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Winter Waterfowl Forage Production In Managed Coastal Wetlands Of The South Atlantic Region: Improving Inputs For Bioenergetics Modeling Used In Regional Conservation Planning, Stephen Andrew Clements
Winter Waterfowl Forage Production In Managed Coastal Wetlands Of The South Atlantic Region: Improving Inputs For Bioenergetics Modeling Used In Regional Conservation Planning, Stephen Andrew Clements
Theses and Dissertations
Under the assumption that food is limiting to non-breeding waterfowl, Migratory Bird Joint Ventures frequently use daily-ration bioenergetics models to inform wetland conservation objectives. Two essential components of these models include estimates of energy supply (i.e., energetic density) of wetlands used by waterfowl and accurate spatial data layers to determine wetland area. Managed impoundments are important wetland resources for migrating and wintering waterfowl in the South Atlantic Region. However, there is little understanding of the energetic density available to waterfowl in these wetlands regionally, and until recently, a database of digitized impoundments was unavailable for developing a spatial data layer. …
Improving Engagement Through Readers' Theater: A Systematic Literature Review And Teacher Process Portfolio With Program Proposal, Karen K. Crum
Improving Engagement Through Readers' Theater: A Systematic Literature Review And Teacher Process Portfolio With Program Proposal, Karen K. Crum
Theses and Dissertations
This project investigated the impact of Readers’ Theater on elementary students’ attitudes toward reading, the teacher’s perception of effectiveness of Readers’ Theater as a tool to improve reading comprehension, and students’ test-related anxiety, within the context of the Mississippi Academic Assessment Program (MAAP) mandated by the Literacy-Based Promotion Act. While existing literature has highlighted Readers’ Theater as an effective instructional strategy that engages reluctant readers and enhances both reading fluency and comprehension through repeated, performance-based readings, gaps in current research exist regarding Readers’ Theater effectiveness as an instructional strategy to mitigate reading- and test-anxiety. Through research questions focused on how …
Edna Surveillance And Population Genomics Of The Invasive Loaches Introduced To The United States, Tobin J. Davidson
Edna Surveillance And Population Genomics Of The Invasive Loaches Introduced To The United States, Tobin J. Davidson
Theses and Dissertations
Invasive species represent a growing threat to the ecosystems and economies of the United States. The southeastern United States is an aquatic biodiversity hotspot, and the decline of multiple native species already facing extinction is attributed to a rapidly growing number of nonindigenous freshwater fishes. Next-generation sequencing was used to analyze the population genomics of several populations of Pond Loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) introduced to the United States. Three evolutionarily significant units of Misgurnus loaches were found, suggesting the invasion of multiple different species in the United States. Additionally, noninvasive environmental DNA (eDNA) protocol designed for early detection of invasive freshwater …
Social Validity Of Functional Analysis Variations, Rita M. Druffner
Social Validity Of Functional Analysis Variations, Rita M. Druffner
Theses and Dissertations
The functional analysis was developed to systematically identify the antecedent and consequent conditions mediating challenging behavior. Modifications to the traditional procedures have been developed to address barriers to implementation, including duration, environmental control, and safety. Much of the research surrounding functional analyses addresses effectiveness, barriers to implementation, and practitioner acceptability. However, there is a lack of research assessing caregiver social validity of functional analysis procedures. Social validity is the assessment of the goals, procedures, and outcomes of behavior analytic practice. Even though there has been advocacy for including measures of social within behavior analytic research and practice, there is limited …
Evaluation Of Furrow-Irrigation And Agronomic Management In Mississippi Rice (Oryza Sativa L.), Thomas W. Eubank Iv
Evaluation Of Furrow-Irrigation And Agronomic Management In Mississippi Rice (Oryza Sativa L.), Thomas W. Eubank Iv
Theses and Dissertations
A new non-transgenic rice has been developed called ROXY, which is resistant to formulations of oxyfluorfen. Utilizing the ROXY rice production system in a furrow-irrigated system could help combat troublesome terrestrial weeds and be a viable option for producers. To evaluate the performance of oxyfluorfen in furrow-irrigated ROXY rice production system, two concurrent field studies were conducted at the Delta Research and Extension Center in Stoneville, MS, from 2022 to 2024. The first study evaluated residual grass and broadleaf weed control with oxyfluorfen applied delayed-preemergence (DPRE). Factor A was oxyfluorfen rates of 0, 700, and 981 g ai ha-1. Factor …
Mentorship In Music Education: Crafting A Supportive Path For New Teachers, Stephen P. Fields
Mentorship In Music Education: Crafting A Supportive Path For New Teachers, Stephen P. Fields
Theses and Dissertations
Attrition rates among new secondary music educators is an ongoing problem. Many new music educators leave the profession in their first five years with many doing so between years two and three. This project examined the difficulties faced by new secondary music educators and how involvement in a structured mentorship program can aid in their growth and development. Bandura's (1977) social learning theory and Kolb's (1984) experiential learning theory was used in the creation of the practitioner’s manual. Three research questions were addressed in this study: (1) What challenges do early career music educators face and how can a structured …
Regulating Artificial Intelligence In The U.S.: A Historical-Innovation-Inspired Framework, Di Kevin Gao
Regulating Artificial Intelligence In The U.S.: A Historical-Innovation-Inspired Framework, Di Kevin Gao
Theses and Dissertations
The emergence of OpenAI\textquotesingle s ChatGPT has marked the dawn of a new Artificial Intelligence (AI) era, unleashing a wave of user excitement, moral panic, and apocalyptic warnings. Yet, these concerns have done little to slow the breakneck pace of AI development and deployment. Should the United States adopt the European Union\textquotesingle s top-down, legislation-first approach, or follow the United Kingdom\textquotesingle s bottom-up, court-driven model? This research draws from historical legislative parallels in the U.S. By examining past regulatory frameworks for disruptive technologies, including electricity, automobiles, the telephone, broadband internet, nuclear technology, cryptocurrency, commodity futures, modern pharmaceuticals, and social media, …
Mapping Renewable Energy Opportunities: Increasing Rural Energy Resilience In Mississippi Through Extension And National Program Insights, Kaitlyn Brooke Gordon
Mapping Renewable Energy Opportunities: Increasing Rural Energy Resilience In Mississippi Through Extension And National Program Insights, Kaitlyn Brooke Gordon
Theses and Dissertations
There has been an increased interest in renewable energy opportunities in Mississippi in recent years but limited educational material on this topic and a lack of knowledge among residents on various renewable energy options. Therefore, the main objectives of this study were to 1) conduct a comprehensive review of renewable energy educational resources and 2) increase knowledge of renewable energy in youth through the development of a new statewide Extension program. The environmental scan resulted in 45 usable responses from 117 potential participants, and programmatic details were received for 54 Extension programs or other forms of educational material. Evaluation results …
Understanding How Nws Meteorologists Tailor Hazardous Weather Messaging To Core Partners And Identify Local Vulnerabilities, Allison Camille Harvey
Understanding How Nws Meteorologists Tailor Hazardous Weather Messaging To Core Partners And Identify Local Vulnerabilities, Allison Camille Harvey
Theses and Dissertations
Over the past few decades, the National Weather Service (NWS) has continued to improve impact-based decision support services (IDSS) efforts to strengthen communication with core partners. This study addressed how a new spatially hazard-specific vulnerability tool called the Brief Vulnerability Overview Tool (BVOT) may impact how NWS meteorologists tailor messaging to their core partners. It was found that relationship building between NWS meteorologists and core partners is key to enhancing trust, especially during blue sky days. This was done by learning core partners’ needs, thresholds, and communication styles when presenting weather information. Core partners also noticed cues from NWS meteorologists …
Towards Applying Artificial Intelligence To Solve Np-Complete Problems Using Quantum Computing, Andrew Robert Haverly
Towards Applying Artificial Intelligence To Solve Np-Complete Problems Using Quantum Computing, Andrew Robert Haverly
Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation explores the methodology for more thoroughly entangling artificial intelligence and quantum computing. This is explored through a background search of problems solved using Grover’s quantum algorithm, a new quantum protein folding and drug discovery algorithm, using Grover’s algorithm to train quantum artificial neural networks, using quantum artificial neural networks for reinforcement learning, mapping classical assembly instructions to quantum circuits to make quantum programming easier, and using prompt engineering to get a classical artificial intelligence agent to solve an NP-Complete problem using a Grover’s algorithm. This method not only simplifies the creation of algorithms but also opens new avenues …
Tabletop Role-Playing Games As A Therapeutic Intervention: Translating Ttrpgs To Therapy, Joanne Adelle Hillerman
Tabletop Role-Playing Games As A Therapeutic Intervention: Translating Ttrpgs To Therapy, Joanne Adelle Hillerman
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to examine the aspects of tabletop role-playing games, or TTRPGs, that are appealing to therapists, aspects of TTRPGs that may be challenging for therapists to implement, and to identify outside factors that may associated with therapists’ interest in using TTRPGs. This study used the technology acceptance model (Davis, 1989) as a theoretical framework. A sample of therapists and mental health workers (N = 102) answered survey questions on their perceptions of the ease-of-use and usefulness of TTRPGs in therapy, their likelihood to use TTRPGs in therapy, and additional items measuring outside influences on their …
Topnet R1: A Multi-Stage Ai Framework For Topic Discovery In Scientific Abstracts, Md Elias Hossain
Topnet R1: A Multi-Stage Ai Framework For Topic Discovery In Scientific Abstracts, Md Elias Hossain
Theses and Dissertations
Scientific abstracts are rich sources of knowledge, yet extracting meaningful topics remains challenging due to limitations in existing topic modeling techniques. Traditional methods often struggle with interpretability, scalability, and contextual understanding. To overcome these issues, we introduce TopNet R1, a multi-stage ensemble framework that integrates traditional topic models with contextual embeddings from Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) and Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4) large language models (LLMs). Top- Net R1 operates in three phases: (1) topic generation using Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (NMF), Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA), and Hierarchical Dirichlet Process (HDP); (2) LLM-assisted pattern recognition …
Strategic Use Of Exogenous Feed Enzymes And Sodium Bisulfate To Optimize Broiler Production, Spencer Thomas Karn
Strategic Use Of Exogenous Feed Enzymes And Sodium Bisulfate To Optimize Broiler Production, Spencer Thomas Karn
Theses and Dissertations
Poultry producers must continually evaluate nutritional strategies to enhance broiler performance and sustainability. Chapter II assessed sodium bisulfate (SB) applied to litter, feed, and water across a 42-day grow-out. Applying SB to litter reduced pH, while 0.3% and 0.4% dietary SB improved feed conversion ratio (FCR). Water acidification with SB during the final week did not impair performance, supporting its use as a preharvest intervention. Chapter III evaluated phytase at 500, 1500, and 2000 FTU/kg, with or without protease, in reduced amino acid diets over 56 days. Birds fed a nutrient-adequate diet with 1500 FTU/kg phytase outperformed all reduced-amino acid …
Documenting Children’S Use, Physical Activity, And Social Play In Tom Lee Park’S Playscape, Laurel Kelton
Documenting Children’S Use, Physical Activity, And Social Play In Tom Lee Park’S Playscape, Laurel Kelton
Theses and Dissertations
The benefits of nature and physical activity on children’s health and development are well documented. However, many children lack access to nature and physical activity. Researchers have found that “innovative playgrounds” —which, by definition, are more likely to include natural elements that facilitate nature immersion— are associated with increased physical activity and duration of stay. This thesis is a case study of a public innovative playground at Tom Lee Park. It sought to understand the playground’s areas and physical characteristics that have higher levels of use, physical activity, and social play and longer durations of stay. Data was collected over …
Understanding Pollinator-Forb Interactions And Evaluating Trapping Methods For Pollinator Monitoring In Lawns Of The Southeastern United States, Sara Rose Kirby
Understanding Pollinator-Forb Interactions And Evaluating Trapping Methods For Pollinator Monitoring In Lawns Of The Southeastern United States, Sara Rose Kirby
Theses and Dissertations
Urban turfgrass landscapes are widespread across the southeastern United States but offer limited ecological value under conventional management. This thesis evaluates the pollinator support potential of ten forb species commonly found in low-maintenance lawns and assesses the effectiveness of two insect sampling methods, sweep netting and pan trapping. Over two years of field surveys, native forbs such as Symphyotrichum divaricatum and Claytonia virginica supported significantly greater insect abundance and diversity than introduced species. Network and modularity analyses revealed that native plants facilitated more specialized pollinator interactions, including those involving oligolectic bee species. In a complementary study, pan traps effectively sampled …
Impact Of Buffered Dry Vinegar And Fermented Onion Juice On The Quality And Shelf-Life Of Fresh Pork Breakfast Sausage, Emily M. Little
Impact Of Buffered Dry Vinegar And Fermented Onion Juice On The Quality And Shelf-Life Of Fresh Pork Breakfast Sausage, Emily M. Little
Theses and Dissertations
The demand for clean-label meat products has increased interest in natural alternatives to synthetic antioxidants and antimicrobials. This study evaluated the effects of buffered dry vinegar (BDV), fermented onion juice (FOJ), and their combination (CMB) on microbial stability and sensory quality of pork sausage during 9 days of refrigerated storage. Sausages were assigned to control, FOJ (0.5%), BDV (0.5%), or CMB (0.25% each) treatments. BDV and CMB significantly reduced aerobic and psychrotrophic counts by days 7-9, while yeast increased across all treatments over time, reaching ~7 Log CFU/g by day 9. Sensory analysis revealed lower oxidation and off-note intensity in …
Synthetic Mrna Induced Tf1.17-Specific Antibody Response Against Tritrichomonas Foetus For Preputial Delivery In Bulls, Kenzie Mcatee
Synthetic Mrna Induced Tf1.17-Specific Antibody Response Against Tritrichomonas Foetus For Preputial Delivery In Bulls, Kenzie Mcatee
Theses and Dissertations
Bovine trichomoniasis, caused by Tritrichomonas foetus, remains a persistent reproductive disease in cattle due to asymptomatic carriage in bulls and lack of effective treatments. This thesis evaluated the use of synthetic mRNA to drive expression of TF1.17- specific antibodies, targeting a conserved surface adhesin essential for parasite colonization. Membrane-anchored and secreted IgG1 constructs were transfected into bovine kidney cells, resulting in time-dependent antibody expression verified via NanoLuc luminescence. In vivo, aerosolized mRNA administration to bull calves led to localized antibody expression in preputial secretions. Although immunofluorescence assays detected fluorescence signal, high background limited interpretation of specific binding to T. foetus. …
Expanding Access: A College Access Model For English Learners, Amanda Blackwell Mcleod
Expanding Access: A College Access Model For English Learners, Amanda Blackwell Mcleod
Theses and Dissertations
As one of the fastest-growing student populations in K -12 schools, English Learners (EL)s remain significantly underrepresented in postsecondary education. Barriers such as academic preparedness, financial constraints, and sociocultural factors hinder their access to postsecondary education. However, by developing targeted strategies to assist ELs in accessing and completing college, institutions can address these challenges and ensure a more diverse and sustainable student body in the face of declining enrollment. Effective models for helping EL students access college include family engagement, early college exposure, peer mentorship, and student-centered advising. By assisting ELs in accessing college, institutions can strengthen their enrollment efforts, …
Sweetpotato Insect Pests: Virus Vector Management And Rearing, Rachel Emily Morrison
Sweetpotato Insect Pests: Virus Vector Management And Rearing, Rachel Emily Morrison
Theses and Dissertations
Sweetpotatoes (Ipomoea batatas) are vegetatively propagated through slips, making them prone to viral buildup. Aphids are insect pests known for transmitting viruses to crops, which reduces yield. This study examined different options for aphid management to reduce the spread of potyviruses: crop borders, crop oils, and insecticides. However, the results of this research showed that treatments were not successful at reducing the spread of the four potyviruses tested. An additional objective was to establish a colony of banded cucumber beetles (Diabrotica balteata) in the laboratory. These beetles are a leaf-feeding and root-feeding pest of sweet potatoes. Two colonies of banded …
Spatial Variability Of Heat Mortality Rate Relationships In Arizona At Primary Care Area Level, Ria Mukherjee
Spatial Variability Of Heat Mortality Rate Relationships In Arizona At Primary Care Area Level, Ria Mukherjee
Theses and Dissertations
Heat Mortality Rates (HMR) in Arizona (AZ) are one of the highest in all of US. The HMR association with environmental, socioeconomic, demographic, and occupational factors has been widely investigated to inform mitigative policy. This study employed linear and spatial models- Ordinary Least Square (OLS), Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) and multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR), across AZ at Primary Care Area (PCAr) level to identify important spatial trends in HMR relationship. Results indicated a significant global association between heat mortality and environmental variables and the elderly population aged 65 and older. In contrast, the working age group between 54 and …
The Role Of Community Preparedness In Influencing Migration After Natural Disasters, Caren Mwange
The Role Of Community Preparedness In Influencing Migration After Natural Disasters, Caren Mwange
Theses and Dissertations
Natural disasters like hurricanes have become more costly over the years; therefore, it is crucial to understand how to mitigate the effects of natural disasters and make communities resilient. Migration responses often reflect the resilience of communities to shocks. However, the extent to which community preparedness influences migration remains underexplored. This study investigates the role of community preparedness in influencing migration after Hurricane Harvey, which struck Louisiana and Texas in 2017. A Difference-in-Differences methodology is used to assess whether community preparedness influenced migration following Hurricane Harvey. Migration is influenced by Hurricane Harvey, but certain community preparedness measures reduce the decline …
Spawning And Rearing Techniques For Improved Production Of White Crappie (Pomoxis Anularis), Matthew E. Nichols
Spawning And Rearing Techniques For Improved Production Of White Crappie (Pomoxis Anularis), Matthew E. Nichols
Theses and Dissertations
White Crappie (Pomoxis annularis) is a popular species, commonly propagated in hatcheries to support fisheries and supplement natural populations during cyclical declines. However, limited information exists regarding the effects of extended broodstock holding periods (>4 weeks), which are critical for enhancing flexibility in hatchery practices. Furthermore, rearing larval-to-juvenile crappie in outdoor ponds would greatly benefit from optimized fertilization and stocking densities to improve growth and survival rates. Additionally, dietary preferences during early life stages remain poorly understood, yet are essential for maximizing production efficiency. This study found holding broodstock for > 6 weeks can significantly reduce fertilization percentages. We also …
In Good Times & Bad: Measuring Ambivalence In Custodial Grandparents, Marin Gail Olson
In Good Times & Bad: Measuring Ambivalence In Custodial Grandparents, Marin Gail Olson
Theses and Dissertations
Like other forms of caregivers, custodial grandparents experience both the joys and trials of raising their grandchildren. This culmination of positive and negative feelings is called “caregiver ambivalence." It has only recently been studied in relation to caregiver burden and wellness in the form of caregiver ambivalence theory (CAT). By collecting data from approximately 395 custodial grandparents via an online survey, the current study aimed to test if custodial grandparents’ feelings of burden influence their perceived well-being and if feelings of ambivalence mediate this relation. Implications of this research include identifying areas of strength and growth within custodial grandparents and …
Motivating Factors Leading To Job Satisfaction Of Teacher Assistants And Their Perceptions Of Such, Jon Oswalt
Motivating Factors Leading To Job Satisfaction Of Teacher Assistants And Their Perceptions Of Such, Jon Oswalt
Theses and Dissertations
This research study investigated the role perceptions, motivating factors, and perceptions of job satisfaction from the perspective of elementary teacher assistants. While key in the field of education, research focused on the position of teacher assistant is lacking, suggesting the need for a critical view of the role. A qualitative study was designed to examine the key components of the perceptions of job satisfaction, the motivating factors leading to it, and the perceptions of the position through the lens of the teacher assistant. Five elementary teacher assistants from a single school in a southern state participated in semi-structured interviews. Key …
Timber Price Trends, Transmission, And The Impact On Loblolly Pine Plantation Management In The United States South., Samjhana Panthi
Timber Price Trends, Transmission, And The Impact On Loblolly Pine Plantation Management In The United States South., Samjhana Panthi
Theses and Dissertations
This study analyzed the impact of pine timber price trends on optimal rotation age and price transmission relationship in the timber market in the US South. Price trends and volatilities were incorporated into discounted cash flow analyses to determine stochastic optimal rotation age. The results revealed that negative price trends reduced the optimal rotation age and maximum land expectation values compared with the base case of the Faustmann model's constant timber prices. Also, I performed a vertical price transmission study for the US South pine timber market using a Smooth Transition Autoregressive (STAR) model. Price transmission was linear in the …
Developing Site Index Curves And Exploring Growth Efficiency Variation In Longleaf Pine Planted On Marginal Agricultural Land In Georgia, Usa, Jabryan Pegues
Developing Site Index Curves And Exploring Growth Efficiency Variation In Longleaf Pine Planted On Marginal Agricultural Land In Georgia, Usa, Jabryan Pegues
Theses and Dissertations
With the relative success of the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), there is a considerable amount of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) trees planted on marginal agricultural land, with little to no guides for productivity management. This study was conducted in four distinct age classes of longleaf pine plantations at The Jones Center at Ichauway in Southwest Georgia, USA. Most of these stands were commercially thinned in 2014 and some were impacted by Hurricane Michael in 2018. I developed site index equations to represent growth trajectories of these stands while incorporating growth starting from ground level. Additionally, the concept of tree-level …
The Effectiveness Of Positive Behavioral Interventions And Supports (Pbis) In Title I Secondary Schools, Robyn Rush-Grace
The Effectiveness Of Positive Behavioral Interventions And Supports (Pbis) In Title I Secondary Schools, Robyn Rush-Grace
Theses and Dissertations
Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) is grounded in behaviorist theories, particularly Skinner's operant conditioning, which suggests that positive reinforcement can shape behavior over time. PBIS uses a tiered system to address student behavior, providing universal support for all students (Tier 1), targeted interventions for students who need more support (Tier 2), and intensive, individualized interventions for the few students who exhibit the most significant behavioral challenges (Tier 3). The literature on PBIS generally supports its effectiveness in reducing office discipline referrals, suspensions, and expulsions, as well as improving student behavior and overall school climate. Research specific to Title 1 …
Profitability Of No-Till And Cover Cropping For A Corn-Soybean Rotation In The Mississippi Delta Region, William Arthur Sims
Profitability Of No-Till And Cover Cropping For A Corn-Soybean Rotation In The Mississippi Delta Region, William Arthur Sims
Theses and Dissertations
Adverse weather is a significant source of risk for agricultural producers that could potentially be mitigated by no-till and cover cropping practices. This study examined the viability of conventional tillage, cover cropping, and no-till agriculture in the Mississippi Delta by simulating a corn-soybean rotation over a 40-year time period under observed and drought weather conditions, and two prominent soil types in the region using the ALMANAC Crop Modeling Software. On average, a no-till, no cover crop system resulted in the highest profits under both soil types and weather conditions examined. Cover cropping led to higher yields in observed weather conditions …
Microbiomics Of Amazonian Fishes And Associations With Human Pathogens (Mycobacterium Ulcerans), Matthew Edwin Scott
Microbiomics Of Amazonian Fishes And Associations With Human Pathogens (Mycobacterium Ulcerans), Matthew Edwin Scott
Theses and Dissertations
The Amazon Rainforest and Guiana Shield are recognized as two of the most biodiverse ecosystems on Earth, particularly when considering macroorganisms. Relatively little attention has been paid to the microbiological diversity within rainforest ecosystems, or to the interactions among macro- and microbiological communities. To this end, I characterized the effects of habitat and host phylogenic parameters on the gut microbiome of freshwater fishes along the coast and within the Approuague River watershed in French Guiana. The results indicate a river continuum effect on the microbial composition of fishes, as well as a similar continuum pattern along the coast of French …
Thermo-Mechanical Advancements For Very High Strength And Ultra High Performance Concretes, Lana Grayson Brown Sisung
Thermo-Mechanical Advancements For Very High Strength And Ultra High Performance Concretes, Lana Grayson Brown Sisung
Theses and Dissertations
Interest in the use of high-strength concrete (HSC) has increased in recent years with demand for improved concrete performance. HSCs are widely associated with high heat of hydration and elusive behavior when exposed to high temperatures commonly occurring in mass structures. The optimization of HSC mixture proportioning is difficult due to a wide variety of constituents that influence thermal and mechanical properties. Additionally, determining in-place properties of mass concrete placements is elusive, and there are currently minimal to no test methods available that are both predictive and a direct measurement of mechanical properties. The objective of this dissertation is to …