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Kinetics Of Hydrolysis Of Some Halonitrobenzenesulfonates, Walter C. Kania

Theses

The object of this thesis was to determine the rela¬tive activity towards hydrolysis of several halogen deriv¬atives of nitrobenzenesulfonate. The halide is Para to a nitro group and ortho to the sulfonic acid group.

The compounds studied were:

(I) sodium 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzenesulfonate

(II) sodium 2-bromo-5-nitrobenzenesulfonate

The chlorine was found to be more reactive than the bromine.

A dichloride, (III), sodium 2,5-dichloro-3-nitroben-zenesulfonate was also studied. Here one chlorine is activated by both the nitro and sulfonic acid groups. The other chlorine being meta to the nitro and sulfonic acid groups would be adverse to hydrolysis.

Rates of hydrolysis of (I), (II), and …

Heat Transfer Coefficients Of Condensing Vapors, Carl Lennart Palmer, Thomas W. Weber

Theses

The heat transfer coefficients of the condensing vapors of n-butyl, 1-amyl, and tertiary amyl alcohols have been measured for a single horizontal tube. This is the first time that i-amyl and tertiary amyl alcohols have been investigated. The modified Wilson method presented by Chu was used in analysing the data.

Chu pointed out that over a moderate range of temperature, the condensing heat transfer coefficient should vary inversely with the one-third power of the rate of heat transfer. For the alcohols studied in these experiments, the measured powers were between 0.20 and 0.36, which are in good agreement with Chu's …

A Study Of A Production Control System In A Job Order Die Casting Plant, Robert Gordon Woodnorth

Theses

This thesis examines the production planning and control system in a job-order die casting plant. After comparing to the criteria for an ideal system the following changes were recommended.

1. Central work storage and dispatching. This would reduce work in process and workload fluctuations through closer planning. It would also provide a perpetual inventory system and a central control point which would be constantly informed of production progress.

2. Operator trucking. By having operators do their own trucking material handling costs and production delays would be reduced.

3. Simplified job cost accounting. The use of standard costs for finishing and …

Ion Exchange Technology In The Sodium And Ferric Ion-Dowex 50 Systems, Alfred George Hoerrner

Theses

This investigation was directed toward the extension of data on the kinetics of monovalent - trivalent cation exchange and to establish data on the relationship between temperature and total capacity of an ion exchange resin. In order to compare the present study to a previous investigation by Klosowski (2), the capacity of the resin used for ferric and chromic ions was also measured.

In the kinetic study, the ferric ion-hydrogen ion exchange using Dowex 50 X-8 resin was studied in an agitated vessel. A two-bladed marine type propellor was used and the agitator speed was varied from 400 to 800 …

A Method Of Analytical Dye Densitometry Utilizing Infrared Radiation, Calvin Besore

Theses

A densitometric technique is described which yields analytical dye densities from a negative- positive color print film in a time less than would normally be required to process the film. In this technique, a correlation is established between the dye density produced by the complete process and the silver density produced by the initial development, the latter being determined by an application of infrared densitometry. Equipment utilized and procedure followed are described and some theoretical aspects and limitations reviewed.

The Electrolytic Regeneration Of A Phenidone-Hydroquinone Developer, Howard Hall

Theses

An attempt was made to regenerate a phenidone -hydroquinone developer. During the electrolysis the concentration of all the components remained constant with the exception of bromide, which was released as bromine from the anode. The possible use of the apparatus to remove bromide and reduce the replenishment rate in a continous processing system is suggested.

A Practical Investigation Of The Effect Of Reciprocity Law Failure In The Wollensax Fastax High Speed Camera Wf-3, Stanley Feigenbaum

Theses

Not provided.

A Shortened Type "C" Process (Characteristics Of A Combined Bleach-Fix), Donald Sykes

Theses

The theory of combined bleach-fix bathes is discussed with an explanation of the function of sequestrene. Three investigations are described were the components of the solutions are varied, and the results stated. Formulas of successful bleach-fix baths used with a Kodak P122 Process are given.

Adsorption Of Carbon Dioxide By Sodium Carbonate Solutions In A Gas-Bubble Column, Joseph Don Singalewitch

Theses

A study was conducted on the absorption of pure carbon dioxide by sodium carbonate-sodium bicarabonate systems in a gas-bubble column (in which bubbles, formed by passing a gas through a porous plate at the base of to column, rise up through a descending continuous liquid phase). This equipment was found to be entremely effcient, under the condtions of the experiments, covered liquid rates (9,000 to 13,000 pounds per hour per square foot) with gas rates of 30 to 60 pounds per hour or square foot. The absorption section of the column was two inches in diameter and one foot in …

Corrosion Resistance Of The Chromium-Manganese-Nickel And Chromium-Manganese Austenitic Stainless Steels, Robert Dewitt Merrick

Theses

The corrosion resistance of the chromium-manganese-nickel austenitic stainless steels has been established through a study of the available literature and unpublished data obtained from producers and users of these alloys. Several compositions are available as listed below. DESIGNATIONCOMPOSITION % CMnCrNiNAISI 2010.155.5/7.516.0/18.03.5/5.50.25AISI 2020.157.5/10.017.0/19.04.0/6.00.25CM0.1513.0/18.014.0/17.01.00.25Tenelon0.1014.517-0.40TRC0.0816.515.0 min.1.00.2CMN0.651225-0.452040.087.5/10.017.0/19.04.0/6.00.25

The AISI Type 201 and 202 alloys have been listed by the American Iron and Steel Institute.

The development and application of these alloys was necessary because of the increasing shortage of nickel and the wide use of the chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steels. The chromium-nickel steels are used in a wide variety of consumer items and are …

Rigid, Unplasticized, Polyvinyl Chloride Piping : An Engineering Material Study, James Patrick Kelleher

Theses

Rigid, unplasticized, polyvinyl chloride is one of several thermoplastic materials which can be made available on a reasonable, commercial basis in the form of pipe, as well as in other forms necessary for the assembly of a complete piping system.

These materials offer resistance to widely varying conditions of environment, light weight, relatively low cost, ease and economy of installation, self-insulating characteristics, minimum solid-deposit tendency, and low frictional losses. On the other hand, these materials have lower mechanical properties than most metals, and these properties are subject to wider variations as a function of temperature.

Of the thermoplastic piping materials …

Thermodynamic Properties Of 3-Methylpentane, Raymond Ralph Bernabei

Theses

The thermodynamic properties of 3-Methylpentane have been evaluated at temperatures from 32°F to 550°F and from the saturation pressure to 300 atmospheres based on available experimental data. The generalized thermodynamic correlations of Hougen, Lydersen and Greenkorn were used to evaluate the thermodynamic properties in the superheated range. An equation relating the ideal gas specific heat and temperature has been derived for the range in which no experimental data were available. Values for pressure, specific volume, temperature, enthalpy and entropy have been presented in the form of tables and/or graphs.

The Thermal Conductivity And Other Properties Of Carbonaceous Briquettes, Alfred Seymour Bien, Oliver Phillips

Theses

Anthracite, bituminous coal and petroleum fluid coke were briquetted under pressures of 1000, 2000, 3000, 1000 and 5000 pounds per square inch, using coal tar pitch and petroleum coke bottoms as binding agents.

The individual briquettes were then carbonized. The temperatures of carbonization were 400°, 700°, 1000°, 1300°, 1600° and 1769°F. The effects of carbonization on the specific gravity and weight and volume changes as a function of carbonizing temperature were studied.

The thermal conductivities of the briquettes were determined in a modified guarded hot plate conductivity cell. The temperature of the determination was such that the hot side temperature …

Heat Transfer Coefficients Of Condensing Vapors, James Joseph Broderick, Harold E. Devaney

Theses

Several experimental methods have been developed for the determination of the rate of heat transfer between a pure condensing organic vapor and a cold surface. The experimental results of the earliest method, the so-called "embedded thermocouple" approach, have not been in good agreement with heat transfer values predicted by the theoretical Nusselt equation, nor has good agreement been found among the individual data, The alternate method was an indirect approach developed by Wilson and was based on the effect of cooling watt r velocity. Wilson's method provided values in close agreement with the values predicted by the Nussalt equation but …

Vapor-Liquid Equilibria, Vincent De Paul Brown

Theses

The thesis was undertaken for the purpose of testing available experimental vapor-liquid equilibrium data for thermodynamic consistency, with a view to finding an intercorrelation of the activity coefficient-concentration curves, for different groups of systems, as a function of the intercepts. It was hoped that a correlation using molar volumes, parachor volumes, or molecular weights would be developed which could be explained on the basis of hydrogen bonding.

The Redlich and Kister^{1 equations were used to smooth the experimental data and to obtain values for the constants B, C and D. Redlich and Kister state that these constants serve as …}

A Study In Diffusion, Nicholas James Driscoll

Theses

The object of this thesis was to build an experimental apparatus and to study the diffusion of crystal violet in ethanol-water mixtures and diacetone alcohol-water mixtures. In order to validate experimental technique and to check the work of Mouquin Cathcart(1) who postulated compouhd formation in ethanol-water based on diffusion studies, experiments were conducted on the ethanol-water system in the area where compound formation was predicted.

In order to check the proposal of Konrad(2), based on studies of the heats of mixing that compound formation occurs between diacetone alcohol and water, studies were made on the diffusion of crystal violet in …

A Study Of The Mixed Acid Nitration Of 2-Amino-5-Chloropyridine, Harold Edward Ehrenbeck

Theses

The mixed-acid nitration of 2-amino-5-chloropyridine has been studied and improvements in yield and quality made.

2-Nitramino-5-chloropyridine has been prepared in high purity with a yield of 87.5%, an improvement over the results of Stokes, who reported 80.0%, and Harris, who reported 63.0%, as their best yields. The quality of the product, as indicated by melting points, has been increased.

This improvement involves the addition of 2-amino-5-chloropyridine to a pre-mixed nitrating acid. This nitrating acid consists of sulfuric acid and nitric acid. The composition is based on an optimum nitric ratio of 1.04, and an optimum D.V.S. of 2.25.

Kinetics Of Chromium-Hydrogen Ion Exchange, Frank Joseph Klosowski, Alfred John Meinhardt

Theses

In this investigation the rates of trivalent-univalent cation exchange in a stirred batch reactor for the chromic ion-Dovex 50 system have been measured. The progress of the reaction has been followed continuously by measuring the change in hydrogen ion concentration of the bulk solution as a function of time with a Beckman pH Meter having external electrodes immersed in the reaction mixture.

This work has been undertaken to determine the rate-controlling mechanism of the reaction, and the influence of agitator speed, particle size, and solution concentration on the rate of exchange. Agitator speed. studied, as limited by the equipment, are …

The Condensation Of Vapors From Gas - Vapor Mixtures, Lewis George King, Walter Andrew Blumenscheid

Theses

Superheated mixtures of cyclohexane vapor and nitrogen and benzene vapor and nitrogen were passed at various flow rates downward through a vertical double pipe condenser with cooling water flawing counter-currently in an annular space.

The method of Colburn and Hougen for the design of cooler-condensers was used to compare predicted heat transfer area to the experimental heat transfer area. Based on the ay-stems investigated, limits of accuracy of the predicted heat transfer areas were set as a function of inlet and cutlet Reynolds numbers. A suggested modification of the Colburn-Hougen correlation was made to extend the limits of accuracy. It …

Measurement Of The Specific Surface Of Perlite, Richard Gordon Lamborn, Carl Henry Vogel

Theses

A low temperature gas adsorption apparatus was designed for the purpose of measuring the total surface area of solids using the well known B.E.T. method.

The apparatus was designed so that several different gases could be used as adsorbates without evacuating the gas reservoirs each time a different adsorbate was to be used. This was accomplished by providing three gas reservoirs of sufficient capacity to allow several determinations to be made at moderate initial reservoir pressures of from two to three pounds per square inch. A separate bulb and manometer system was supplied for determining the saturation pressures of adsorbates …

Equilibria In The Esterification Of Boric Acid, Richard William Palizay

Theses

A solvent extraction method was developed to determine the equilibria in the esterification of boric acid, In this method boric acid was reacted with various alcohols. After equilibrium was reached, the ester was isolated from the reaction mixture by means of a solvent and the amount of ester determined quantitatively. The equilibrium constants were then calculated for the reaction of boric acid with several alcohols.

Zone Refining Of Anthracene, Charles Poultney Perot

Theses

The process of zone refining involves the passage of a molten zone along a rod of solid. As the zone progresses, composition of the material freezing out generally differs from that melting, so solutes are redistributed. Enrichment of the major component occurs toward one end of the rod. (Usually the end of frozen.)

In the present work, impure anthracene was subjected to zone refining. Feed first run was C.P. anthracene with a known impurity of 2.0% phenanthrene. After two passes no phenanthren was detectable in the first layer frozen. (Analysis was by ultra-violet spectrophotometry.) Although the zones melted out were …

Recovery Of Phthalic Acid, George Thomas Roberts

Theses

Crude phthalic acid from the fusion processing of alkyd resins was found to be recoverable by solvent extraction, neutralization-acidification, sublimation, distillation, esterificatton with monohydric alcohols, ion exchange or alkyd resin preparation.

The author proposes that alkyd resin preparation, based on analysis of the crude phthalic acid, is the most practical way for the alkyd resin manufacturer to recover the crude phthalic acid. No purification of the crude phthalic acid is necessary for this utilization and the resulting alkyd resin is saleable at a profit.

The Rates Of Hydrolysis Of Aryl Halides, Jack Robert Roeder

Theses

The object of this work was to determine the relative activity of the halogens, chlorine, bromine and iodine toward hydrolysis in a water-soluble aryl halide in which the halogen is activated by a nitrogroup in the orthoposition.

The order of activity was found to be C1) POI. In the case of the chlorine compound a run was also made on sodium 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzenesulfonate in which the nitro group is in a pare position with respect to the halogen.

The preparations of sodium or potassium 4-chloro-3-nitrobenzene sulfonate (I), sodium or potassium 4-bromo-3-nitrobenzene sulfonate (II), sodium or potassium 4-iodo-3-nitrobenzene sulfonate (III), and sodium …

Exchange Adsorption Of Electrolytes On Titanium Dioxide, Richard Algimantas Slepetys

Theses

During the manufacture of titanium dioxide pigments many processing steps are carried out in solutions of electrolytes. Adsorption of these electrolytes strongly affects properties of the finished pigments.

Adsorption of electrolytes Was studied on titania samples prepared by controlled neutralization of titanium tetrachloride solutions with ammonium hydroxide, and one sample of commercial sulfate process rutile titania. In analogy to zirconia--as reported by Kraus and Phillips?^22,23 titania also behaved as a weak anion exchanger in acid solutions and as a weak cation exchanger in basic solutions. Acid or base liberated was approximately equivalent to ions exchanged. On the best sample …

Continuous Chlorosulfonation Of Benzene Ii Phase Relations, Ernest Eugene Wiegleb

Theses

This work presents data for the separation of materials involved in the chlorosulfonation of benzene using carbon tetrachloride as an inert extraction solvent. Equilibrium and tie line data for the liquid ternary systems; carbon tetrachloride chlorosulfonic acid - sulfuric acid; Benzenesulfonyl chloride - carbon tetrachloride - sulfuric acid; benzenesulfonyl chloride ehiorosulfonic acid - sulfuric acid and for the quaternary system benzenesulfonyl chloride - carbon tetrachloride chlorosulfonic acid - sulfuric acid have been determined. The tie line data has been correlated by the method of Othmer and Tobias.

Data for two chlorosulfonations made under differing conditions is also given.

Thermodynamic Properties Of Monochlorobenzene, Gaetano Zaccaria

Theses

The thermodynamic properties of saturated and superheated monochlorobenzene were evaluated at ten degree temperature intervals from 0°C to 750°C and at various pressures up to 300 atmospheres.

Equations relating the specific heat, the vapor pressure, and the density with temperature, were derived from the data available in the literature. They were used together with generalized charts to evaluate the thermodynamic properties.

The values for temperature, pressure, specific volume, enthalpy, and entropy for saturated and superheated monochlorobenzene are presented in the form of tables.

An Investigation Of The Hofman Reaction As A Possible Method Of Synthesizing 3,4-Diamino Pyridine, Harry William Zbinden

Theses

This study presents an attempt to evaluate the Hofman degradation as a method of synthesizing 3,4-diamino-pyridine from isoquinolinic acid. Since the pyridine ring is known to he stable under the reaction conditions, and analogous aromatic diamides have been prepared by previous investigators, the major problem studied is the effect of hypohalites on ortho-oriented aromatic diamides.

Three methods of approaching the problem were unsuccessful in producing the desired diamine, but the last method, stepwise degradation of each group separately, may be workable with some changes.

The most significant result was the observation of an unexpected side reaction when the diamide was …

Viscosity Of A Three Component System, Acetone-Ethanol-Water, At 25°C And 30°C, Peter Fred Widmer

Theses

The viscosity in the three component system Acetone-Ethanol-Water has been determined over a range of compositions at two different temperatures, 25°C and 30°C. Compositions have been varied in increments of ten percent by weight to cover all possible combinations of the three components. The data obtained are presented on triangular coordinate graph paper with lines of constant viscosity indicated and also in tabular form.

Aryl Sulfonation In Presence Of Phosphrous Trichloride, William Calvert Tanner

Theses

With sulfuric acid as the sulfonating agent, phosphorus trichloride is demonstrated as being effective in facilitating the sulfonation of some aromatic compounds. Optimum conditions are a molar ratio of 0.5 mole of sulfuric acid: 1.0 mole of aromatic compound with 4 - 5% more phosphorus trichloride than is required to react with the available water in the system, and reaction temperatures between 50°C. and 60°C.

The aromatic compounds studied were benzene, chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, and nitrobenzene.