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Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Academic Attention And Executive Difficulties In College Students: Reliability, Convergent Validity, And Exploratory Associations With Gpa, Piotr Draus
Theses and Dissertations
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by difficulties in attention regulation, organization, and impulse control, which may be associated with academic challenges in higher education settings. The present study evaluates a custom, non-diagnostic academic attention/executive difficulties composite developed for college students and explores its associations with academic performance. Student participants (N=56) completed an online survey that included the custom composite, the Adult ADHD Self-report Scale (ASRS v1.1), and a self-reported numeric grade point average (GPA). The study primarily examined internal consistency and convergent validity of the custom composite using the ASRS v1.1 and secondarily explored associations between …
The Impact Of Third-Grade Literacy Retention Policies On Low-Income Students: A Case Study Approach, Kaycee Cody
The Impact Of Third-Grade Literacy Retention Policies On Low-Income Students: A Case Study Approach, Kaycee Cody
Theses and Dissertations
This qualitative multi-site case study examines the implementation and perceived impact of Tennessee’s third-grade retention mandate under the Tennessee Learning Loss Remediation and Student Acceleration Act, with a focus on low-income students in two public school districts in East Tennessee. The legislation requires retention of third-grade students who do not demonstrate reading proficiency and mandates literacy interventions as promotion pathways. Although intended to strengthen early literacy outcomes, concerns remain regarding its equity implications. Guided by five research questions, this study explored perceived academic outcomes for low-income students, stakeholder perceptions of policy effectiveness, barriers to accessing required interventions, perceived implications for …
High School Teachers’ Perceptions Of Care In The Classroom, Laura Thérèse Freeze
High School Teachers’ Perceptions Of Care In The Classroom, Laura Thérèse Freeze
Theses and Dissertations
This narrative inquiry study explored high school teachers’ perceptions of care in the classroom. The researcher gained insight into teachers’ perceptions of care by collecting data from semi-structured interviews, classroom observations, surveys, and participant discussions. The researcher used Noddings’s (1984) ethic of care as a heuristic for analysis to explore how teachers perceive and enact care for students. Participants engaged in collaborative discussion as members of a professional learning community (PLC) to explore their own experiences with care. The interview, observation, and PLC discussion data presented the following unique approaches to care: (1) care as being responsive to student needs, …
Moderators Of Change In Parent Child Relationship Quality In Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Emilie Paul
Moderators Of Change In Parent Child Relationship Quality In Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Emilie Paul
Theses and Dissertations
The parent-child relationship may protect children against negative mental health outcomes after trauma. One aim of evidence-based interventions for trauma-related symptoms in children is often to improve the parent-child relationship, as seen in trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy (TF-CBT). This study investigated changes in parent-child relationship quality during TF-CBT in child-parent dyads. Participants were families receiving TF-CBT through a community-based training clinic as part of an ongoing open trial of TF-CBT (N=287). Children reported on relationship quality at pre-, mid-, and post-treatment. Multilevel growth modeling examined changes in relationship quality across TF-CBT and moderating effects of caregiver symptoms, homework completion, and …
Do Friendship Features Moderate Associations Between Body-Related (Co)-Rumination And Disordered Eating Behaviors?, Annabel Grace Susanin
Do Friendship Features Moderate Associations Between Body-Related (Co)-Rumination And Disordered Eating Behaviors?, Annabel Grace Susanin
Theses and Dissertations
For young adults, the transition to college includes increased responsibility and academic pressures, as well as new living environments with same-age peers. The demands of this transition can contribute to increased stress and uncertainty in students, resulting in engagement of behaviors that negatively impact physical and mental well-being. Among these behaviors include disordered eating. In this project, we sought to better understand individual and social risk factors for developing disordered eating behaviors. We measured a cognitive process that can occur within the self (rumination) or between the self and others (co-rumination), two concepts previously linked to other internalizing disorders, including …
Middle Grades English Language Arts Teachers’Experiences Of Care: A Narrative Case Study, Kathleen Rose O’Farrell
Middle Grades English Language Arts Teachers’Experiences Of Care: A Narrative Case Study, Kathleen Rose O’Farrell
Theses and Dissertations
This narrative case study examined how four middle grades English Language Arts (ELA) teachers enacted care in a suburban Northeastern U.S. middle school. Drawing on interviews, classroom observations, instructional artifacts, and notes, the study developed narrative portraits to examine how care was experienced and enacted within daily instructional practices. Guided by Nel Noddings’s (2013) care theory and Geneva Gay’s (2018) culturally responsive care framework, the study explored how teachers sustained meaningful and equitable instruction amid post-pandemic academic, social-emotional, and technological shifts. Findings revealed care as the instructional foundation, making equitable and meaningful literacy learning possible with three interrelated dimensions: trust, …
Nuestro Testimonio: The Experiences And Testimonios Of Early-Career World Language Educators In An Urban High School, Bonny Guadalupe
Nuestro Testimonio: The Experiences And Testimonios Of Early-Career World Language Educators In An Urban High School, Bonny Guadalupe
Theses and Dissertations
Research shows that teaching Spanish language and culture often reinforces biases, stereotypes, and suffers from limited economic and institutional support (Avendaño, 1979; Carter, 2014; Heredia & Altarriba, 2001; Potowski, 2002; Quan, 2021; Randolph Jr., 2017). These challenges restrict the social and academic mobility of Spanish-speaking students, especially in urban areas like New York City. This qualitative narrative inquiry addresses two questions: how do early-career high school World Language educators decolonize the AP Spanish Language and Culture curriculum, and how does engagement in Sealy-Ruiz’s Archeology of Self framework influence their teaching? The study examines the intersections of personal identity, professional growth, …
Using Authentic Material To Motivate Adult Low Literacy Learners, Toni M. Morales
Using Authentic Material To Motivate Adult Low Literacy Learners, Toni M. Morales
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to discover through exploratory research if using authentic material; comics, newspapers and graphic novels would motivate and improve the reading skills of low literacy adults. This was an important study that demonstrated the need to enhance reading programs for adults. The outcomes supported the study’s aim of developing new curricula for adult reading programs. The study utilized a qualitative approach, utilizing three methods; personal narratives interviews, and self-surveys which provided descriptions of the results of lack of literacy skills in low-level literacy adults. The study sought to discover if using authentic material both holds …
Anger Coping And Its Relations To Ambulatory Blood Pressure Reactivity And Recovery: The Moderating Effects Of Ethnic Discrimination, Brandon Dial
Theses and Dissertations
Past research has found significant associations between anger coping (i.e., anger-in, anger-out, anger-control) and blood pressure. As these studies used retrospective surveys to measure anger coping and clinic measures of blood pressure, less is known about the relations of anger coping and blood pressure in daily life. This ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study tested whether momentary use of anger coping styles in the context of interpersonal interactions were associated with momentary blood pressure reactivity and nocturnal blood pressure recovery (i.e., blood pressure dipping). Lifetime perceived ethnic discrimination was tested as a moderator of the relations of anger coping and blood …
The Relation Between Referral Source And Completion Of Trauma-Specific Assessment And Therapy In A Community-Based Training Clinic, Olivia Fiallo
The Relation Between Referral Source And Completion Of Trauma-Specific Assessment And Therapy In A Community-Based Training Clinic, Olivia Fiallo
Theses and Dissertations
In the United States, more than 60% of youth experience at least one trauma by age 16, and about one-third develop a trauma-related disorder. Evidence-based trauma-specific cognitive behavioral therapies (TS-CBTs) exist, yet fewer than 20% of trauma-exposed youth receive trauma-focused treatment, with dropout rates as high as 75% after treatment initiation. Referral sources are gatekeepers to TS-CBTs and may be a key system-level factor shaping barriers to starting and staying in treatment. This study examined whether referral source was associated with entry into and completion of a full TS-CBT service delivery pathway in a community-based trauma clinic. Participants were 346 …
Reframing Discipline Through A Justice Lens: Educator Perceptions Of Restorative Practices In Special Education Schools, Jenny V. Cook
Reframing Discipline Through A Justice Lens: Educator Perceptions Of Restorative Practices In Special Education Schools, Jenny V. Cook
Theses and Dissertations
Restorative practices have increasingly been adopted in schools as an alternative to traditional disciplinary approaches, emphasizing relationship building, accountability, and community repair rather than punishment. Research suggests that restorative approaches can contribute to improved school climate, stronger relationships among students and staff, and reductions in exclusionary discipline practices. Despite the growing implementation of restorative practices in educational settings, much of the existing literature focuses on general education environments. Comparatively little research has examined how restorative practices are perceived and experienced within special education schools that serve students with complex behavioral, social, and emotional needs. Understanding educator perceptions in these specialized …
Examining Community School Hubs In Creating Sustainable And Transformative Spaces For English Learners And Families: A Qualitative Study, Elizabeth Ortiz-Wright
Examining Community School Hubs In Creating Sustainable And Transformative Spaces For English Learners And Families: A Qualitative Study, Elizabeth Ortiz-Wright
Theses and Dissertations
Economically disadvantaged English learner students are at risk for poor academic outcomes. These challenges are exacerbated by inaccessibility to nutritious food, educational resources, healthcare, and stable housing. These cyclical and persistent issues require a community-based response. Community school hubs emerged as a response to the numerous academic and social challenges for English learner families who are living in vulnerable communities. This qualitative narrative study examined the perceptions of English learner parents and members of one community school hub regarding the available resources. Research questions examined the overall perceptions of one community school hub, including challenges and necessary changes to strengthen …
The Impact Of Artificial Intelligence On Higher Education Enrollment, Shonna L. Jones-Washington
The Impact Of Artificial Intelligence On Higher Education Enrollment, Shonna L. Jones-Washington
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of the study was to examine the influence of AI-driven chatbot technology on the progression through the undergraduate admissions funnel, including application, admission, and enrollment, and to explore how AI outreach intensity predicts these outcomes while addressing potential disparities across student subgroups. The study involved 24,141 data records, including both domestic and international undergraduate applicants to St. John’s University for the Fall 2025 semester. The study found that AI interaction was associated with higher admission rates (83.0% vs. 75.7%) but revealed no significant relationship between AI usage and final enrollment rates. Quantitative analyses, including chi-square tests, binary logistic …
Exploring Perceived School Administrator Leadership Support And Teacher Burnout, Matthew H. Stifelman
Exploring Perceived School Administrator Leadership Support And Teacher Burnout, Matthew H. Stifelman
Theses and Dissertations
Burnout is an issue that affects those in numerous occupational settings and comes with tremendous risks for physical and psychological consequences (Edú-Balsania et al., 2022). Burnout is defined as one’s psychological response to chronic work stressors that can cause cognitive, emotional, or physical health damage (Maslach & Leiter, 2016). Decades of research have identified numerous risk factors for burnout across occupations. Risk factors include job and personal values, workload, lack Burnout is an issue that affects those in numerous occupational settings and comes with tremendous risks for physical and psychological consequences (Edú-Balsania et al., 2022). Burnout is defined as one’s …
Beliefs And Recommendations Of Parents And Teachers For Internalizing Vs. Externalizing Disorders: A Thematic Analysis, Kyle Macdonald
Beliefs And Recommendations Of Parents And Teachers For Internalizing Vs. Externalizing Disorders: A Thematic Analysis, Kyle Macdonald
Theses and Dissertations
The prevalence of mental health disorders among school-aged children continues to rise, underscoring the importance of effective collaboration between families and schools. This qualitative study explored how parents (N=11) and teachers (N=11) perceive the causes, severity, and most appropriate interventions for internalizing (e.g., anxiety, depression) and externalizing (e.g., ADHD, conduct) disorders. Using vignette-based interviews and thematic analysis, six central themes emerged: (1) causal attributions (biological vs. environmental), (2) links between causes, symptom permanence, and intentionality, (3) intervention preferences, (4) importance of collaboration, (5) perceptions of severity, and (6) gendered interpretations of symptoms. 12 of the 22 participants (5 parents, 7 …
Investigating The Lived Experiences Of Students In The Online Community College Learning Environment, Kevin Allen Fleming
Investigating The Lived Experiences Of Students In The Online Community College Learning Environment, Kevin Allen Fleming
Theses and Dissertations
The rapid expansion of online learning in higher education following the COVID-19 pandemic has transformed community colleges, positioning virtual education as both an access strategy and an institutional survival mechanism. Despite significant growth in online education programs, persistent gaps remain in understanding how students experience learning within fully online environments. This qualitative phenomenological study investigates the lived experiences of undergraduate students enrolled in asynchronous online courses at a public community college in upstate New York. Grounded in Constructivist learning theory and informed by User Experience design principles, the study explores how students engage with and through institutional learning technologies, construct …
Interference Under Pressure: Task-Switching And Cognitive Control In Adhd, Rocio Belen Varela
Interference Under Pressure: Task-Switching And Cognitive Control In Adhd, Rocio Belen Varela
Theses and Dissertations
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a widespread neurodevelopmental condition associated with significant academic difficulties, often resulting in students scoring a year below average on standardized examinations (Lawrence et al., 2020; Mohammadi et al., 2019). A proposed core feature of the disorder involves impairments in working memory (WM), specifically the Central Executive component responsible for attentional control (Alderson et al., 2013; Kofler et al., 2008). These WM operations are governed by two cognitive control modalities: proactive control (sustained, anticipatory maintenance) and reactive control (cue-driven, on-demand processing) (Braver et al., 2007). This quasi-experimental study investigated whether a natural tendency toward reactive control grants …
Program Evaluation: A Study To Evaluate A Traditional Suspension Program Versus An Alternate Suspension Program, Ruth Desronvil
Program Evaluation: A Study To Evaluate A Traditional Suspension Program Versus An Alternate Suspension Program, Ruth Desronvil
Theses and Dissertations
In the United States, millions of students face out-of-school suspensions from public schools each year. Black and Hispanic students, in particular, are suspended at higher rates than their white peers (Cobb-Clark et al., 2015). Students miss class time and valuable learning, which widens the achievement gap between Black, Hispanic, and White students. Suspended students also face additional consequences, such as social alienation from schools and a higher likelihood of engagement in delinquency. Several programs seek to improve the effects of suspensions on students’ outcomes. In this dissertation response, I examine the effectiveness of one such program: an alternative suspension educational …
Vulnerable Narcissism In Borderline Personality Disorder: Impact On Emotion Dysregulation, Identity Disturbance, And Rejection Sensitivity In Psychiatric Inpatients, Lauren Baker Lloveras
Vulnerable Narcissism In Borderline Personality Disorder: Impact On Emotion Dysregulation, Identity Disturbance, And Rejection Sensitivity In Psychiatric Inpatients, Lauren Baker Lloveras
Theses and Dissertations
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a severe personality disorder frequently seen in clinical settings due to high service utilization. It is characterized by emotion dysregulation, identity disturbance, suicidal behavior, fear of abandonment, and impulsive or risky behavior. BPD is categorized as a Cluster B personality disorder, alongside narcissistic personality disorder (NPD), which is defined by grandiosity, attention-seeking, and a lack of empathy. NPD can be further conceptualized across two subtypes: grandiose narcissism and vulnerable narcissism (VN). Unlike grandiose narcissism, VN has been largely neglected in research – despite overlapping features with personality and mood disorders, especially BPD. These shared features …
Umbralisib Antagonizes Multidrug Resistance In Abcb1- Overexpressing Cancer Cells, Letao Bo
Umbralisib Antagonizes Multidrug Resistance In Abcb1- Overexpressing Cancer Cells, Letao Bo
Theses and Dissertations
Overexpression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, particularly ABCB1, is a major mechanism of multidrug resistance (MDR) and contributes to chemotherapy failure by reducing intracellular drug accumulation. Umbralisib is a dual inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase delta (PI3Kδ) and casein kinase 1 epsilon (CK1ε) that was developed for the treatment of hematologic malignancies; however, it was later withdrawn due to safety concerns. In the present study, we found that umbralisib has the potential to reverse ABCB1-mediated MDR. The MTT assay demonstrated that umbralisib significantly sensitized ABCB1-overexpressing KB-C2 and SW620/Ad300 cells, as well as ABCB1-transfected HEK293 cells. Mechanistic assays revealed that umbralisib enhanced …
Prevention Of Inflammation-Associated Neurodegeneration: Assessing The Efficacy Of N,N-Dimethylacetamide (Dma) In Lipopolysaccharide (Lps)-Induced Neuroinflammation Using C57bl/6 Mice, Teeshavi Devi Acosta
Prevention Of Inflammation-Associated Neurodegeneration: Assessing The Efficacy Of N,N-Dimethylacetamide (Dma) In Lipopolysaccharide (Lps)-Induced Neuroinflammation Using C57bl/6 Mice, Teeshavi Devi Acosta
Theses and Dissertations
Neurological function is closely linked to both longevity and quality of life. While some degree of neurodegeneration occurs naturally with aging, pathological neurodegeneration leads to devastating functional decline. The mechanisms underlying these processes remain incompletely understood; however, neuroinflammation is recognized as a key driver of neuronal dysfunction and death. Emerging evidence indicates that neuroinflammatory cascades can precede and potentiate hallmark features of neurodegenerative diseases, including synaptic loss and cognitive decline observed in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway contributes to amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide production, further amplifying a cycle of inflammation and neuronal injury. Preclinical work from …
“I Love What I Do, I Just Don't Love Where I Do It,”: An Exploration Of Job-Related Tension And Well-Being Of Professional Academic Advisors, Cynthia Cruger
“I Love What I Do, I Just Don't Love Where I Do It,”: An Exploration Of Job-Related Tension And Well-Being Of Professional Academic Advisors, Cynthia Cruger
Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation examines the intersection of job-related tension and workplace well-being among professional academic advisors through the lens of the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model. The purpose of the study is to address a gap in advising scholarship by exploring job demands and resources in advisors’ experiences in different advising models and institution types. A scoping literature review addresses advising as a profession, positive organizational psychology frameworks such as the PERMA model, and job-related tension concepts like role overload and ambiguity. Existing research indicates advisors have high job satisfaction despite job tension, and the JD-R theory is used to set a …
Performance-Based Funding’S Influence On Higher Education Through The Eyes Of Department Chairs, Jonathan W. Lackland
Performance-Based Funding’S Influence On Higher Education Through The Eyes Of Department Chairs, Jonathan W. Lackland
Theses and Dissertations
Performance-based funding (PBF) has become a widely adopted policy in higher education, linking state appropriations to measurable outcomes such as graduation rates, degree completions, and workforce alignment. While PBF aims to enhance institutional accountability and efficiency, its implementation has raised significant concerns about equity and political influence. This dissertation examines the political equity and implications of PBF policies through a mixed-methods approach, including surveys, interviews with department chairs, and critical discourse analysis of state statutes and legislative debates. The findings reveal that PBF often exacerbates inequities, particularly for non-flagship universities serving diverse and under-resourced student populations. Department chairs expressed concerns …
An Application Of Molecular Dynamics To Hed Plasma Physics: Point And Group Defect Diffusion In Coulomb Crystals, Levi Webb
Theses and Dissertations
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used to explore the microscopic behaviors of complex systems that cannot be easily studied experimentally. In particular, the microphysics of high energy density (HED) astrophysical plasma environments remain inaccessible by modern experiment---even in laser facilities, these plasmas exist only on short timescales that do not lend easily to investigation. The diffusion of point and group defects through crystallized plasmas in the cores of white dwarfs and neutron star crusts, called Coulomb crystals, has potentially macroscopic implications for the evolution of these bodies. Thus, I employ the widely-used MD code LAMMPS to simulate small Coulomb crystal …
The Impact Of Sports Betting Legalization On Marital Status, Hosea Gitonga Njogu
The Impact Of Sports Betting Legalization On Marital Status, Hosea Gitonga Njogu
Theses and Dissertations
This study examines the causal Impact of sports gambling legalization on marital stability in the United States using data from the Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement (CPS-ASEC) and the American Community Survey (ACS) from 2013 to 2024. The analysis leverages variation in the staggered adoption of state-level sports gambling laws and applies two-way fixed effects, event-study, and the Callaway and Sant’Anna (2021) difference-in-differences estimators, controlling for geographic and individual characteristics. Legalization increases divorce rates by 0.42 percentage points in the CPS and 0.51 percentage points in the ACS, corresponding to increases of 2.4% and 2.6%, or approximately …
The Impact And Sustainability Of A School Improvement Grant On Student Outcomes In An Elementary Setting, Tiesha Denise Reed
The Impact And Sustainability Of A School Improvement Grant On Student Outcomes In An Elementary Setting, Tiesha Denise Reed
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of the study was to examine the impact and sustainability of the School Improvement Grant (SIG) Transformation Model and to determine its impact on a low-performing elementary school. The research study used a quantitative research design to investigate the effects of the SIG on student achievement and school annual reporting data across three time periods: pre-intervention (2014-2015), post-intervention (2016-2017), and six years after the grant ended (2022-2023). The research design was appropriate because it allowed the researcher to collect archival data and examine potential differences across time periods. The independent variable was the three time periods, and the …
Determining Knowledge Gaps In Natural Disaster Preparedness: An Exploratory Analysis Of Socioeconomic Variables And Response Quality, Michelle S. Repass
Determining Knowledge Gaps In Natural Disaster Preparedness: An Exploratory Analysis Of Socioeconomic Variables And Response Quality, Michelle S. Repass
Theses and Dissertations
This exploratory study examines potential knowledge gaps in natural disaster preparedness across socioeconomic groups in Lee County, Alabama and identifies communication barriers affecting response behavior through the lens of the knowledge gap hypothesis. Survey data from 20 residents were analyzed using an objective socioeconomic status (OSES) score based on household income and highest level of education. Results indicate that while most respondents reported access to weather alerts and favorable behavioral responses that align with current guidelines from the National Weather Service, gaps are present in comprehension, response timing, and engagement in risky behavior that could delay protective action. Findings suggest …
Exploring Secondary Stem Teachers’ Experiences In Online Learning Environments: A Directed Content Analysis Using The Community Of Inquiry Framework, Tiffany Janese Lester
Exploring Secondary Stem Teachers’ Experiences In Online Learning Environments: A Directed Content Analysis Using The Community Of Inquiry Framework, Tiffany Janese Lester
Theses and Dissertations
This study is a directed qualitative content analysis of 21 peer-reviewed studies published between 2020 and May 2025 on secondary STEM teaching in online environments. Using the Community of Inquiry framework, I examined how teaching, social, and cognitive presence shaped instructional strategies, teacher experiences, and reported challenges. Coding with deductive and inductive methods identified recurring themes: teachers adapted to digital platforms, navigated uneven levels of digital fluency, and implemented intentional strategies to maintain social interaction. The studies also revealed persistent equity gaps in access and participation alongside innovative approaches to course and pedagogical design. These themes demonstrate how secondary STEM …
Reframing Sexual Assault And Intimate Partner Violence Through A Maternal And Child Health Lens: Implications For Integrated Prevention, Policy, And Practice, Daija C. Gibson
Theses and Dissertations
Sexual assault and intimate partner violence remain persistent public health concerns in the United States, with significant consequences for individual health, family stability, and population well-being. Although these forms of violence are frequently addressed through criminal justice and behavioral health frameworks, less attention has been given to their implications within maternal and child health, where relational dynamics, life course development, and intergenerational outcomes are central. This study reframed SA and IPV as core MCH issues to examine how integrated, systems-based approaches can strengthen prevention efforts. A structured literature review and systematic synthesis of peer-reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2026 …
Evaluation Of Valley Healthcare System Inc. School-Based Health Clinic/Center At Dorothy I. Heights Elementary School In Columbus, Georgia, Nakia Ford
Theses and Dissertations
School-Based Health Centers (SBHCs) are an important strategy for addressing health disparities and improving educational outcomes among underserved students. In Columbus, Georgia, barriers such as limited insurance, transportation challenges, and provider shortages contribute to unmet health needs, which are linked to increased absenteeism. To address these issues, Valley Healthcare System, Inc. (VHCS) implemented a School-Based Health Clinic (SBHC) at Dorothy I. Heights Elementary School. This study evaluates the effectiveness of the SBHC in improving student attendance outcomes. A quasi-experimental, difference-in-differences design compared Dorothy I. Heights Elementary School (treatment group) before and after SBHC implementation (2021–2022 and 2022–2023) with a similar …