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Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Gender Stereotypes In Children’S Picture Books: A Study Of Authors, Illustrators, And Main Characters In A Classroom Library Collection, Mildred Sari Bernstein
Gender Stereotypes In Children’S Picture Books: A Study Of Authors, Illustrators, And Main Characters In A Classroom Library Collection, Mildred Sari Bernstein
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this quantitative non-experimental study was to evaluate the gender stereotyping in picture books from a classroom library collection that primary school students use for independent reading in the classroom. Using the Kindergarten, 1st and 2nd grade fiction books from the classroom library collection from Booksource, this research included 151 books from an original total collection of 900 books of which 491 books were considered fiction. A revised coding sheet, originally from Hamilton et al. (2006), was used to code the books. Seven volunteers and the researcher coded each book with 17 books coded three times. Volunteers were …
What’S Your Intention? Examining Elementary School Leaders' Attitudes And Intentions Towards Lgbtq Inclusivity, Nekesha Bynum
What’S Your Intention? Examining Elementary School Leaders' Attitudes And Intentions Towards Lgbtq Inclusivity, Nekesha Bynum
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to examine New York based elementary school principals' attitudes towards transgenderism, gender nonconformity and the use of an LGBTQ inclusive curriculum with K-5 students. Grounded in the theory of Reasoned Action Approach, RAA, the study aimed to investigate the extent to which these attitudes influenced school leaders’ intentions to implement an LGBTQ inclusive curriculum. Utilizing a mixed methods design, principals were surveyed and invited to participate in semi structured interviews. Findings revealed perceived behavioral control, attitude towards transgenderism and attitude towards the use of an LGBTQ inclusive curriculum predicted intention to use an LGBTQ …
Phytochemical Screening, Chemical Composition And Antimicrobial Activities Of Ethanol, Methanol And Chloroform Extracts From The Leaves Of Digitaria Sanguinalis, Digitaria Ischaemum And The Bark Of Carapa Guianensis Found In Guyana, South America., Rajendra Kumar Khelawan
Theses and Dissertations
Chloroform, Ethanol and Methanol extracts of the leaves from DIGITARIA SANGUINALIS, DIGITARIA ISCHAEMUM and the bark from CARAPA GUIANENSIS found in Guyana were obtained via maceration and reflux extraction processes. Ethanol extracts obtained from the 25-minute reflux process produced the best percentage yield and the most thin layer chromatographic spots. All further analyses were conducted on the ethanol extracts of all plant materials. The ethanolic extracts showed positive phytochemical testing results for Terpenes, Flavonoids, Steroids, Tannins, Phenolic, Proteins, Cardiac Glycoside, Reducing Sugars, and Carbohydrates. Conversely, Saponins were absent in Smooth Crabgrass and Crabwood’s bark but present in Long Hairy Crabgrass. …
The Association Between Covid-19 Exposure, Secondary Adversities, And Trauma Symptoms In Children, Maddi Gervasio
The Association Between Covid-19 Exposure, Secondary Adversities, And Trauma Symptoms In Children, Maddi Gervasio
Theses and Dissertations
Natural disasters include direct exposure and secondary adversities (Chrisman & Dougherty, 2014). For youth, severity of disaster exposure and number of secondary adversities have been found to be positively associated with the severity of trauma-related psychopathology, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression (Giannopoulou et al., 2006). Preliminary studies suggest an interaction between trauma exposure severity and number of secondary adversities in the prediction of psychopathology. Notably, youth who experienced secondary adversities without directly experiencing the trauma exhibited heightened psychopathology (Kar, 2019), yet these children tend to be excluded from studies and missed when identifying children in need of services. …
Being Your Own Religious Protagonist: The Ramifications Of Religious Guilt, Shame, And Abuse On Women’S Identities, Amanda Rose Farrell
Being Your Own Religious Protagonist: The Ramifications Of Religious Guilt, Shame, And Abuse On Women’S Identities, Amanda Rose Farrell
Theses and Dissertations
Through analysis of various literary texts, social media, and television, “Being Your Own Religious Protagonist: The Ramifications of Religious Guilt, Shame, and Abuse on Women’s Identities” will examine the different ways in which women experience religion as children and teenage girls, as well as how their individual and complex religious experiences affect their upbringing and eventual identities as adult women. I am particularly interested in looking at how these experiences affect not only their identities, but their decisions regarding faith and whether or not they wish to remain in the same religious organizations they grew up in. While many who …
Tiered Vocabulary And Educational Television: A Quantitative Content Analysis Of Major Broadcast Television Networks, Kimberly Dimarco
Tiered Vocabulary And Educational Television: A Quantitative Content Analysis Of Major Broadcast Television Networks, Kimberly Dimarco
Theses and Dissertations
Researchers have studied children’s exposure to television and the impact it has on children’s academic development, and have discovered that educational television programs may positively influence children’s vocabulary growth (Fuenzalida, 2017; Heintz & Wartella, 2012; Larson & Rhan, 2015; Linebarger, Moses, Liebeskind, & McMenamin, 2013; Neuman, Wong, Flynn, & Kaefer, 2019; Neuman, Samudra, Wong, & Kaefer, 2019, Peters & Webb, 2018; Williams & Thomas, 2017). However, few studies have been conducted examining the types of vocabulary words contained in television programming and the frequencies of which these words occur. This study attempted to help enhance the literature by executing a …
Effects Of Undergraduate Service Immersion Program On Participants And Mission Integration, Victoria Santangelo
Effects Of Undergraduate Service Immersion Program On Participants And Mission Integration, Victoria Santangelo
Theses and Dissertations
The focus on the transmission of mission in Catholic colleges and universities has heightened over the past decade as there is a recognition of the impact of diminishing numbers of priests and vowed clergy. Nationally, the concern over sponsorship in universities that are sponsored by religious communities has led to a dialogue about the most effective way to transmit mission to subsequent generations of students. It is the perspective of this research that an effective way to transmit mission to the next generation of students, in addition to curricular efforts, is through service immersion programs. In this research, a special …
A Replication Study Of The Factor Structure Of The Attitudes And Beliefs Scale-2: A Measure Of Irrational And Rational Beliefs, Mahdiya Fazel
A Replication Study Of The Factor Structure Of The Attitudes And Beliefs Scale-2: A Measure Of Irrational And Rational Beliefs, Mahdiya Fazel
Theses and Dissertations
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) states that irrational beliefs (IBs) are the core elements that lead to emotional and behavior-related disruptions. IBs are manifested through beliefs people have about how people should, must, or ought to be or act (Sacks, 2004). An example of an irrational belief (IB), is when one must be successful at all things in life, and the possibility of failing in even one is a disaster. On the other hand, rational beliefs (RB) allow people to accept negative situations without viewing them in extremes (Dryden et al., 2010). An example of rational beliefs (RBs) generally is …
The Impact Of Midterm College Mathematics Performance On Retention And Graduation Of Stem Students, Kandy Yu-Juan Ng Rich
The Impact Of Midterm College Mathematics Performance On Retention And Graduation Of Stem Students, Kandy Yu-Juan Ng Rich
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study sought to examine how midterm math performance can impact a student’s final math performance, STEM performance, overall performance, as well as retention and graduation with a STEM major. The sample consisted of 283 first-time full-time undergraduate students who were admitted in Fall 2014 as STEM majors within a liberal arts and sciences college at a private, not-for-profit, urban, highly diverse university located in the northeast. Academic record data from between September 2014 – May 2020 was obtained. Multiple and logistic regression analyses were performed, as well as independent samples t-tests. Results of the study revealed …
Simple Awareness Or Actionable Impact? A Phenomenological Study Of The New York City Department Of Education Implicit Bias Training, Dannielle Darbee Muelthaler
Simple Awareness Or Actionable Impact? A Phenomenological Study Of The New York City Department Of Education Implicit Bias Training, Dannielle Darbee Muelthaler
Theses and Dissertations
This phenomenological study explored teachers’ perceptions and examined the impact of implicit bias training conducted by the New York City Department of Education (NYCDOE) Office of Equity and Access on teachers’ instructional practices and expectations for student learning. Participants were teachers in the NYCDOE who took part in implicit bias training between 2018 and June 2022. Methods included participant interviews and document analysis. The theoretical/conceptual framework for this study considered educational values and organizational sensemaking as the lens for analyzing the shift in the New York City Department of Education to an Equity and Excellence agenda, with a specific focus …
Pre-College Access And Financial Literacy, Oriel C. Straker
Pre-College Access And Financial Literacy, Oriel C. Straker
Theses and Dissertations
Student loan debt within the United States has reached insurmountable default rates worth trillions of dollars. While the federal government debate lingers on student loan debt reauthorization legislation known as Promoting Real Opportunity, Success, and Prosperity Through Education Reform (PROSPER ACT), a vote must pass to finalize the provision for this legislative policy (Baime, 2018). Meanwhile the issue of high student default rates disproportionately affects minoritized, first-generation, low-income students attending public and private institutions of higher education. This exploratory qualitative case study research approach (Yin, 2009) of the Upward Bound Program, aims to examine the sense of awareness of financial …
Instructional Practices Impacting Struggling Eighth Graders’ Reading Achievement: A Non-Experimental Quantitative Analysis, Deon Lavigne-Jones
Instructional Practices Impacting Struggling Eighth Graders’ Reading Achievement: A Non-Experimental Quantitative Analysis, Deon Lavigne-Jones
Theses and Dissertations
Despite ongoing efforts to reform schools, the longstanding racial/ethnic achievement gap still persists, particularly for boys of color; in many cases, the gap is widening, particularly for students transitioning from elementary to middle school. The focus of this study was to examine the impact of effective instructional practices for struggling eighth-grade readers, and how these practices can help bridge the achievement gap among students from diverse backgrounds. This study utilized correlational research methods to determine the relationship between teacher qualities and instructional practices and the reading achievement of struggling eighth-grade students. The study used national data from the 2013 NAEP …
Emotion Control, Overreactive Parenting, And Mothers’ Executive Functions, Serah Jaya Narine
Emotion Control, Overreactive Parenting, And Mothers’ Executive Functions, Serah Jaya Narine
Theses and Dissertations
Evidence suggests that mothers’ emotion control difficulties are associated with their self-reported and observed overreactive parenting. Specifically, mothers who have difficulties managing their negative emotions and experience more anger, are more likely to discipline harshly. In addition to this emotional process, evidence suggests that poorer cognitive executive function (EF) is also associated with mothers’ use of overreactive discipline. However, the association between EF performance and overreactive parenting is inconsistent. The purpose of this study is to assess how different EFs may moderate the association between emotion control and overreactive parenting. I hypothesized that (1) mothers’ emotion control would be negatively …
Genetically Encoded Iron Sensor Cell Line: A Model For Studying Ferroptosis And Cellular Iron Metabolism, Daoud F. Rahman
Genetically Encoded Iron Sensor Cell Line: A Model For Studying Ferroptosis And Cellular Iron Metabolism, Daoud F. Rahman
Theses and Dissertations
Cell death is a biological process that is essential in proper cellular homeostasis, development, and function. Malfunction of this system can lead to different diseases and cancers. Ferroptosis is a form of cell death that occurs as a result of the accumulation of lipid peroxides, that are dependent on intracellular levels of iron. Iron is essential to multiple metabolic processes in the cell, including the catalyzation of lipid peroxides. Thus, intracellular iron levels must be tightly regulated. Our goal is to create a cellular model to study and detect changes in intracellular iron levels. Through the use of a genetically …
The Impact Of Face Masks On Emotional Recognition Accuracy: Differences Among Emotions And Between Men And Women, Khaled Jamal Alharbi
The Impact Of Face Masks On Emotional Recognition Accuracy: Differences Among Emotions And Between Men And Women, Khaled Jamal Alharbi
Theses and Dissertations
Emotional recognition is central to social interactions. This study aims to explore the impact of face masks on the recognition of six emotions, including a neutral emotion condition. In addition, the impact of face masks on the well-established superiority of women at emotion recognition is investigated. A total of 135 college age participants (106 women and 29 men) were recruited. Participants were shown five replications of male and female targets exhibiting 6 emotions in masked and unmasked conditions for a total of 120 stimuli, and the six emotions included Anger, Fear, Disgust, Happiness, Sadness and Neutral. After each stimulus was …
Emotions, Cognitions, And Discipline Style In Parents Of Youth With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Brooke Catanzaro
Emotions, Cognitions, And Discipline Style In Parents Of Youth With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Brooke Catanzaro
Theses and Dissertations
Raising a child with a neurodevelopmental disorder places tremendous stress on parents, which can interfere with their parenting skills more than the stress of raising a typically developing child. Parents’ levels of emotions, irrational and rational beliefs, self-compassion, psychological flexibility and overreactive and lax parenting discipline style were analyzed. Two hundred and eighty-five parents of children and adolescents aged 6-18 completed several self-report measures. Results indicated that there were significant correlations between parents’ irrational beliefs, self-compassion, psychological flexibility, and negative emotions in both the clinical and non-clinical groups. Further, parents of ADHD youth reported experiencing less psychological flexibility and less …
Sleep And Academics Among College Students: Role Of Executive Functioning And Sleep Hygiene, Mary Christine O’Brien
Sleep And Academics Among College Students: Role Of Executive Functioning And Sleep Hygiene, Mary Christine O’Brien
Theses and Dissertations
Sleep is a vital human function, critical to health across the lifespan. However, college students report significant disturbances in sleep quality and sleep hygiene (ACHA, 2019; Moulin & Chung, 2016). The consequences of poor sleep include lower cognitive and executive functioning abilities (Honn et al., 2019; Whitney et al., 2015) and poorer academic performance (Okano et al., 2019). Given the prevalence of these issues and the deleterious consequences, several sleep hygiene interventions have been developed for college students. However, the effectiveness of sleep hygiene education is not fully supported (Dietrich et al., 2016), and the role of individual characteristics that …
The Common Good In The Vision Of John Paul Ii And Francis: From Solidarity To Care For Creation, Martial Tatchim Fotso
The Common Good In The Vision Of John Paul Ii And Francis: From Solidarity To Care For Creation, Martial Tatchim Fotso
Theses and Dissertations
This thesis focuses on the evolution of the understanding of the common good in Catholic Social Teaching (CST) from John Paul II to Francis. I demonstrate that while the vision of John Paul II on the common good stressed the principle of solidarity for the good of all people and each individual, Francis made a significant change by expanding the concept of common good beyond the human good to an integral ecology. The principles of common good and solidarity are essentially related in the social vision of John Paul II. Solidarity is “a firm and persevering determination to commit oneself …
The Role Of Self-Regulation And Mindset In The Academic Outcomes Of Low-Income Students, Jamilah Shanice Lindo
The Role Of Self-Regulation And Mindset In The Academic Outcomes Of Low-Income Students, Jamilah Shanice Lindo
Theses and Dissertations
The present study builds upon the existing research regarding the role of self-regulation and mindset as they relate to academic achievement. Currently, little is known regarding how self-regulation and mindset relate to the academic outcomes of low SES students as identified by their qualification for free or reduced-priced lunch (FRPL). The present study examined the relationship between self-regulation, mindset, and achievement for a sample of 44 low SES students in grades four through six to understand if these factors can predict academic outcomes in ELA and mathematics. This information is particularly valuable as schools often make investments in intervention programming …
The Relationship Of Developmental Stages In Adults In Psychotherapy To Different Types Of Mental Health Symptoms, Shannon E. Gasparro
The Relationship Of Developmental Stages In Adults In Psychotherapy To Different Types Of Mental Health Symptoms, Shannon E. Gasparro
Theses and Dissertations
In this study, we examine the pattern of mental health symptoms across adult development using data from a community-based clinic in Queens, NY. Age was represented by three qualitative stages, “early adulthood,” “middle adulthood,” and “late adulthood.” Early adulthood has been characterized as a period of heightened emotional instability, with less clear long-term commitments to romantic relationships, career paths, work, and living arrangements. Middle adulthood has been characterized as a more emotionally stable period in terms of relations with friends and family and social roles. Finally, late adults, although also viewed as more emotionally regulated, may again experience greater interpersonal …
Molecular Organic Photovoltaic Cells And Applications, Julie Liu
Molecular Organic Photovoltaic Cells And Applications, Julie Liu
Theses and Dissertations
The absorption, light scattering, and anti-Stoke’s fluorescence of chlorophyll and closely related sodium copper chlorophyllin were examined in various solutions with a wide range of refractive index and permittivity. It was evident that radiative photo electron decay corresponded to low permittivity solvents, but not to solvent refractive index. Additionally, non-radiative decay was dominant in high permittivity solvents. The properties suggest evolution has provided plants with an ability to redirect light to the chlorophyll in the high permittivity (water) photosynthesis center. Exploratory solar cells exploiting lifetime switching were developed and tested, wherein strong photovoltaic response was exhibited, along with the unique …
Development Of Whole-Cell Biosensors For Early Detection Of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Sharona Adina Priyev
Development Of Whole-Cell Biosensors For Early Detection Of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Sharona Adina Priyev
Theses and Dissertations
Accurate and timely diagnosis is crucial in preventing progression to advanced disease stages and in improving survival rates of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Using synthetic biology tools, we aim to integrate synthetic biological circuits into the construction of a novel, whole-cell biosensor (WCB) that will detect salivary biomarkers of OSCC. In treating biological parts and genetic circuits as modular pieces, we can intentionally rearrange selected domains of interest to create new transcription factors that will enable the detection of molecules of interest. Our end-goal is the creation of portable devices carrying living cells that express our synthetic genetic circuits …
Dna Damage Response Activates The Electron Transport Chain And Oxidative Metabolism By Two Parallel Mechanisms, Shreya Nagar
Dna Damage Response Activates The Electron Transport Chain And Oxidative Metabolism By Two Parallel Mechanisms, Shreya Nagar
Theses and Dissertations
The DNA damage response (DDR) is an evolutionarily conserved process essential for cell survival. Major part of DDR is coordinated by DNA damage checkpoint (DDC). In addition to DDC, eukaryotic cells also have DNA replication checkpoint (DRC) that is distinct from the DDC and specifically signals slowly progressing or arrested replication forks. DDR involves stalling or arrest of the cell cycle, initiation of DNA repair, and altered regulation of transcription, translation, and the ubiquitin-proteasome system. DDR also triggers transcription shut-off of histone genes. One of the key outcomes of DDC/DRC activation is the increased synthesis of the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs), …
Hydroxyurea Globally Inhibits Rna Synthesis, Destabilizes Mrnas, And Triggers Mec1-Opposed Rnapii Accumulation At 3’ Ends Of Genes, Pritpal Kaur
Theses and Dissertations
My dissertation includes two projects. The first project is focused on the regulation of glycolysis and oxidative metabolism by inducing heme synthesis in cancer cells. The second project deals with the effect of hydroxyurea on RNA synthesis. Heme is an essential cofactor for enzymes of the electron transport chain (ETC) and ATP synthesis in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Heme also binds to and destabilizes Bach1, a transcription regulator that controls expression of several groups of genes important for glycolysis, ETC, and metastasis of cancer cells. Since many cancers are characterized by a high glycolytic rate regardless of oxygen availability, targeting …
Gating And Pathogenic Mechanism Of Polycystin Ion Channels, Yan Wang
Gating And Pathogenic Mechanism Of Polycystin Ion Channels, Yan Wang
Theses and Dissertations
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), one of the most common and life-threatening human genetic diseases, is caused by mutations in PKD1 or PKD2 genes. PKD1 gene encodes PKD1 (also known as polycystin-1 or PC1) protein, which are the founding members of the PKD1 proteins family; while PKD2 encodes TRPP2 (also known as polycystin-2 or PC2) protein, the founding member of the TRPP subfamily. PKD1 family consists of PKD1, PKD1L1, PKD1L2, PKD1L3, and PKDREJ. Whereas the TRPP subfamily includes: TRPP2, TRPP3, and TRPP5. Proteins in PKD1 and TRPP families are collectively called polycystins. TRPP proteins can either form homotetrameric ion …
Mancozeb Exposure Results In Oxidative Stress And Disruption Of Mitochondrial Complexes Iii & Iv In Transformed Human Colon Cells, Amanda Dhaneshwar
Mancozeb Exposure Results In Oxidative Stress And Disruption Of Mitochondrial Complexes Iii & Iv In Transformed Human Colon Cells, Amanda Dhaneshwar
Theses and Dissertations
The ethylene bisdithiocarbamate pesticides, a subclass of the dithiocarbamate pesticides, are broad spectrum organometallic fungicides used on a variety of crops. The fungicide Mancozeb is comprised of an ethylene bisdithiocarbamate backbone complexed to the metals manganese and zinc. Ingestion of food containing pesticide residue and occupational exposure are common routes of Mancozeb exposure. Previous work demonstrated that Mancozeb exposure to HT-29 colon cancer cells resulted in cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and disruption of mitochondrial complex I, II, and V activity. The current study investigated the effect of Mancozeb exposure on mitochondrial complex III and IV activity and oxidative stress parameters in the …
Measurement Of Desmosine By Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry And Its Application To Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Michael Fagiola
Measurement Of Desmosine By Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry And Its Application To Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Michael Fagiola
Theses and Dissertations
The mechanical properties of lung elastic fibers are derived from the specialized features of their core elastin protein, which contains distensible, coiled peptides that store the energy needed to expel air from the lungs. Elastin crosslinks provide structural support for the fibers and play an important role in determining the morphologic features of the lung. Degradation of elastic fibers in lung disease is associated with the release of desmosine, a unique amino acid that can be readily identified and quantified in body fluids and solid tissue using LC–MS-MS. The purpose of this study was to explore the role of desmosine …
Becoming American(?): An Auto-Ethnographic Inquiry Of An Ecuadorian(-American) Family’S Identity Formation In The Face Of Long Island Whiteness, Tabitha Andrea Benitez
Becoming American(?): An Auto-Ethnographic Inquiry Of An Ecuadorian(-American) Family’S Identity Formation In The Face Of Long Island Whiteness, Tabitha Andrea Benitez
Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation examines the methods, reasons, and strategies of identity formation within an Ecuadorian(-American) family living on Long Island, New York. This autoethnographic research combines family interviews and the author’s own experiences to investigate identity on three prongs: Latinidad, Spanish and English language usage, and honoring and creating homes. Latinidad is both a panethnic term that is assigned to Latinos living within the United States, but is also an identity that is individually practiced by those who identify as Latinos. I investigate the link between Spanish, English, and identity formation to dislodge the supposed link between language and Latinidad. By …
Insight Into Eleutherodactylus Coqui Resilience And Anuran Hypoxia Tolerance Utilizing Pincho, Randy Ortiz
Insight Into Eleutherodactylus Coqui Resilience And Anuran Hypoxia Tolerance Utilizing Pincho, Randy Ortiz
Theses and Dissertations
The onset of high-throughput RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) technology allowed research into transcriptomics to accelerate exponentially aided by the rapid advancement of bioinformatic pipelines. The Pincho workflow, my first research endeavor, is a transcriptomic workflow developed to create an avenue of high-quality reconstructions from RNA-seq data. High-quality reconstruction standards entail longer transcripts, more complete transcripts, and more raw data utilization. We have discovered an ideal trio of assemblers between transABySS, rnaSPAdes and TransLiG that would best reconstruct next-generation sequencing data according to these standards. We utilized Pincho to drive two distinct experiments: (1) exploring the genetic basis for the successful invasion of …
Counterstories Of Sife Experiences: A Critical Analysis Of Students With Interrupted Or Inconsistent Formal Education, Erica Flores
Counterstories Of Sife Experiences: A Critical Analysis Of Students With Interrupted Or Inconsistent Formal Education, Erica Flores
Theses and Dissertations
Students with Interrupted or Inconsistent Formal Education (SIFE) are positioned in our society in such a way that many SIFE cannot advocate for themselves (Advocates for Children of New York, 2010; Linville, 2016), and they must rely on educators to speak on their behalf and address the inequities they face (Advocates for Children of New York, 2010; Linville, 2016; Olivares-Orellana, 2020). Teachers are working to navigate these challenges; however, local and state programs and policies have had a negative impact on the academic success of SIFE in the traditional high school setting (Hos, 2020; Olivares-Orellana, 2020). This study uses Critical …