) are critical molecular chaperones that function to maintain protein homeostasis (proteostasis) and prevent the aggregation of other proteins during cellular stress. Any disruption in the process of proteostasis can lead to prevalent diseases ranging from cancer and cataract to cardiovascular and Alzheimer's disease. CryAB (αB-crystallin, HspB5) is one of ten known human sHSP that is abundant in the lens, skeletal, and cardiac muscle. This protein is required for cardiac function and muscle cell integrity. When the cell experiences physiological stress, including heat shock, CryAB moves to the cytoskeleton to act as a chaperone and prevent …

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Assessing Diversity Among Corporations In Brazil: An Exploratory Study, Helga Sheyla Pereira Nov 2016

Assessing Diversity Among Corporations In Brazil: An Exploratory Study, Helga Sheyla Pereira

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this thesis is to explore what corporations in Brazil, whether with Brazilian headquarters or not, are doing in regards to communicating their diversity practices and initiatives to the public. Understanding these companies' positions on diversity can paint a better picture of how much Brazil has advanced on diversity in the workplace matters, since the topic started coming about in discussions in the 1990s (Fleury, 2000). A sample of 15 companies was selected from Exame magazine "Melhores e Maiores Ranking 2014" (2015), and a content analysis of each company's website was performed during the summer of 2016, based …

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Genetic And Biochemical Analysis Of The Micrococcin Biosynthetic Pathway, Philip Ross Bennallack Nov 2016

Genetic And Biochemical Analysis Of The Micrococcin Biosynthetic Pathway, Philip Ross Bennallack

Theses and Dissertations

Declining antibiotic discovery and flourishing antibiotic resistance have led to a modern antibiotic crisis which threatens to compromise our ability to treat infectious disease. Consequently, there is significant interest in developing new antibiotics with novel modes of action and chemical properties. Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) are natural compounds with the appealing attributes of being derived directly from a genetic template while possessing numerous exotic chemical features that contribute to stability and antimicrobial activity. Abundant in nature, their diverse range of biological activities makes them excellent prospects for antibiotic development. Thiopeptides, a RiPP family rich in chemical complexity, …

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A Robust Speaker Identification Algorithm Based On Atomic Decomposition And Sparse Redundant Dictionary Learning, Thomas James Bryan Jr. Nov 2016

A Robust Speaker Identification Algorithm Based On Atomic Decomposition And Sparse Redundant Dictionary Learning, Thomas James Bryan Jr.

Theses and Dissertations

Speaker identification is performed in high additive white Gaussian noise environments by processing sounds as images in the time-frequency plane. The technique creates audio streams that remove background noise from speech while preserving speech quality. Atomic decomposition is implemented by the matching pursuit algorithm using Gabor or gammatone atomic dictionaries. Gabor atoms were originally proposed as fundamental building blocks of speech; whereas, gammatone atoms closely resemble the human cochlear impulse response. Atomic decomposition creates a sparsely populated time-frequency vector referred to as weight space. The populated positions in weight space have amplitude weights that are proportional to localized energy in …

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Examining The Relationships Of Socioeconomic Status, Perceived Parental Supervision, And Reported Neighborhood Safety On Adolescents’ Smoking Behaviors And Mental Health Using The 2009 California Health Interview Survey, Colette Laroy Beetz Nov 2016

Examining The Relationships Of Socioeconomic Status, Perceived Parental Supervision, And Reported Neighborhood Safety On Adolescents’ Smoking Behaviors And Mental Health Using The 2009 California Health Interview Survey, Colette Laroy Beetz

Theses and Dissertations

This study sought out to explore the relationships between parental supervision, poverty levels, and neighborhood safety and the impacts these factors have upon adolescent mental health needs, intervention, and smoking status. In addition, ethnicity groupings and poverty levels were examined to determine additional influence factors on mental health issues. The findings demonstrate that higher levels parental supervision and neighborhood safety predict higher reports of not needing mental health treatment and lower reports of smoking. In relation to mental health treatment, only poverty level demonstrated a significant contribution, suggesting that the lower the poverty level, the less likely treatment will be …

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