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Articles 3091 - 3120 of 15025
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
The Beneficial Effects Of The Gut-Derived Metabolite Trimethylamine N-Oxide On Functional Β-Cell Mass, Emily Suzanne Krueger
The Beneficial Effects Of The Gut-Derived Metabolite Trimethylamine N-Oxide On Functional Β-Cell Mass, Emily Suzanne Krueger
Theses and Dissertations
Elevated serum levels of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) were first associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) 10 years ago. Research has since defined that serum TMAO accumulation is controlled by the diet-microbiome-liver-kidney axis. Choline related nutrients are consumed in excess during over-nutrition from a Western diet. The resultant elevated serum TMAO is investigated across various chronic metabolic diseases and many tissue types. While TMAO is most clearly linked to CVD mechanisms in vascular tissue, its molecular effects on metabolic tissues are unclear. Here we report the current standing of TMAO research in metabolic disease context across relevant metabolic tissues …
The Role Of A Sickled Microenvironment In Cardiac Dysfunction, Allison Nicole Healey
The Role Of A Sickled Microenvironment In Cardiac Dysfunction, Allison Nicole Healey
Theses and Dissertations
This study helps to fill a remaining knowledge gap surrounding the mechanisms and pathways that contribute to cardiomyopathies in SCD. A better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms could lead to more accurate therapeutic targets to improve quality of life as well as life expectancy. In this study I recapitulate cardiac dysfunction in vitro by exposing engineered mouse cardiac tissues to ANG II or the sickled microenvironment. Experimental results include gene expression profiles and oxidative stress generation. Gene expression profiles in the ANG II treated tissues indicated a pathological state with upregulation in biomarkers for inflammation, cell adhesion, wall stress and …
Optimizing A Biomass Supply System: Consideration Of Pellet Quality And Transportation Under Extreme Events, Badr S. Aladwan
Optimizing A Biomass Supply System: Consideration Of Pellet Quality And Transportation Under Extreme Events, Badr S. Aladwan
Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation studies a framework in support biomass wood pellet supply chain. The worldwide wood pellet market is growing at a phenomenal rate. However, the economic sustainment of this business depends on how well the producers manage the uncertainty associated with biomass yield and quality. In the first part of the dissertation, we propose a two-stage stochastic programming model that optimizes different critical decisions (e.g., harvesting, storage, transportation, quality inspection, and production decisions) of a biomass-to-pellet supply system under biomass yield and quality uncertainty to economically produce pellets while accounting for the different pellet standards set forward by the U.S. …
The Effects Of Sildenafil On Portal Vein Velocity, Cross-Sectional Area, And Congestion Index In The Dog, Christopher Tollefson
The Effects Of Sildenafil On Portal Vein Velocity, Cross-Sectional Area, And Congestion Index In The Dog, Christopher Tollefson
Theses and Dissertations
The main use of sildenafil in human medicine is to treat erectile dysfunction. In veterinary medicine, sildenafil is most frequently used to treat pulmonary hypertension. The effects of sildenafil on the portal vasculature in the dog have not been previously evaluated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects sildenafil has on the portal vasculature. The cross-sectional area of the aorta, cross-sectional area of the portal vein, and portal vein velocity were acquired in thirteen dogs prior to administration, 45 minutes, 90 minutes, and 120 minutes after the oral administration of sildenafil for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension. …
The Effects Of Developmental Chlorpyrifos Exposure On The Proteome Of The Adolescent Rat Hippocampus, Aubrey Lewis
The Effects Of Developmental Chlorpyrifos Exposure On The Proteome Of The Adolescent Rat Hippocampus, Aubrey Lewis
Theses and Dissertations
Chlorpyrifos is a widely used organophosphate insecticide, functioning through the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. Recent studies report negative long-lasting biochemical and behavioral effects at levels without acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Our lab studies have identified the endocannabinoid system as a target for OP low-dose neurotoxicity. This thesis identifies the proteins and their associated neurotransmitter systems in the hippocampus that have been affected by low dose developmental exposure to the OP insecticide CPF. Male rat pups were treated from postnatal day 10 (PND) - PND16 with either corn oil (vehicle), 0.75 mg/kg of CPF, or 0.02 mg/kg of PF-04457845, a specific fatty acid amide …
Puma And The Innate Immune Response During Pneumococcal Infection In The Lung, Daniel Edward Kennedy Ii
Puma And The Innate Immune Response During Pneumococcal Infection In The Lung, Daniel Edward Kennedy Ii
Theses and Dissertations
Background: The p53-up-regulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) protein is a pro-apoptotic, BH3-only member of the BCL2 family of effector proteins responsible for promoting organized cell death. PUMA is required for resolution of pneumococcal pneumonia in mice, as mice deficient of PUMA exhibit greater numbers of S. pneumoniae CFU within tissues and higher mortality rates than observed in Puma+/+ mice. Methods: Puma+/+ and Puma-/- mice were intranasally challenged with TIGR4 pneumococcus and sacrificed 24 h post-infection. Differences in cytokine levels from blood and whole lung tissue were detected by MILLIPLEX MAP Mouse Cytokine/Chemokine Magnetic Bead Panel. Lung transcriptomes from Puma+/+ and …
Weedy Rice (Oryza Sativa Ssp.): An Untapped Genetic Resource For Abiotic Stress Tolerant Traits For Rice Improvement, Shandrea D. Stallworth
Weedy Rice (Oryza Sativa Ssp.): An Untapped Genetic Resource For Abiotic Stress Tolerant Traits For Rice Improvement, Shandrea D. Stallworth
Theses and Dissertations
Rice (Oryza sativa) is the staple food for more than 3.5 billion people worldwide. As the population continues to grow, rice yield will need to increase by 1% every year for the next 30 years to keep up with the growth. In the US, Arkansas accounts for more than 50% of rice production. Over the last 68 years, rice production has continued to grow in Mississippi, placing it in fourth place after Arkansas, Louisiana, and California. Due to increasing rice acreage, regionally and worldwide, the need to develop abiotic stress-tolerant rice has increased. Unfortunately, current rice breeding programs lack genetic …
Evaluating The Influence Of Ecosystem Characteristics And Species Traits On Exotic Species Distributions, Adrián Lázaro-Lobo
Evaluating The Influence Of Ecosystem Characteristics And Species Traits On Exotic Species Distributions, Adrián Lázaro-Lobo
Theses and Dissertations
Natural dispersal mechanisms and biogeographical barriers have shaped species' native distributional ranges over millions of years. However, over the last few centuries, humans have dispersed species beyond their natural ranges. Those species that undergo explosive population growth and rapid expansion in the introduced region are considered as invasive because they have the potential to cause negative effects on desirable species and/or ecosystem services. In chapter II, I identified what ecosystem characteristics are more closely associated with successful establishment of exotic and native species, to have a better idea of where to concentrate our efforts and resources to prevent invasion events …
The Nose Glows: Investigating Amphibian Neuroendocrine Pathways With Quantum Dots, Allison Rebecca Julien
The Nose Glows: Investigating Amphibian Neuroendocrine Pathways With Quantum Dots, Allison Rebecca Julien
Theses and Dissertations
Today, amphibian extinction rates are rising at an alarming rate. Captive assurance colonies have become a hedge against extinction, and often must employ assisted reproductive technologies (ART) in species that do not readily breed in captivity. One technique that can be utilized in assisted breeding is hormone therapy, which involves the treatment of individuals with exogenous reproductive hormones. The primary delivery method used in most breeding programs is intraperitoneal injection, but many institutions either lack the training necessary to conduct this invasive procedure, or require veterinary staff to perform them, thus delaying breeding events. Therefore, there is interest in alternate …
Distribution And Direct Impacts Of Marine Debris On The Mississippi Commercial Shrimping, Alyssa Rodolfich
Distribution And Direct Impacts Of Marine Debris On The Mississippi Commercial Shrimping, Alyssa Rodolfich
Theses and Dissertations
Commercial shrimpers in the Mississippi Sound frequently encounter marine debris in their nets, which results in loss of time, loss of catch, and added repair costs. Yet, the spatial and temporal distribution of this marine debris and the economic impact faced by shrimpers in the Mississippi Sound is not well known. This study measured the quantity and economic impact of marine debris by surveying 20 commercial shrimpers. Participants logged marine debris encounters, fishing data, and damage to fishing gear during the July 2020 through December 2020 shrimping season. It was found that shrimpers encounter marine debris 19% of all tows, …
Determining The Optimal Dile:Dlys Ratio For Ross 708 X Ross Yp Male Broilers Throughout Multiple Grow Out Phases (Starter, Grower, And Finisher), Andrew Taylor Brown
Determining The Optimal Dile:Dlys Ratio For Ross 708 X Ross Yp Male Broilers Throughout Multiple Grow Out Phases (Starter, Grower, And Finisher), Andrew Taylor Brown
Theses and Dissertations
Within commercial broiler production, feed and feed manufacturing costs account for 60 to 70% of production costs. Of these feed costs specifically, ingredients that supply energy and protein represent the highest expenditure, verifying the importance of knowing the nutrient requirements of current broiler strains to ensure accurate least-cost formulation. To reduce these production costs and optimize performance, primary breeder companies and nutritionists continuously strive to improve nutrient utilization of commercial broiler strains. As a result of this, a great magnitude of work is conducted to determine the nutrient requirements for broilers, especially amino acids. Therefore, the overall objective of this …
Modeling Recombination Rate As A Quantitative Trait Reveals New Insight Into Selection In Humans, Austin L. Drury
Modeling Recombination Rate As A Quantitative Trait Reveals New Insight Into Selection In Humans, Austin L. Drury
Theses and Dissertations
Meiotic recombination is both a fundamental biological process required for proper chromosomal segregation during meiosis and a fundamental genomic parameter that shapes major features of the genomic landscape. While there is strong evidence of fitness costs of low rates of recombination, the possible fitness costs of high rates of recombination are less defined. To determine whether a single lower fitness bound can explain the variation in recombination rate observed in human populations, we simulated the evolution of recombination rate as a quantitative trait using empirically-derived parameters. For our fitness function, we implemented a hyperbolic tangent curve with flexible parameters to …
Effects Of The In Ovo Injection And Dietary Supplementation Of L-Ascorbic Acid On The Performance, Tissue L-Ascorbic Acid Concentrations, Inflammatory Response, And Trachea Histomorphology Of Ross 708 Broilers Raised Under Normal And Elevated Atmospheric Ammonia Levels, Ayoub Mousstaaid
Theses and Dissertations
Effects of various levels of L-ascorbic acid (L-AA) (12 and 25 mg) in ovo injected at 17 and 18 days of incubation, on embryonic and posthatch physiological variables in Ross 708 broilers were investigated. There were no significant treatment effects on the hatchability or serum concentrations of L-AA in the broilers. Eye L-AA concentrations were higher, and plasma nitric oxide levels were lower in male chicks treated in ovo with 12 mg of L-AA. While exposed to elevated atmospheric NH3 levels, the in ovo injection of 12 mg of L-AA increased the body weight gain and decreased the feed conversion …
Effects Of Year-Round Supplemental Feeding Of White-Tailed Deer On Plant Community Dynamics, Beau Navarre
Effects Of Year-Round Supplemental Feeding Of White-Tailed Deer On Plant Community Dynamics, Beau Navarre
Theses and Dissertations
Supplemental feeding is commonly practiced to enhance available nutrition for white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). The effects of supplemental feeding on the surrounding vegetative community may be related to herbivory, trampling, and seed dispersal. I evaluated how these potential mechanisms affect vegetative communities using a matched-pair design (fed and ecologically equivalent unfed sites) during 2018-2020. In a short-term manipulative portion of the study, I sampled the vegetation prior to feeding and during two years of feeding. In a long-term retrospective study, I sampled feeders established 5-7 years previously. Feeders increased daily detection rate of deer and seed dispersing non-target wildlife, percentage …
Biomass Production Of Black Willow (Salix Nigra Marsh.) And Eastern Cottonwood (Populus Deltoides Bartr. Ex Marsh.) In The Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley, Bini Dahal
Theses and Dissertations
This study aimed at developing allometric equations for the estimation of aboveground biomass of black willow and eastern cottonwood and determine biomass production by these species under several planting spacing and harvest frequency combinations. Logarithmic model with dbh and tree height was the best fitting model for individual tree aboveground biomass estimation of both species. At area level, logarithmic models with stand age, dominant height, and planting density produced the best results. Mixed-effects modeling showed statistically significant effects of harvest frequency for eastern cottonwood but not for black willow. Overall, we conclude that, biomass production of black willow and eastern …
Effects Of Acute, Chronic, And Cyclical Hypoxia On The Physiology And Transcriptome Of Channel Catfish (Ictalurus Punctatus), Brian Ott
Theses and Dissertations
Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) are raised for aquaculture in ponds characterized by dramatic swings in dissolved oxygen concentration. If morning dissolved oxygen concentration falls below approximately 3.0 mg/L catfish consume less feed, leading to a reduction in growth and production. Although the effects of low oxygen on channel catfish appetite have been described, the underlying mechanisms responsible for those effects are unknown. Increased production of the neuropeptides corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and urotensin I (UI) are implicated in other fishes as neuropeptides that reduce appetite once an environmental stressor is detected. This project characterizes the hematological responses and transcriptional response of …
Commercial Douglas Fir Biochar Based Multifunctional Exotic Adsorbents For Water Remediation, Chanaka Navarathna
Commercial Douglas Fir Biochar Based Multifunctional Exotic Adsorbents For Water Remediation, Chanaka Navarathna
Theses and Dissertations
Providing safe drinking water and wastewater remediation are constant worldwide challenges. Adsorption is an attractive alternative to conventional techniques such as coagulation, precipitation (chemically or electrochemically), hybrid membranes, and ion-exchange for the purification of water. Biochar-based composite sorbents are increasingly popular because a range of surface chemical and physical treatments can impart performance and environmental benefits to the material. This is ideal for rural areas where more costly conventional methods may not be readily available or affordable. This dissertation focused on three different projects involving high surface area (~700 m2/g) Douglas fir biochar based multifunctional engineered adsorbents. Chapter II focuses …
Consequences Of External Factors On Placental And Offspring Development And Using Melatonin As A Potential Therapeutic, Dana S. Reid
Consequences Of External Factors On Placental And Offspring Development And Using Melatonin As A Potential Therapeutic, Dana S. Reid
Theses and Dissertations
Early life is critical for the development of an organism. External factors alter placental efficiency which can lead to consequential effects. The objective of the current study was to (1) examine placental characteristics and molecular factors affected by nutrient restriction (2) evaluate the mitigating properties of melatonin in a nutrient restricted pregnancy in regard to circadian, myogenic and adipogenic factors in fetal muscle and (3) evaluate the effects of prenatal and postnatal melatonin supplementation on offspring performance. In study 1, cows were fed a control (CON) or a 60% restricted (RES) diet from day 140 to 240 of gestation. Animals …
Corn And Soybean Basis Dynamics In The Mid-South, Delia Barrett
Corn And Soybean Basis Dynamics In The Mid-South, Delia Barrett
Theses and Dissertations
Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee all border the Mississippi River, a primary shipping channel in the United States. These Mid-South states serve as a southern agricultural hub in terms of corn and soybean production. The Mid-South is a prime location for merchandisers to take advantage of the Mississippi River in addition to a vast connection of railway systems and interstates for moving grain. The main objective of this study is to analyze local basis for selling locations in the Mid-South and connect basis movements with transportation flows to understand grain basis dynamics in the Mid-South better. An empirical analysis shows …
Phenotypic And Genotypic Characterization And Comparison Of Edwardsiella Ictaluri Isolates Derived From Catfish And Ornamental Fish Species, Divya Divya
Theses and Dissertations
The gram-negative bacteria Edwardsiella ictaluri causes significant economic losses in aquacultured fish. Generally considered host-specific to catfish, there are reports of E. ictaluri outbreaks from other aquacultured species, including ornamental fish raised in the southeastern U.S. Thus, a comprehensive phenotypic and genotypic characterization of E. ictaluri isolates from catfish and ornamental aquaculture was warranted. Morphological, biochemical, and protein profiles of catfish and ornamental derived isolates were mostly similar. Plasmid profiles of wild-type isolates were consistent within groups. Analysis of putative anti-microbial resistant isolates from catfish revealed the presence of multi-drug resistant plasmids. Genomic comparisons indicated marked differences among host groups, …
Linking Remotely-Sensed Uas Imagery To Forage Quality In An Experimental Grazing System, Durham Alexander Norman
Linking Remotely-Sensed Uas Imagery To Forage Quality In An Experimental Grazing System, Durham Alexander Norman
Theses and Dissertations
Forage quality is a principal factor in managing both herbivores and the landscapes they use. Nutrition varies across the landscape, and in turn, so do the distributions of these populations. With the rise of remote sensing technologies (i.e. satellites, unmanned aerial vehicles, and multi/hyperspectral sensors), comes the ability to index forage health and nutrition swiftly. However, no methodology has been developed which allows managers to use unmanned aerial systems to the fullest capacity. The following methodologies produce compelling evidence for predicting forage quality metrics (such as fiber, carbohydrates, and digestibility) using 5 measured bands of reflectance (Blue, Green, Red, Red …
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers In Blood Plasma Of Moderately Exercised Horses, Elizabeth Catesby Ott
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers In Blood Plasma Of Moderately Exercised Horses, Elizabeth Catesby Ott
Theses and Dissertations
Equine athletes are subjected to environmental and physical stressors resulting in oxidative stress that can negatively impact performance. Oxidative stress can result in lipid peroxidation, cell damage, and DNA degradation leading to physiological dysfunction and increased instance of disease. It has been established that humans are able to adapt to oxidative stress when exposed to extended periods of high-intensity exercise, however, this has yet to be established in the equine model. In the present study, we sought to establish patterns of oxidative stress expression immediately following exercise and adaption to prolonged exposure to exercise training in the equine model. Results …
Impact Of Economically Targeted Conservation Delivery On Agricultural Revenue Across A Range Of Commodity Prices, Emily Kranz Bedwell
Impact Of Economically Targeted Conservation Delivery On Agricultural Revenue Across A Range Of Commodity Prices, Emily Kranz Bedwell
Theses and Dissertations
The collective body of U.S. legislation, colloquially known as the Farm Bill, authorizes a suite of practices and programs under its Conservation Title. This includes the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), which incentivizes agricultural producers to remove arable land from production to enhance soil retention, improve water quality, and restore wildlife habitat. Conservation Practice 33: Habitat Buffers for Upland Birds (CP-33) was the first CRP practice to target wildlife habitat restoration. CP-33 incentivizes producers to reestablish native herbaceous vegetation along crop field margins. Producers are often concerned with the economic opportunity costs of CP-33 enrollment. I used yield data derived from …
Estimation Of Economically Optimal Potassium Rates For Soybean Production In Mississippi: Comparing Different Yield Response Functions, Felix Akakpo
Theses and Dissertations
This study estimated soybean yield responses to K fertilizer using trials data from 18 sites in Mississippi from 2011-2016. Eight response functions were fitted, including linear, linear plateau, quadratic, quadratic-plateau, square root quadratic, spherical plateau, exponential, and exponential-plateau functions. The ratio of high responsive, low responsive, and no responsive sites to K rates is 3:3:12 respectively. The response functions led to different predicted optimal K rates, and the best response function for each site was determined by the Vuong closeness test and economic loss analysis. The predicted economically optimal K rates are 157, 73, and 0 lb/acre for high, low, …
Pain And Inflammation Due To Whole-Body Vibration In A Rat Model, Folly Martha Dzan Patterson
Pain And Inflammation Due To Whole-Body Vibration In A Rat Model, Folly Martha Dzan Patterson
Theses and Dissertations
Low back pain is a leading cause of disability and is associated with whole-body vibration exposure in industrial workers and military personnel. The pathophysiological mechanisms by which whole-body vibration causes low back pain have been studied in vivo, but there is little data that improve diagnosis of low back pain. The overall objective of this research was to elucidate diagnostic biomarkers associated with whole-body vibration. Hence, a rat model for vibration-induced inflammatory responses was developed. Von Frey filaments were used to determine the withdrawal threshold of the hind paw as a surrogate behavioral marker for pain. The concentration of nerve …
Synthesis Of Microcapsules And Inclusion Complexes Consisting Of Hydrophobic Cores And Polysaccharidic Shells For Thermal Energy Management And Packaging, Gulbahar Bahsi-Kaya
Synthesis Of Microcapsules And Inclusion Complexes Consisting Of Hydrophobic Cores And Polysaccharidic Shells For Thermal Energy Management And Packaging, Gulbahar Bahsi-Kaya
Theses and Dissertations
Active substances can be stabilized to be protected from undesirable reactions, aggregation, and leaking, which would keep the intended functions of the active substances without premature degradation. Among such active substances are paraffin-based organic phase change materials (PCMs) and essential oils (EOs), which feature attractive characteristics, e.g., high latent heat of fusion and inherent antimicrobial activity. However, their high volatility requires an effective stabilization strategy. Petroleum-based synthetic polymers have often been employed to stabilize PCMs and EOs by encapsulation and complexation pathways. Despite their proven effectiveness, these polymers are from non-renewable resources, and non-degradable and often toxic, which has prompted …
Distribution Of Woodpecker Activity Relative To Wooden Utility Structure Usage In The Southeastern United States, Hannah Chelsea Wright
Distribution Of Woodpecker Activity Relative To Wooden Utility Structure Usage In The Southeastern United States, Hannah Chelsea Wright
Theses and Dissertations
Woodpeckers are a group of avian species that cause damage to wooden power utility structures. In the southeastern United States, Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), has accrued an estimated $5 million USD annually from woodpecker damage. Previous work has focused on effectiveness of reactive mitigation and restoration efforts with little investigation of preventative methods. To address this knowledge gap, this study will i) use species distribution model techniques to predict damage suitability across the TVA service area, ii) use Bayesian hierarchical community model techniques to estimate species richness of the woodpecker community in the service area, and iii) recommend target areas …
Prevalence Of Salmonella, Campylobacter, And Spoilage Bacteria On Broiler Meat At Different Stages Of Commercial Poultry Processing, Hudson Thames
Prevalence Of Salmonella, Campylobacter, And Spoilage Bacteria On Broiler Meat At Different Stages Of Commercial Poultry Processing, Hudson Thames
Theses and Dissertations
Salmonella and Campylobacter are two foodborne pathogens that continue to persist in broiler processing. Various studies have demonstrated that peracetic acid can effectively reduce the prevalence pathogens on broiler meat. However, there are a limited number of studies comparing the effects of peracetic acid on broiler meat from different processing plants. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Salmonella, Campylobacter, and spoilage microbes on broiler meat at different stages of poultry processing in commercial plants that use peracetic acid as the primary antimicrobial. Results indicated that there was a high initial microbial presence on broiler meat …
Bridging The Divide: Revisiting The Conceptualization Of Impulsivity And Its Relation To Alcohol Use And Alcohol Problems., Karen Kelley
Bridging The Divide: Revisiting The Conceptualization Of Impulsivity And Its Relation To Alcohol Use And Alcohol Problems., Karen Kelley
Theses and Dissertations
The development of multiple theoretical models and measures of impulsivity has led to inconsistent use of this term and disagreement regarding the most salient predictors of alcohol-related outcomes. The present study examined whether self-report and behavioral measures of impulsivity measure the same construct and how eight conceptually distinct facets of impulsivity relate to alcohol-related outcomes. Participants completed measures and tasks to assess alcohol use, alcohol problems, trait impulsivity, and behavioral impulsivity. The UPPS-P and behavioral measures of impulsivity were largely uncorrelated with each other. Negative urgency and alcohol use emerged as direct predictors of alcohol-related problems. Lack of premeditation demonstrated …
Optimal Control Of Adaptive Wild Hogs, Katherine Barkley
Optimal Control Of Adaptive Wild Hogs, Katherine Barkley
Theses and Dissertations
Wild hogs (sus scrofa) have caused major damage to agricultural crops in the US due to their lack of natural predators and fast reproduction rates. Wild hogs change their behavior to evade capture. Thus, control methods are thwarted and may not result in sufficient mortality to keep pace with the reproduction of wild hogs. This study extends previous invasive species literature to include increasing costs due to adaptability in two settings: the presence of hogs is deterministic or stochastic. The analysis is limited to one farmer's objective function with varying degrees of adaptability for "smartness". The findings concluded the population …