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Incorporating Propensity Score Weighting And Nonresposne Adjustments Into Complex Survey Data With Survival Outcomes, Xinrui Shi
Theses and Dissertations
Propensity score weighting (PSW) plays a key role in minimizing confounding in observational research, especially when estimating treatment effects for time-to-event outcomes. However, its integration into survey data with complex design – particularly data with multiple stage sampling and censoring – remains underexplored. One significant challenge in such settings is the presence of nonresponse, which can introduce additional bias and complicate the use of standard weight adjustments. Moreover, there has been limited study on how PS weights can be effectively combined with nonresponse weighting adjustments in complex survey data that include survival outcomes. This dissertation aims to extend current methodologies …
The Development Of The Disclosed Reasons Of Partners' Premature Discontinuation In Couple Therapy Questionnaire (Dropped-Ct), Luca Codeca'
The Development Of The Disclosed Reasons Of Partners' Premature Discontinuation In Couple Therapy Questionnaire (Dropped-Ct), Luca Codeca'
Theses and Dissertations
Premature discontinuation from couple therapy presents a substantial challenge for clients, therapists, and society. Inconsistent data on the frequency and reasons for premature discontinuation may be attributed to a lack of methodological rigor in assessing the phenomenon. This study addresses this gap by developing the Disclosed Reasons Of PrEmature Discontinuation in Couple Therapy Questionnaire (DROPPED-CT), a comprehensive instrument designed to assess the reasons why couples prematurely discontinue therapy. Utilizing a mixed-method approach, the DROPPED-CT was developed through the integration of qualitative and quantitative data. The questionnaire demonstrates strong potential for enhancing the consistency of construct operationalization and improving the comparability …
Behavioral Skills Training: Comparing Parent Implementation To Registered Behavior Technician Implementation, Jessica Anderson
Behavioral Skills Training: Comparing Parent Implementation To Registered Behavior Technician Implementation, Jessica Anderson
Theses and Dissertations
Behavioral Skills Training (BST) is an evidence-based practice appropriate for practitioners, parents, clients, and other populations. It is frequently used in Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) therapy to support and augment skill development. Parent training in ABA has been found to be beneficial, and often critical, in the progress of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). While BST is a popular method of parent training, it is unclear how effective this type of training is in comparison to the training given to a Registered Behavior Technician (RBT). This study took place in conjunction with an ABA clinic providing in home therapy. …
Therapist Experience As A Moderator Of Therapeutic Alliance Across The Course Of Couple Therapy, Julia K. Christensen
Therapist Experience As A Moderator Of Therapeutic Alliance Across The Course Of Couple Therapy, Julia K. Christensen
Theses and Dissertations
Therapeutic alliance is a key predictor of successful couple therapy outcomes. Little research has explored how therapist experience may predict its development. This study was designed to examine whether initial therapeutic alliance scores differ between couple clients of training clinics versus couple clients of community clinics, and whether the rate of change in alliance across sessions varies between these groups. Additionally, I controlled for initial relationship distress. Using dyadic therapy process data for at least one partner of 1,330 couples, a multilevel growth curve model with therapist experience as a moderator was fit to determine the difference in initial therapeutic …
Reactivity To Environmental And Social Demands In Autistic And Neurotypical Children: More Alike Than Different?, Sarah-Ann Louder James
Reactivity To Environmental And Social Demands In Autistic And Neurotypical Children: More Alike Than Different?, Sarah-Ann Louder James
Theses and Dissertations
Research has increasingly recognized that empathy difficulties between autistic and neurotypical individuals are mutual. As empathy depends on shared understanding, identifying common ground between autistic and neurotypical children is important to foster greater empathy. This study examined reactivity patterns in autistic and neurotypical children to explore how similarities in reactivity might promote empathy across neurodiverse groups. Using a quantitative, survey-based design, parents of 56 children (19 autistic, 37 neurotypical; ages 5-11) completed a novel measure developed for this study, the Reactivity to Scenarios of Differing Intensity (RSDI), which measures children's reactivity to various social and environmental scenarios of differing intensity. …
The Case For Visual Art In Overcoming The Double Empathy Problem, Katelyn Milea Rose Nilson
The Case For Visual Art In Overcoming The Double Empathy Problem, Katelyn Milea Rose Nilson
Theses and Dissertations
A person's cognitive environment--made up of their thoughts, experiences, and tendencies--can affect how they empathize with others. Those with significantly different cognitive environments, such as autistic and neurotypical individuals, may have a difficult time empathizing with one another. This study aimed to facilitate empathy between the two groups by aligning their cognitive environments through discussion about visual art. Five autistic neurotypical dyads completed three discussion sessions where they observed and journaled about a piece of art, discussed their thoughts with each other, and filled out a questionnaire about their experience. All participants also completed a post-study interview. Data from questionnaires, …
Comparing Emotional Facial Expressions Produced During Personal Narrative Discourse By People With And Without Aphasia, Chloe K. Houghton
Comparing Emotional Facial Expressions Produced During Personal Narrative Discourse By People With And Without Aphasia, Chloe K. Houghton
Theses and Dissertations
This study investigated the differences in emotional facial expressivity between people with aphasia (PWA) and control participants during emotional discourse tasks. Participants consisted of 26 PWA and 26 control participants from Aphasia Talk Bank who retold a stroke or illness story and an important life event story, totaling 104 video files. Undergraduate research assistants were trained to code emotional facial expressions according to valence, intensity, and duration utilizing a modified Facial Expression Coding System (FACES; Kring & Sloan, 1991). Dependent variables included positive frequency, negative frequency, positive intensity, and negative intensity. Results from this study demonstrate that female participants used …
A Multiple Case Study On Cisgender Women Experiences In Electrical And Computer Engineering And Computer Science Majors, Alena Marie Degeorge
A Multiple Case Study On Cisgender Women Experiences In Electrical And Computer Engineering And Computer Science Majors, Alena Marie Degeorge
Theses and Dissertations
Gender disparities are found in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) education because of gender norms and stereotypes that project the ideology that men are better at those subjects than women. Women who pursue a college education in STEM encounter barriers that influence them to switch to a non-STEM-related major making them part of the leaky pipeline. This case study examines the experiences that junior and senior cisgender women have while pursuing an electrical and computer engineering or computer science degree and how they overcome barriers they encounter to continue their educational pursuits in a Computer Science and Engineering (CSE) …
Efficient Signal Synthesis For Data Augmentation Using Generative Ai, Yagna Veera Narayan Kaasaragadda
Efficient Signal Synthesis For Data Augmentation Using Generative Ai, Yagna Veera Narayan Kaasaragadda
Theses and Dissertations
Modern signal processing AI applications face increasing demands for diverse training data while operating under computational constraints. State-of-the-art generative models, though effective, often require prohibitive resources, limiting their deployment in real-time or embedded systems. This thesis proposes a computationally efficient framework for synthetic signal generation using a two-stage architecture that combines a Vector Quantized Variational Autoencoder (VQ-VAE) with either a decoder-only transformer or a discrete diffusion model. The VQ-VAE encodes high-dimensional signals into discrete latent tokens, significantly reducing model complexity while enabling symbolic sequence modeling. These discrete representations are then modeled using transformer-based autoregressive models or Score Entropy Discrete Diffusion …
Advances In And Applications Of Capillary Scale Liquid Chromatography, Samuel William Foster
Advances In And Applications Of Capillary Scale Liquid Chromatography, Samuel William Foster
Theses and Dissertations
Analytical-scale high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is one of the most widely used analytical techniques in the world. Efforts have been made to reduce the mobile phase consumption of HPLC by reducing the inner diameter (I.D.) of the column. By using capillary-scale columns (< 0.5 mm I.D.), separations can be performed with orders of magnitude less solvent consumption. This work describes advances made to capillary scale instrumentation as well as applications enabled by these advances. A compact capillary-scale LC was used for the analysis of numerous pharmaceutical and illicit drug compounds for point of need analysis. A miniaturized mass spectrometer was coupled to this instrument for on-line reaction monitoring within a standard chemical fume hood. Kinetic profiles of commercially available capillary columns were developed in order to provide guidance to others during column selection. The implementation of a column oven improved the analysis of large biopharmaceuticals. Several critical quality attributes of monoclonal antibodies including fragmentation, charge variants, and glycosylation profiles were able to be determined on the capillary scale. These results will help to make capillary-scale liquid chromatography a more viable solution for chromatographic analysis.
From Lists To Infinite Scroll: A Comparative Analysis Of Youtube’S Two Recommendation Algorithms, Selimhan Dagtas
From Lists To Infinite Scroll: A Comparative Analysis Of Youtube’S Two Recommendation Algorithms, Selimhan Dagtas
Theses and Dissertations
As social media platforms increasingly dominate information consumption, the role of recommendation algorithms in determining user experience has grown both in complexity and impact. This thesis investigates the behavioral patterns and algorithmic preferences embedded within YouTube’s recommendation systems, comparing long- form videos with the rapidly growing category of short-form content, YouTube Shorts. Through a combination of automated data collection, engagement metric analysis, emotional sentiment detection, and toxicity assessment, this study analyzes the evolution of content over successive recommendation depths. Using a controlled digital environment, the research explores how content recommendations change in response to user behavior, including varying watch times …
Contract Quality Feature Extraction Using Llm, Aaron C. Washington
Contract Quality Feature Extraction Using Llm, Aaron C. Washington
Theses and Dissertations
This study explored the potential insights generated from linguistic complexity measurements and large language model (LLM) based assessments on the quality of contract documents. By combining structured True/False prompts with log-probability analysis and ambiguity scoring, the study introduced novel contract-quality assessment methods. Results support a feature-driven approach to contract evaluation, one that offers automated, scalable insights for triaging risk and improving drafting practices. These assessment methods contribute to the growing field of legal natural language processing by offering modular tools for effective contract analysis.
Rotating Scatter Mask System Optimization Study For Determining Optimal Image Recreation, Seth L. Grover
Rotating Scatter Mask System Optimization Study For Determining Optimal Image Recreation, Seth L. Grover
Theses and Dissertations
The Rotating Scatter Mask (RSM) system is a radiation imaging technology currently limited by the mask design and governing identification algorithm parameters. To optimize the RSM design, Dakota—an optimization software—was integrated with a ray tracing code that simulates particle interactions with the RSM detector, and with the Locally Competitive Algorithm (LCA), which reconstructs the source image based on the ray tracing code’s Detector Response Matrix (DRM). Since the original ray tracing code was developed in MATLAB, it was translated into Python to improve compatibility with both Dakota and LCA. The Python version of the ray tracing code was then integrated …
Leveraging Large Language Models (Llms) For Automated Generation Of Sysml V2 State Machines In Guidance, Navigation, And Control (Gnc) Systems, Andrea Louise Ames
Leveraging Large Language Models (Llms) For Automated Generation Of Sysml V2 State Machines In Guidance, Navigation, And Control (Gnc) Systems, Andrea Louise Ames
Theses and Dissertations
Modern defense systems continue to grow in complexity, placing increasing pressure on engineering workflows to be faster and more adaptable. While Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) with the emerging SysML v2 standard provides a framework for capturing system behavior, its practical use is often limited by the expertise and time required for manual modeling. This research investigates whether large language models (LLMs) can help overcome that barrier by automatically generating SysML v2 state machines from Guidance, Navigation, and Control (GNC) textual inputs. Three LLM Flowise-based models were developed and evaluated: the Structured Transformation Model (STM), which uses a structured extraction and …
Constraining Nuclear Data Uncertainty Requirements For The 19F(A, N)22Na Reaction For Non-Proliferation Applications, Tyler R. M. Smith
Constraining Nuclear Data Uncertainty Requirements For The 19F(A, N)22Na Reaction For Non-Proliferation Applications, Tyler R. M. Smith
Theses and Dissertations
This thesis explores the requirements on nuclear data uncertainties needed for the use of the 19F(α, n)22Na reaction for nuclear non-proliferation applications. An overview of how neutrons are produced from alpha decays in a UF6 medium is discussed. Calculation demonstrate the role nuclear data uncertainties effect the neutron yield and energy spectra as a function of enrichment.
The Effect Of Bilateral Stimulation On Reducing Tantrum Behaviors In Autistic Children, Pui Kwan Chan
The Effect Of Bilateral Stimulation On Reducing Tantrum Behaviors In Autistic Children, Pui Kwan Chan
Theses and Dissertations
Autistic children often experience difficulty with emotional regulation, resulting in problem behaviors. This study investigates whether wearable vibrating devices, delivering bilateral stimulation (BLS), effectively reduce tantrum behaviors (i.e., aggression, property destruction, and verbal outbursts) in autistic children when used within an applied behavior analysis (ABA) setting. Three autistic children ages 7-10 participated in an A-B-A-B single-case experimental design conducted at a private autism clinic. Each child wore wireless BLS devices during their regular therapy sessions. A functional relation between the independent and dependent variable was observed. The overall combined average Tau-U score across all three participants was -0.41 with the …
Teaching Hygiene Skills To Teenagers With Developmental Disabilities Utilizing Friendship Circles, Nathaniel Medsker
Teaching Hygiene Skills To Teenagers With Developmental Disabilities Utilizing Friendship Circles, Nathaniel Medsker
Theses and Dissertations
High school students with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) often struggle with hygiene skills, including table manners. These difficulties are especially noticeable in peer tutoring settings. Peer tutors were utilized to increase the mouth wiping behavior of the students with IDD using peer influence through the friendship circles intervention. The participants included high school age students with IDD and accompanying peer tutors from their classroom. This was done in a social setting during lunch while the peer tutors modeled the appropriate mouth wiping behavior and complimented the students with IDD if they also participated in the mouth wiping behavior. The …
Leadership Perceptions Of Funds Of Knowledge In Alternative Secondary Education, Sara Stone
Leadership Perceptions Of Funds Of Knowledge In Alternative Secondary Education, Sara Stone
Theses and Dissertations
Funds of Knowledge (FOK) refer to the skills, assets, and resources that a learner draws from their environments and applies to their learning experiences. The FOK construct has in common with cultural capital and community cultural wealth a focus on the importance of the overlapping contexts in which learning takes place. For this qualitative study, the overlapping contexts for learners often include conflicts, adversity, and unique challenges. Participants include past and present leaders of schools and programs in New York City’s school district 79, also known as its alternative schools district. Schools and programs in district 79 are designed for …
Pride Flags And Five-Headed Monsters: A Portrait Of A Transgender College Student's Experiences In Campus Housing, Andrew Bamford
Pride Flags And Five-Headed Monsters: A Portrait Of A Transgender College Student's Experiences In Campus Housing, Andrew Bamford
Theses and Dissertations
This study seeks to develop an understanding of how transgender students experience living in on-campus housing and how these experiences affect their senses of wellbeing, inclusion, safety, and connection with their college. Additionally, this study solicits suggestions from its participant that can help campus housing departments identify ways to best serve their transgender student populations. Imperative due to the precarity suffered by the transgender community, especially during the notoriously anti-trans second Trump administration (Francois, 2025), this research focuses on transgender student experiences in housing due to the heightened vulnerability they experience in the confines of their on-campus housing assignments (Brauer, …
Attitude About Campus Diversity In A Post Anti-Affirmative Action Era, Robert Shawn Chester
Attitude About Campus Diversity In A Post Anti-Affirmative Action Era, Robert Shawn Chester
Theses and Dissertations
Abstract Robert Shawn Chester ATTITUDES ABOUT CAMPUS DIVERSITY IN A POST ANTI-AFFIRMATIVE ACTION ERA 2024-2025 Stephanie Lezotte, Ph.D. Master of Arts in Higher Education This thesis examines the implications of the recent Supreme Court ruling that deemed race-based Affirmative Action policies unconstitutional, focusing on its impact on diversity in higher education. Since the 1960s, Affirmative Action has been a pivotal tool in promoting racial equity and diversity in American colleges and universities, yet legal challenges have led to its dismantling in several states and now nationwide. This research explores Rowan University staff perspectives on the challenges and strategies for maintaining …
Exploring Sense Of Belonging Among Neurodivergent Students In Higher Education, Mollie Rubinstein
Exploring Sense Of Belonging Among Neurodivergent Students In Higher Education, Mollie Rubinstein
Theses and Dissertations
Positive academic experiences for university students are hard to come by when non-academic experiences are negative (Gidley et al., 2010; Sandhu et al., 2022; Tinto, 1975). This issue has become increasingly important for neurodivergent students in higher education as more of this population is enrolling in university (Cox et al., 2002; Edwards et al., 2022; Gurbuz et al., 2018; Lubin & Brooks, 2021; Izzo et al., 2008; Mamiseishvili & Koch, 2011; Yssel et al., 2016). The purpose of this study is to listen to neurodivergent student voices to learn about their university experience and sense of belonging. Research questions include: …
Relations Among Racism-Related Stress, Anxiety, Spirituality And Mindfulness In Black Sexual Minority Men, Kainaat Anwar
Relations Among Racism-Related Stress, Anxiety, Spirituality And Mindfulness In Black Sexual Minority Men, Kainaat Anwar
Theses and Dissertations
Abstract Kainaat Anwar RELATIONS AMONG RACISM-RELATED STRESS, ANXIETY, SPIRITUALITY AND MINDFULNESS IN BLACK SEXUAL MINORITY MEN 2021-2022 Jonathan Mathias Lassiter, Ph.D. Master of Arts in Clinical Psychology Black sexual minority men’s experiences of racism and anxiety have not been documented extensively in the literature. There is also a paucity of research exploring protective factors that can mitigate the effects of racial stress on anxiety in BSMM. Therefore, this study looked at the potential moderating effects of spirituality and mindfulness on the relationship between racism-related stress and anxiety in BSMM. Participants completed measures regarding socio-demographics, racism-related stress, anxiety symptoms, mindfulness and …
Musnad ʿAbd Allāh Ibn Al-Zubayr Al-Ḥumaydī As An Early Source Of Madanī Isnād: A Source Critical Study, Heba Mohamed Gaafar
Musnad ʿAbd Allāh Ibn Al-Zubayr Al-Ḥumaydī As An Early Source Of Madanī Isnād: A Source Critical Study, Heba Mohamed Gaafar
Theses and Dissertations
The transmission of ḥadīth has been a subject of intense debate, particularly regarding the authenticity of early compilations. Musnad al-Ḥumaydī is a ḥadīth collection that has not received significant scholarly attention despite its potential to shed light on early ḥadīth transmission. This study critically examines Musnad al-Ḥumaydī by analyzing its structure, sources, and methodology, focusing on its relationship with Sufyān b. ʿUyayna, the primary transmitter of its ḥadīth. By applying isnād analysis and source criticism, this research challenges the assumption that early ḥadīth compilations were unreliable or retrospectively constructed. Al-Ḥumaydī did not simply collect narrations. The study demonstrates that Musnad …
Calculating Moment Magnitude Using The Coda Calibration Technique To Update The Earthquake Catalog Of Iraq (1900-2021), Muntadher Al-Kaabi
Calculating Moment Magnitude Using The Coda Calibration Technique To Update The Earthquake Catalog Of Iraq (1900-2021), Muntadher Al-Kaabi
Theses and Dissertations
The first comprehensive earthquake catalog for Iraq based on moment magnitude (Mw) was compiled by Onur et al. (2017). It spanned the period from 1900 until the end of 2009, covered the region between 26°–40° N latitudes and 36°–51° E longitudes, and included more than 18,000 earthquakes, of which roughly 4,000 are of Mw 4.0 or larger. With the ongoing efforts of updating the probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) and the Iraqi building code, the need for an updated earthquake catalog for Iraq in terms of moment magnitude (Mw) has been raised. Robust estimation of moment magnitude (Mw) can be …
The Earth's Voice: The Social, Spiritual, And Secular Justifications For The Earth's Freedom Of Expression, Ashley Tzeting Pun Eveson
The Earth's Voice: The Social, Spiritual, And Secular Justifications For The Earth's Freedom Of Expression, Ashley Tzeting Pun Eveson
Theses and Dissertations
The Earth's legal right to freedom of speech remains largely unexplored within the broader legal movement for the rights of nature, which emerged in the 1970s. While environmental law increasingly recognizes nature's rights to exist and thrive, as illustrated by legal rights granted to various natural entities--like the Whanganui River or manoomin rice--the Earth's ability to communicate remains underdeveloped. This study employs legal research analysis to examine the philosophical reasoning behind how social, spiritual, and secular frameworks justify the Earth's right to freedom of speech and expression. It explores legal guardianship, scientific data, Indigenous knowledge, and spiritual stewardship as valid …
Design And Performance Evaluation Of Pv-Powered Ev Charging Stations With Grid Integration And Comparative Analysis Of Dc-Dc Converters For Offboard Chargers, Mohammad Abidur Rahman
Design And Performance Evaluation Of Pv-Powered Ev Charging Stations With Grid Integration And Comparative Analysis Of Dc-Dc Converters For Offboard Chargers, Mohammad Abidur Rahman
Theses and Dissertations
Grid-integrated photovoltaic (PV)-powered electric vehicle (EV) charging stations offer a sustainable solution for reducing grid dependency and fossil fuel consumption in workplace environments. This study proposes a PV-powered EV charging system with an AC bus configuration and grid support to ensure stable and efficient operation. A comparative analysis of four DC-DC converter topologies—Dual Active Bridge (DAB), LLC Resonant, Interleaved Buck-Boost, and Interleaved Buck—is conducted for offboard charging applications. Performance evaluation is carried out using MATLAB/Simulink, considering voltage and current ripple, power density, stress levels, bidirectional capability, and control complexity. Component-level reliability is assessed using MIL-HDBK-217 standards to estimate failure rates …
Blockchain-Enabled Master Data Management, Shakhawat Hossain
Blockchain-Enabled Master Data Management, Shakhawat Hossain
Theses and Dissertations
Master Data Management (MDM) is essential for maintaining data quality, accuracy, consistency, and governance within organizations. However, traditional centralized MDM systems continue to face challenges related to data integrity, security, and scalability. This research presents a blockchain-enabled MDM framework designed to overcome these limitations by leveraging blockchain’s decentralized, immutable, and secure architecture. The study aims to identify and address the shortcomings of conventional MDM practices, examine the applicability of blockchain technology in enhancing these systems, and develop a functional prototype to validate the proposed model. The framework incorporates decentralized review mechanisms that improve auditability and ensure trusted data verification by …
Structural Covariance And Episodic Memory: Sex Differences In Schizophrenia, Delaina Brooke Cimmino
Structural Covariance And Episodic Memory: Sex Differences In Schizophrenia, Delaina Brooke Cimmino
Theses and Dissertations
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a chronic brain disease characterized by patterns of positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms that interfere with daily functioning and persist throughout the lifespan. Clinical and cognitive symptoms differ between males and females with the disease, suggesting neurobiological abnormalities that vary on the basis of biological sex. The present study used high-dimensional brain mapping and network analysis procedures of cortical and limbic regions known to be involved in memory formation to investigate sex differences in brain correlates of episodic memory among patients with schizophrenia. This study analyzed multi-site archival data from 363 male (M) and 108 female (F) …
Poetries Of Abandonment: A Study Of Plath And Glück, Yara Abdelmoneim
Poetries Of Abandonment: A Study Of Plath And Glück, Yara Abdelmoneim
Theses and Dissertations
This thesis explores the intersection between literature and trauma, which can be discerned in the key works of two poets, Sylvia Plath and Louise Glück. While offering readings of crucial poems, the thesis also examines the interrelations among trauma, memory and narrative as theorized by two contemporary psychiatrists, Bessel van der Kolk and Judith Herman. Both Plath and Glück wrote about personal and generational trauma after going through different experiences of abandonment. Absence, indirection and repetition provide the basis for literary techniques that allow their traumas to be better understood by authors and readers alike. The degree to which each …
Leveraging Reduced Order Models And High-Fidelity Simulations For Efficient Multifidelity Uncertainty Quantification Of Thermal Systems, Jakob G. Bates
Leveraging Reduced Order Models And High-Fidelity Simulations For Efficient Multifidelity Uncertainty Quantification Of Thermal Systems, Jakob G. Bates
Theses and Dissertations
Simulation-led design is becoming an important part of thermal systems design. Simulations of thermal systems continue to improve in their fidelity, but this comes with an increased computational cost. Additionally, uncertainty in simulation inputs, such as thermophysical properties, leads to uncertainty in simulation outputs. For simulations to be used rigorously for simulation-led design, this uncertainty must be quantified. Performing uncertainty quantification on thermal simulations is made difficult by their many uncertain parameters and high computational cost. Multifidelity uncertainty quantification is a set of methods that reduce the cost of uncertainty quantification by leveraging high-fidelity, high-cost simulations with low-fidelity, low-cost simulations. …