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Aryl Sulfonation In Presence Of Phosphrous Trichloride, William Calvert Tanner

Theses

With sulfuric acid as the sulfonating agent, phosphorus trichloride is demonstrated as being effective in facilitating the sulfonation of some aromatic compounds. Optimum conditions are a molar ratio of 0.5 mole of sulfuric acid: 1.0 mole of aromatic compound with 4 - 5% more phosphorus trichloride than is required to react with the available water in the system, and reaction temperatures between 50°C. and 60°C.

The aromatic compounds studied were benzene, chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, and nitrobenzene.

Heat Transfer Coefficients In An Agitated Vessel Using Verticle-Tube Baffles, Edward Joseph Barrasso

Theses

Data are presented to show the effect of impeller speed, impeller type, and fluid properties on the forced-convection film coefficient of heat transfer for verticle tubes in a cylindrical vessel. A generalized equation to predict the film coefficient of heat transfer on the outside of verticle tubes in an agitated vessel for both cooling and heating is also presented. This equation may be used to estimate the necessary areas of heat transfer for verticle tubes in an agitated vessel within the degree of accuracy required from most engineering calculations.

This study was the first initiated to develop an equation to …

Liquid-Gas Flow In Venturi Meter And Sharp Edged Orifice, Frank John Chwalek

Theses

The results of a study of pressure drops across a 5/32 inch throat venturi meter and a 5/32 inch thin plate sharp-edged orifice for the horizontal cocurrent, flow of the air-water two-phase two-fluid system in a 3/4 inch pipe under essentially isothermal conditions, are presented. This is the first critical study of two phase flow in a Venturi meter and. in a 5/32" orifice.

Flows of water of 0.1 to 1.7 gallons per minute with air rates in range of 0.00022 lbs/sec. to 0.0092 lbs/sec. of air mixed in were studied. All flows were turbulent when judged with the conventional …

Electrodeposition Of Cellulose And Carboxy-Methylcellulose, Charles Edward Driesens Jr.

Theses

The previous work done by Frank Cozzarelli on the eleotrodeposition of cellulose from a sodium zincate-urea-cellulose system has been verified, except that zinc was found to deposit on the cathode at all voltages and current densities within the range of the optimum conditions for deposition. The optimum conditions are: voltage - 1.10 to 1.28 volts; current density 0.13 to 1.10 amperes/square foot; electrode material - copper. Current efficiencies range from 0.80 to 5.53%.

A chelate-like complex formed from the sodium zincate and urea which couples with the cellulose has been proposed as a possible explaination of the mechanism governing the …

Hydrolysis Of Sodium Silicofluoride, Frank Arthur Graf

Theses

The kinetics of an apparent solubility decrease of commercial sodium fluoride encountered in a piece of equipment designed to produce saturated sodium fluoride solution was Investigated, in order to understand why a consistently saturated solution was not possible to achieve with plain tap water as solvent.

The main impurity, about 1 percent sodium silicofluoride, coats the sodium fluoride crystals, resulting in an equilibrium shift during dissolution of the salt in water; and under certain conditions results in the formation of a protective gel. Therefore, in order to produce a constant strength sodium fluoride solution, this coated impurity must be decomposed …

Activity Coefficients Of Gases In Binary Mixtures, John Gressler Engleman

Theses

The theory and usefulness of vapor phase activity coefficients have been developed. The equations, charts and calculation procedures to be used for the three methods are included with a set of sample calculations in their most convenient form.

Activity coefficients for 236 experimental points have been calculated by the three methods for both components of tour binary gaseous systems. These systems are Argon - Ethylene (36 points), Hydrogen - Nitrogen (32 points), Methane - Ethane (112 points) and Methane - n Butane (56 points). Wide ranges of pressure, temperature and mol fraction are included.

The % deviations of calculated from …

Power Requirements In Pigment Comminution, Joseph Timothy Gildersleeve

Theses

The results of this work prove that the relation between total work and surface area developed in the wet grinding of pigments is an exponential function. The following equations were experimentally determined for the pigments studied:

For Zinc Oxide; P = .090 (Δs)1.05

For Titanium Dioxide: P = .086 (Δs)1.072

For Calcium Carbonate: P = .107 (Δs)0.98

This work shows that in the grinding of sub-sieve size pigments the Rittinger and Bond theories which state that surface area developed is directly proportional to total work, are not valid and cannot be applied.

It is also shown in another plot that …

The Condensation Of Vapors From Gas-Vapor Mixtures, Stanley Anthony Mruk, William Charles Kraemer

Theses

Superheated mixtures of cyclohexane vapor and nitrogen gas were passed at various rates downward through a single tube condenser with the cooling water flowing countercurrently in an annular space outside the condenser.

The method of Colburn and Rougen for the design of cooler-condensers was applied and the calculated condenser lengths are compared to the experimental length.

Relatively good agreement with the design method was found for cases where there was little or no streamline flow of the gas-vapor mixture in the condenser. With increasing amounts of streamline flow* the design method tends to be increasingly conservative.

Thermodynamic Properties Of Trimethylamine, John Bernard Riley

Theses

The thermodynamic properties of trimethylamine have been evaluated at temperatures from 32°F to 600°F and from the saturation pressure to 2000 lb/in² based on available experimental data. An equation relating the pressure, volume and temperature of the system has been derived for the range in which experimental data were available and it was used to evaluate the thermodynamic properties in this range. Values for pressure, volume, temperature, enthalpy and entropy have been presented in the form of tables and graphs.

Effect Of Concentration On The Mass Transfer Coefficient In The Liquid Film, Marvin Baker Schaffer, Philip Major Pomerantz

Theses

The effect of liquid concentration on the resistance to mass transfer across the liquid film is studied for an acetone-methyl isobutyl ketone-air system in a packed tower. The liquid film resistance is computed by measuring the overall resistance for various concentrations and subtracting the gas film resistance. The gas film resistance is determined at the same liquid and gas rates by measurements on the pure components.

In the theory developed to handle the calculations, it is assumed that the interface temperatures are the wet-bulb temperatures based on a dynamic equilibrium. This supposition is supported experimentally at a liquid rate of …

Heat Transfer Coefficients Of Condensing Vapors, Charles Rocco Lipuma, Earl Adolph Nirmaier

Theses

The film coefficients of heat transfer for vapors condensing on a single horizontal tube have been measured for methyl, i-propyl, and n-butyl alcohols. The equipment used was specifically designed for these studies, and represents an improvement over that used by other investigators. The data collected were analyzed usingmodified Wilson method which is based on a rigorous theoretical analysis.

It has been found that the condensing film coefficients for methyl and i-propyl alcohols vary with the heat duty. This is to be expected from the analysis mentioned above. Me variation was found for n-butyl alcohol.

The observed values of the heat …

Correlation Of Curtis And Gullett Equation For Viscosity Of Non-Newtonian Suspensions And Franks And Rinaldi Equation For Heat Transfer Coefficients, Irene S. Wisla, John L. Kukowski

Theses

Curtis and Gullett (7) developed an equation correlating the effect of velocity, concentration and particle size on apparent viscosity of non-Newtonian water slurries.

μ/μ_w=1.02(AK/GC)^.105

The object of this paper was to determine the validity of using the viscosity, as determined by the Curtis-GulLett (7) equation, in predicting the heat transfer coefficient of non-Newtonian fluids, where the suspending medium is something other than pure water . The authors used various concentrations of sugar solutions as the dispersion medium, for the slurries.

A dimensionless equation resembling the flittusBoelter equation with modified exponents and additional dimensionless groups has been developed …

The Recovery Of Krypton From Dilute Gas Mixtures By Elution Techniques, David Graham Brown

Theses

An analytical method has been empirically developed for the analysis of dilute inorganio inert gas mixtures.

The method is based on a combined sorption-elution technique which makes possible the resolving of complex inert gas mixtures into their constituents.

Particularly the recovery of krypton from dilute gas mixtures was accomplished. Recovery efficiencies were as high as ninety-eight percent, while the average krypton purity was better than ninety-nine percent.

The Analogy Between Heat And Mass Transfer In Packed Beds, Jasper Joseph Correnti

Theses

An operation which recurs in many branches of chemical engineering is that in which a fluid - gas or liquid - is passed through a bed of granular solids for the purpose of removing from, or adding something to the fluid (or both). In the oil and sugar industries, oils or syrups are passed through beds of adsorbents to remove impurities causing color and other undesireable effects. In the recovery of volatile solvents, air charged with solvent vapor is passed over solid adsorbents. In leaching, liquids are passed through beds of solids to remove some constituent of the solids. In …

Graphical Correlation Of Pressure Drop And Temperature Drop To Friction And Velocity For Adiabatic Flow Of Compressible Fluids, Andrew Anthony Giacobbe

Theses

Problems involving adiabatic flow of compressible fluids in horizontal conduits of constant cross-section usually require tedious trial and error solutions. Although several somewhat simplified methods have been developed, most of these methods are not ideally suited for problems involving flow between two sections of a conduit.

The graphical solutions presented in this paper, relating pressure and temperature ratios to friction and initial Mach numbers, have been developed specifically for flow between sections of a conduit. Use of the graphs requires only the knowledge of initial conditions and determination of the friction factor.

Initial velocities from 30% to 70% of the …

Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Data And Distillation Packing Evaluation At High Vacuum, Edward Joseph Lasch

Theses

Vapor pressure date and vapor-liquid equilibria date at 1-30 m.m. pressure are presented for benzyl alcohol and benzyl-n-butyl ether system. Activity coefficients for the system are symetrical, the Margules constants ere A_1-2 = A_2-1= .301. HETP values observed at a condenser pressure of 1 m.m. for 1/4" and 3/4" Berl saddles, 1" Intalox saddles, Fibre Glass Combination packings # 076 and # 476, and a Knitted Wire Mesh pecking are presented as a function of the mass throughput and column pressure drop. At a condenser pressure of 1 m.m. the pressure drop per foot in terms of …

Prediction Of Vapor-Liquid Equilibria, Daniel James Mchale

Theses

Several equations for predicting vapor-liquid equilibria from the physical properties of the components have been proposed in the literature. Two equations of this type proposed by O. Redlich and others have been investigated to determine their utility.

Results indicate the two equations give fairly satisfactory results for nearly ideal solutions, but are unsatisfactory for non-ideal solutions. Knowledge of molecular interactions in the solution would be necessary before the predictions could be used with confidence.

Prediction Of Liquid-Liquid Phase Equilibrium Data, William Frank Meola

Theses

This paper covers two methods for the prediction of liquid-liquid equilibrium data in ternary systems consisting of two hydrocarbons and a solvent and forming two liquid phases. One method is that of Pennington and Merril (ii) and the other is that described by Treybal (16), with some simplifying assumptions by the author. Both methods were applied to seven ternary systems in the present study. Five of the systems investigated were found to give rood agreement with experimental results. The assumptions made in deriving the equations for the two methods of prediction did not hold for the other two systems and …

Power Characteristics Of Disc Type Agitator Impellers, Isadore Rubin

Theses

Experiments were conducted to determine the power required to drive disc type agitators and to observe the flowpattern and type of agitation produced in a baffled tank.

Power was measured by determining electrical energy input to a motor and subtracting motor transmission and friction losses previously established by calibration. Impellers were operated at speeds from 600 to 3700 RPM.

Power requirements in the turbulent flow region were correlated by the equation HP = PoL⁵N³ρ/550gc which was derived theoretically.

Reports of previous work on agitator power are discussed.

The Power Numbers (Po) established for the turbulent range, …

Isobaric Heat Capacity Of Propylene Over A Wide Range Of Temperature And Pressure, Joseph Patrick Tassoney

Theses

This work was done to make possible more accurate design calculatioas for processes that require accurate data on the heat capacity of propylene at elevated temperatures and pressures.

The effect of pressure and temperature on the isobaric heat opacity and the heat capacity at constant volume for propylene relative to the ideal gas state is presented. The results cover pressures from 0 to 9,500 PSIA and temperatures from 350°F. to 2240°F.

An equation was derived from the Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation of state. This equation gives the deviation from the ideal gas state of the isobaric heat capacity of propylene for the …

Use Of Liquid Sulfur Trioxide As A Sulfonating Agent For Organic Compounds, Herman Gustav Weiland

Theses

Dodecylbenzene was sulfonated with SO₃ and evaluated as to ash, sodium sulfate, degree of sulfonation, and was also compared with an oleum sulfonation. Its homolog, octadecylbenzene, was made, sulfonated, and found to be less effective as a wetting agent.

Two-ethylhexyl cinnamate, oleic acid, and propyloleate were also sulfonated with good yields and evaluated.

Yields in the sulfonation of Di-2-ethylhexyl maleate were very low. There was evidence of the SO₃ splitting the ester and oxidising it to maleic acid.

The reduction of 9-octadecenophenone, according to Clemmenson's Method, led to the formation of a polymer.

A Generalized Correlation For The Effect Of Pressure On The Isobaric Heat Capacity Of Gases, Alvin Harvey Weiss

Theses

A generalized correlation is submitted for the deviation of the isobaric heat capacity of hydrocarbons from the ideal state. The range of conditions included is from reduced pressure = 0.2 - 15 and reduced temperature = 1.0 - 5.5. The curves presented have been based on data calculated from the Benedict - Webb - Rubin Equation of State, which is believed to be the most accurate method presently available for caleulating the heat capacity deviation.

The results indicate that the order of magnitude of the correction ts quite large, especially in the critical region. The average absolute error of this …

The Effect Of Reduced Pressure On Variables In Distillation, Joseph Peter Cummins

Theses

To determine the effects of reduced pressure on pressure drop and holdup in distillations seven different liquids were distilled at varying rates at atmospheric pressure and under vacuum at pressures down to 50 mm Hg, using protruded stainless steel packing. Pressure drop and holdup were found to vary exponentially with masste at each pressure. At constant mass rate pressure drop was higher for decreased head pressure. Use of material of higher molecular weight led to lower pressure drop at same rate and pressure. Greatest effect of pressure on pressure drop was observed below 300 mm Hg. Liquid holdup was not …

The Sulfonation Of Some Aromatic Compounds Using Sulfuric Acid In The Presence Of Thionyl Chloride, Paul Juergens

Theses

The rate of reaction in the sulfonation of some aromatic compounds with sulfuric acid was increased by the presence of thionyl chloride which, by reacting with the water of formation, effectively maintained the concentration of sulfuric acid above the level at which sulfonation can occur. The thionyl chloride had no measurable effect on the formation of isomers.

The sulfonstion reactions studied included those of toluene, naphthalene, bromobenzene, ortho-bromotoluene, and chlorobenzene.

The Heat Of Mixing Of Diactone Alcohol And Water At 25 C, Frederic Miller Konrad

Theses

A calorimeter of twin design with auxiliary apparatus was built for measuring the heat of mixing with a maximum error of ± 1.0%. Reliability of the apparatus was tested with the benzene-methanol system and gave results comparable to those of other investigators with apparatus of different design.

The heat of mixing of diacetone alcohol and water was measured at 25°C over the entire concentration range. A peak value of 238 cal/mole solution was obtained at 0.67 mole fraction water the mixing of two moles water with one of diacetone alcohol.

Specific heat of diacetone alcohol-water mixtures was also measured at …

The Determination Of Thoria In Tungsten Electrodes, Louis Arthur Prince

Theses

Two methods of analysis to determine thoria (thorium oxide, ThO₂) content of thoriated tungsten electrodes are investigated.

Chlorination methods are shown to leave thoria residues contaminated with tungstic oxide which may not be removed by extended chlorination. Ignition of the sample in air before chlorination increases contamination. A correction for the tungstic oxide in the residue is obtained colorimetrically.

The classical hydrofluoric-nitric mixed acid method is modified and shown to be equally as accurate, less exposed to operator's error, and more rapid than chlorination methods. Thin-walled polyethylene beakers are preferable to platinum ware for dissolving the sample, and …

A Proposed Method Of Analysis For Vitamin A Acetate And Vitamin A Palmitate Bulk, Julian Anthony Volpe

Theses

An ethyl acetate solution of Vitamin A Acetate and Palmitate can be determined calorimetrically with the addition of concentrated hydrochloric acid in the proper ratio; one part of ethylacetate-Vitamin A solution to four parts of acid. A purplish-blue color is produced which reaches its maximum intensity within one minute and lasts for ten minutes. This color can be read in the Ilett-Summerson colorimeter using glass filter #54. Like many colorimetric determinations, this method is valid within certain concentration limits of sample, 20-225 milligrams of Vitamin A per final 5 milliliter aliquot.

Variation Of Thickness Of Hard Anodic Films, Alphons Raymond O'Konski

Theses

An investigation was made of the effects of varying processing conditions on the thickness of anodic films produced by the Martin Hard Coat (4) process on commercially pure aluminum and nine aluminum alloys.

This study was conducted to provide sufficient data for designing coating thicknesses on aircraft accessory parts that would conform to the close tolerances maintained in the course of manufacture of precision components. Coating thicknesses up to 0.0051 in. were obtained. Changes in electrolyte strength, temperature of the bath, alloy composition, and current density were made to see their effect on the thickness of the film and growth …

Application Of Theory To Extrusion Of Polyethylene, Ernest Edward Griesser

Theses

This thesis reviews the theory of isothermal melt extrusion beginning with the writings of early researchers up to its present state. The isothermal extrusion of a near-Newtonian liquid is compared to polyethylene, using five different extrusion screws, and calculated discharge rates are compared to the actual rates for both materials. A method of calculating forward flow was developed and this was shown to provide very good correlation with actual dis-charge rates.

Non-isothermal or plasticating extrusion of polyethylene was also studied and comparison is made to isothermal melt extrusion. The results obtained with the various types of screws studied are also …

Viscosity Of Non-Newtonian Suspensions, David Edward Gullett, Edward Curtis

Theses

The object of this project ras to obtain a reasonable correlation of the effect of velocity, concentration and particle size on apparent viscosity of non-Newtonian slurries.

Through the use of dimensional and graphical analysis an equation, μ/μ_w=1.02(Ak/GC)^.105, was developed which filled these conditions. The average deviation of the apparent viscosity calculated from this equation compared to the experimental value was 14.4%.

The authors believe that this correlation should be tested under a greater variety of conditions of particle size and particle thermal conductivity and for suspending mediums other than water.