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Tanzania Journal of Science

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Assessment Of Oyster Mushroom Production And Profitability In Harare Urban Andperiurban Areas (Ruwa), Zimbabwe, Memory Mutema, Kiswell Basira, Dexter Savadye, Wilson Parawira Mar 2019

Assessment Of Oyster Mushroom Production And Profitability In Harare Urban Andperiurban Areas (Ruwa), Zimbabwe, Memory Mutema, Kiswell Basira, Dexter Savadye, Wilson Parawira

Tanzania Journal of Science

The study is an evaluation of the profitability of oyster mushroom production by small scale producers in urban and peri-urban settings with particular attention on trends in production and revenue during the period of 2014–2017. The Net Present Value (NPV), Discount rate and Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) were used to evaluate profitability. The average values of NPV, BCR and IRR for the year 2014–2017 were 13036.46, 15.75 and 141.42%, respectively. These values show that mushroom production has been very profitable during the period. Furthermore, production decreased between 2014 and 2015 before rising exponentially from …

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Prevalence Of Zoonotic Parasites In Stray Dogs In Rural Communities, Tanzania, Winifrida Kidima Mar 2019

Prevalence Of Zoonotic Parasites In Stray Dogs In Rural Communities, Tanzania, Winifrida Kidima

Tanzania Journal of Science

The aim of this study was to identify and establish the baseline information on the prevalence of zoonotic parasites in stray dogs in Tanzania. A cross sectional study was conducted in Katavi, Arusha and Rukwa Regions in Tanzania. Intestinal parasites were analyzed from faecal samples collected from 364 dogs using modified sedimentation technique. Sixty-sixpercentage (66%) of the faecal samples were positive for gastrointestinal parasites while 7% had mixed infections, 27% were negative for the parasites. Higher proportions of the faecal samples were positive for gastrointestinal parasites in Arusha and Rukwa compared to Katavi (p< 0.0001). The prevalence of Ancylostomacaninum(49%) was higher compared to that of other parasites (p <0.0001). Prevalence of A. lumbricoideswas significantly higher compared to that of E. granulosusand S. stercoralis(p = 0.0046). There was a positive association between parasite positivity rates and collecting dog’s faecal samples near domestic animals (p < 0.00001). Parasite diversity was higher in stray dogs from Katavi and Arusha (p > 0.05). There was no association between …

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Construction Of A High Temperature (~ 200 °C) Oil Pump For Solar Thermal Energy Storage System For Cooking Applications, Jimmy Chaciga, Nyeinga Karidewa, Denis Okello, Benard Tabu Dec 2018

Construction Of A High Temperature (~ 200 °C) Oil Pump For Solar Thermal Energy Storage System For Cooking Applications, Jimmy Chaciga, Nyeinga Karidewa, Denis Okello, Benard Tabu

Tanzania Journal of Science

In this study, a positive displacement (PD) oil pump capable of operating at temperatures about 200 °C was constructed using locally available materials. The oil pump was tested to circulate pre-heated refined sunflower oil in Thermal Energy Storage (TES) tank comprising of an oil only and rock pebble-oil system and cooking application. The oil pump was constructed of harden steel and mild steel materials driven by AC/DC electric motor rated 8000 rpm. Standard gear teeth cutting tool was employed to produce the spurs and the pumps’ speed was varied using variable AC transformer connected to 220V AC main source. The …

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Electrophoretic Deposition Of Tio2 Thin Films For Photocatalytic Degradation Of Organic Pollutants In Water, Francis W Nyongesa, Bernard O Aduda, Wilson G Nyaga Dec 2018

Electrophoretic Deposition Of Tio2 Thin Films For Photocatalytic Degradation Of Organic Pollutants In Water, Francis W Nyongesa, Bernard O Aduda, Wilson G Nyaga

Tanzania Journal of Science

In this study, electrophoretic deposition (EPD) technique was used to deposit titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films on conducting glass substrates for application in photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants in water. Phenol was used as a model pollutant. The EPD suspension related parameters and deposition conditions were first optimized for good quality film deposits. The suspension stability and deposition conditions that result in good adherence of TiO2 particles to the substrate with homogeneous film coatings  are ethanol, a TiO2 solid loading of 4 wt%, a 0.2 wt% iodine concentration in the solvent and a deposition voltage of 20 V in a …

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Effects Of Aluminium And Tungsten Co-Doping On The Optical Properties Of Vo2 Based Thin Films, Cephas J Lyobha, Nuru R Mlyuka, Margaret E Samiji Dec 2018

Effects Of Aluminium And Tungsten Co-Doping On The Optical Properties Of Vo2 Based Thin Films, Cephas J Lyobha, Nuru R Mlyuka, Margaret E Samiji

Tanzania Journal of Science

Aluminium and tungsten co-doped vanadium dioxide (VO2:W:Al) thin films were deposited by DC reactive magnetron sputtering technique. In this work we report on the effects of aluminium and tungsten co–doping on the optical properties of vanadium dioxide (VO2) based thin films with a view of combining both increased luminous transmittance (Tlum) and lowered transition temperature (τc). The effect of aluminium and tungsten co-doping on semiconductor-metal transition of vanadium dioxide films was investigated and compared with tungsten doped and undopedVO2films. Spectral transmittances of the films were obtained using Shimadzu SolidSpec-3700 DUV UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer. The results revealed that the transmittance of tungsten …

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Hall Effect Parameters Of Aluminium And Tungsten Co-Doped Vo2 Thin Films, Mohamed Mussa, Nuru R Mlyuka, Margaret E Samiji Dec 2018

Hall Effect Parameters Of Aluminium And Tungsten Co-Doped Vo2 Thin Films, Mohamed Mussa, Nuru R Mlyuka, Margaret E Samiji

Tanzania Journal of Science

The Hall Effect parameters of Al and W co-doped VO2 thin films were studied in order to explain the effect of co-doping on the electrical properties of thermochromic VO2 films. The carrier concentrations and conductivity of the films were found to increase with increase in temperature while carrier mobility decreased reaching a minimum around the transition temperature then slightly rose and became stable at high temperatures. Tungsten doped films displayed higher carrier concentrations and conductivity on both sides of the metal insulator transition and lower mobility compared to undoped and Al and W co-doped VO2 thin films.

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Effects Of Selenized Dc Sputtered Precursor Stacking Orders On The Properties Of Cu2znsnse4 Absorber Layer For Thin Film Solar Cells, Hezekiah B Sawa, Margaret E Samiji, Nuru R Mlyuka Dec 2018

Effects Of Selenized Dc Sputtered Precursor Stacking Orders On The Properties Of Cu2znsnse4 Absorber Layer For Thin Film Solar Cells, Hezekiah B Sawa, Margaret E Samiji, Nuru R Mlyuka

Tanzania Journal of Science

This study investigated the effects of selenized DC sputtered precursor stacking orders on the structural, electrical and optical properties of copper zinc tin selenide (CZTSe) absorber layer for thin film solar cells. The precursors were deposited sequentially on the soda lime glass substrate at room temperature by DC magnetron sputtering. The precursors were selenized by annealing in an atmosphere containing selenium pellets and nitrogen gas. The structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties were respectively characterized using X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), UV/VIS/NIR lambda 9/19 spectrophotometer, Hall Effect measurement system (HMS 3000) and a four point probe system. CZTSe …

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Optimization Of Zinc To Tin Ratio In A Sol Gel Precursor Solution On The Growth And Properties Of Annealed Czts Thin Films, Justine John Tibaijuka, Margaret E Samiji, Nuru R Mlyuka Dec 2018

Optimization Of Zinc To Tin Ratio In A Sol Gel Precursor Solution On The Growth And Properties Of Annealed Czts Thin Films, Justine John Tibaijuka, Margaret E Samiji, Nuru R Mlyuka

Tanzania Journal of Science

CZTS thin films were deposited by sol–gel spin coating method using precursor solutions prepared by dissolving copper acetate dihydrate, zinc acetate dihydrate, tin chloride and thiourea in methanol and monoethylamine then annealed in RTP furnace at 500 °C. Sol–gel precursor solutions were prepared with different Zn/Sn in a precursor solution and were annealed at different time intervals; and their effects on the optical and electrical properties of CZTS (Cu2ZnSnS4) films were investigated. The optical band-gap values were estimated to be between 1.30 and 1.88 eV while the absorption coefficients were in the range of 104 cm–1 in the visible region. …

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Compositional And Thickness Effects On The Optical Properties Of Zinc–Doped Selenium–Antimony Thin Films, Austine A Mulama, Julius M Mwabora, Andrew O Oduor, Cosmas M Muiva Dec 2018

Compositional And Thickness Effects On The Optical Properties Of Zinc–Doped Selenium–Antimony Thin Films, Austine A Mulama, Julius M Mwabora, Andrew O Oduor, Cosmas M Muiva

Tanzania Journal of Science

Chalcogenide system of antimony (Sb)-selenium (Se)-zinc (Zn) system is a promising semiconductor for phase change memory devices due to its thermal stability and low power consumption. The study investigated the effect of film thickness and zinc content on the optical properties of thermally evaporated Sb10Se90-xZnx (x = 0, 5, 10 & 15 at. %) thin films. It was found that transmittance (T~ 85-40%) and optical band gap energy (Eopt ~ 1.60 eV – 1.22 eV) decreased but absorption coefficient (α~0.840–2.031 104 cm–1) increased with increase in zinc content. Furthermore, as the film thickness increased from 53 ± 5 nm to …

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Effects Of Thickness Variation In The Multilayer Thin Film On The Performance Of Eta Solar Cell, Robinson J Musembi Dec 2018

Effects Of Thickness Variation In The Multilayer Thin Film On The Performance Of Eta Solar Cell, Robinson J Musembi

Tanzania Journal of Science

A highly structured eta solar cell of the type TiO2/In(OH)xSy/Pb(OH)xSy/PEDOT:PSS/Au with different layer thickness has been fabricated using various deposition techniques for each layer in the stack. The solar cell parameters, Uoc, FF and  have been extracted from current- voltage characteristics measurements. The buffer layer and the hole collector layer have been kept constant while the window and the absorber layer have been varied. The thickness of either of the two layers being varied has been observed to affect the performance of the solar cells. The difference in thickness has been attributed to affect the charge lifetime in the space …

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Thermal Performance Of Selected Oils In Uganda For Indirect Solar Domestic Cooking Applications, Benard Tabu, Karidewa Nyeinga, Jimmy Chaciga, Denis Okello Dec 2018

Thermal Performance Of Selected Oils In Uganda For Indirect Solar Domestic Cooking Applications, Benard Tabu, Karidewa Nyeinga, Jimmy Chaciga, Denis Okello

Tanzania Journal of Science

This study experimentally evaluated the thermal performance of selected oils in Uganda for indirect solar domestic cooking applications. The oil samples used were refined sunflower oil, refined palm oil and thermia B. These oils are locally available in Uganda. Thermal stratification, energy and exergy analysis were performed for each oil to determine their suitability for Thermal Energy Storage (TES) using a thermosiphon principle. The results showed that thermal stratification of refined sunflower oil was higher as compared to refined palm oil and thermia B during the first one hour. The stored energy and exergy for refined sunflower oil was generally …

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Effects Of Substrate Radial-Position Relative To The Sputter-Gun Axis On The Electrical, Optical And Structural Properties Of Zno Thin Films Deposited By Reactive Direct Current Magnetron Sputtering, John Paul Eneku, Tom Otiti, Julius Mwakondo Mwabora, David Horwat Dec 2018

Effects Of Substrate Radial-Position Relative To The Sputter-Gun Axis On The Electrical, Optical And Structural Properties Of Zno Thin Films Deposited By Reactive Direct Current Magnetron Sputtering, John Paul Eneku, Tom Otiti, Julius Mwakondo Mwabora, David Horwat

Tanzania Journal of Science

ZnO thin films were deposited using reactive direct current (dc) magnetron sputtering on glass substrates placed at seven variable radial positions (-1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 cm)  relative to the sputter-gun (target) axis. A pure zinc target was used and sputtering carried out in argon and oxygen atmosphere with flow rates of 50 sccm and 6 sccm, respectively. XRD characterization showed that, all films crystallized homogeneously in the wurtzite phase with a strong (002) and a weak (004) orientations. Film crystallinity was very low at substrate positions located less than or equal to 1 cm from the …

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Levels Of Heavy Metals In Selected Facial Cosmetics Marketed In Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, Joseph Yoeza Naimani Philip, Silvia John, Othman Chande Othman Jul 2018

Levels Of Heavy Metals In Selected Facial Cosmetics Marketed In Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, Joseph Yoeza Naimani Philip, Silvia John, Othman Chande Othman

Tanzania Journal of Science

The aim of this study was to determine the levels of heavy metals: lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, arsenic and mercury in facial cosmetics (lipstick, lip glossy, facial powder, foundation, eyeliner, eye shadow and mascara) which were purchased randomly in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The levels of lead, cadmium, copper and zinc were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). The levels of arsenic were determined using Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (HGAAS), and levels of mercury were determined using Cold Vapour Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Prior to determination of the concentration of heavy metals, the samples were acid digested. The average order …

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The Efficacy Of Raw Malangali Kaolin Clay In The Adsorptive Removal Of Cadmium And Cobalt Ions From Water, Nyemaga Masanje Malima, Esther Hellen Lugwisha, Alinanuswe Simon Mwakaboko Jul 2018

The Efficacy Of Raw Malangali Kaolin Clay In The Adsorptive Removal Of Cadmium And Cobalt Ions From Water, Nyemaga Masanje Malima, Esther Hellen Lugwisha, Alinanuswe Simon Mwakaboko

Tanzania Journal of Science

The suitability of raw Malangali kaolin (RMK) clay for the removal of cadmium and cobalt ions from water was investigated using a batch technique whereas the characterization of adsorbent material was performed by XRD, XRF, ATR-FTIR and N2 physisorption techniques. Various experimental parameters were tested for the effectiveness of RMK in removing heavy metals whereby quantitative determination of both Cd2+ and Co2+ ions has shown that, the factors such as adsorbent particle size, solution pH, contact time, adsorbent dose as well as initial metal ion concentration had significant effects on the adsorption processes. The equilibrium data described by Langmuir and …

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A Trans Influence And Π-Conjugation Effects On Ligand Substitution Reactions Of Pt(Ii) Complexes With Tridentate Pendant N/S-Donor Ligands, Grace A. Kinunda Jul 2018

A Trans Influence And Π-Conjugation Effects On Ligand Substitution Reactions Of Pt(Ii) Complexes With Tridentate Pendant N/S-Donor Ligands, Grace A. Kinunda

Tanzania Journal of Science

The rate of displacement of the chloride ligands by three neutral nucleophiles (Nu) of different steric demands, namely thiourea (TU), N,N’-dimethylthiourea (DMTU) and N,N,N,’N-tetramethylthiourea (TMTU) in the complexes viz; [Pt(II)(bis(2-pyridylmethyl)amine)Cl]ClO4, (Pt1), [Pt(II){N-(2-pyridinylmethyl)-8-quinolinamine}Cl]Cl, (Pt2), [Pt(II)(bis(2-pyridylmethyl)sulfide)Cl]Cl, (Pt3) and [Pt(II){8-((2-pyridylmethyl)thiol)quinoline}Cl]Cl, (Pt4) was studied under pseudo first-order conditions as a function of concentration and temperature using a stopped-flow technique and UV-Visible spectrophotometry. The observed pseudo first-order rate constants for substitution reactions obeyed the simple rate law. The results have shown that the chloro ligand in Pt(N^S^N) complexes is more labile by two orders of magnitude than Pt(N^N^N) complexes due to the high trans labilizing …

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Levels Of Heavy Metals In Deposited Dust And Soil From Selected Primary Schools In Dar Es Salaam, Joseph Yoeza Naimani Philip, Eliamini Ismail Mkenga, Othman Chande Othman Jul 2018

Levels Of Heavy Metals In Deposited Dust And Soil From Selected Primary Schools In Dar Es Salaam, Joseph Yoeza Naimani Philip, Eliamini Ismail Mkenga, Othman Chande Othman

Tanzania Journal of Science

The objective of this study was to examine the levels of heavy metals, lead, manganese, nickel, copper, chromium and cadmium in standard one and kindergarten classroom dusts and playing ground soils from selected primary schools along Morogoro road highway (Kimara, Mbezi, Kibamba and Kiluvya primary schools) and away from Morogoro road highway (Makabe, Msumi and Mbopo primary schools) as well as in the Dar es Salaam city center (Uhuru, Mzimuni, Dr. Omari Ali Juma, Manzese and Ubungo National House primary schools), Tanzania. The samples were acid digested and the supernatant analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). The …

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In Silico Pharmacokinetic And Molecular Docking Studies Of N-Cinnamoyltetraketide Derivatives As Inhibitors Of Cyclooxygenase-2 Enzyme, Stephen S. Nyandoro, Daniel M. Shadrack, Joan J. E. Munissi, Egid B. Mubofu Jul 2018

In Silico Pharmacokinetic And Molecular Docking Studies Of N-Cinnamoyltetraketide Derivatives As Inhibitors Of Cyclooxygenase-2 Enzyme, Stephen S. Nyandoro, Daniel M. Shadrack, Joan J. E. Munissi, Egid B. Mubofu

Tanzania Journal of Science

Recent phytochemical analysis of Toussaintia orientalis leaves yielded series of novel bioactive N-cinnamoyltetraketide derivatives namely toussaintines A-G (t_1 - t_8) some portraying cytotoxicity against the triple negative aggressive human breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) among other potencies. Despite having broad bioactivity spectrum, their general drug-likeness profiles and mode of action (simulated or actual) targeting any enzyme remains uninvestigated. In silico pharmacokinetic, drug-likeness descriptors and molecular docking of the compounds t_1-t_8 targeting inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme were evaluated. The Lipinski Rule of Five heralded the pharmacokinetic properties of the studied metabolites. The studied compounds were docked with COX-2 following already …

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Semisynthesis Of A Mellein-Type 3,4-Dihydroisocoumarin From Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (Cnsl), Clarence A. Mgina, Fatma Kadir Jul 2018

Semisynthesis Of A Mellein-Type 3,4-Dihydroisocoumarin From Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (Cnsl), Clarence A. Mgina, Fatma Kadir

Tanzania Journal of Science

Mellein-type 3,4-dihydroisocoumarin 39 (i.e., 8-methoxy-3-tridecyl-3,4-dihydroisocoumarin or 8-methoxy-3-tridecylisochroman-1-one), and its precursors, namely, methyl 2-methoxy-6-pentadecylbenzoate (37), methyl 2-methoxy-6-pentadecanoylbenzoate (38) and (E)-methyl 2-methoxy-6-(pentadec-1-enyl)benzoate (19) were synthesized from anacardic acid (12) as a starting material obtained from Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) in an overall yield of 78%. The transformation of 12 to 39 involved protection of the reactive phenolic and carboxylic acid groups of compound 12 through methylation followed by hydrogenation so as to saturate the mono-, di- and tri-unsaturated C15 chains of anacardic acid (12). Subsequent benzylic oxidation and reduction of the keto functional group with concomitant dehydration of the alcohol led …

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One-Compound-Two-Pharmacophores: Design, Synthesis And Antimalarial Activities Of Chloroquinoline-Cassiarin, Thobias M. Kalenga, Monica M. Ndoile, Quintino A. Mgani Jul 2018

One-Compound-Two-Pharmacophores: Design, Synthesis And Antimalarial Activities Of Chloroquinoline-Cassiarin, Thobias M. Kalenga, Monica M. Ndoile, Quintino A. Mgani

Tanzania Journal of Science

This paper describes the design and synthesis of a potential antimalarial compound, chloroquinoline-cassiarin (6) using 4,7-dichloroquinoline and the natural product barakol (1) extracted from the leaves of Cassia siamea as starting materials. In this paper a one compound-two-pharmacophores concept is introduced in which coupling of two known pharmacophores into one has been described. The concept is not only useful to organic synthesis but also to drug development researches. The synthesized compound 6 exhibited potent in vitro antimalarial activity at IC50 = 0.51 µM, and low toxicity where at 20 µM, 80% viability of HeLa cells was observed.

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Bioactivities Of Extracts, Debromolaurinterol And Fucosterol From Macroalgae Species, Sartaz Begum, Stephen S. Nyandoro, Amelia S. Buriyo, John J. Makangara, Joan J. E. Munissi, Sandra Duffy, Vicky M. Avery, Mate Erdelyi Jul 2018

Bioactivities Of Extracts, Debromolaurinterol And Fucosterol From Macroalgae Species, Sartaz Begum, Stephen S. Nyandoro, Amelia S. Buriyo, John J. Makangara, Joan J. E. Munissi, Sandra Duffy, Vicky M. Avery, Mate Erdelyi

Tanzania Journal of Science

Parasitic diseases including malaria, and other numerous microbial infections and physiological diseases are threatening the global population. Tanzanian coast shores are endowed with a variety of macroalgae (seaweeds), hitherto unsystematically explored to establish their biomedical potentials. Thus, antiplasmodial activity using malarial imaging assay, antimicrobial activity using microplate dilution technique, antioxidant activity using DPPH radical scavenging method and cytotoxicity using brine shrimp test were carried out on crude extracts from the selected species of algae (Acanthophora spicifera, Cystoseira myrica, Cystoseira trinodis, Laurencia filiformis, Padina boryana, Sargassum oligocystum, Turbinaria crateriformis, Ulva fasciata and Ulva reticulata) occurring along the coast of Tanzania. The …

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Determination Of Toxic Diethylene Glycol In Toothpastes In Dar Es Salaam By High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography And Colorimetric Methods, John Andrew Marco Mahugija Jul 2018

Determination Of Toxic Diethylene Glycol In Toothpastes In Dar Es Salaam By High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography And Colorimetric Methods, John Andrew Marco Mahugija

Tanzania Journal of Science

The aim of this study was to determine the presence and the levels of diethylene glycol (DEG) in toothpaste products commonly used in Dar es Salaam. Forty five samples of different brands of imported and locally manufactured toothpastes were collected and processed prior to analysis. High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method was used for the qualitative detection of diethylene glycol in the toothpastes. In quantitative analysis, a colorimetric method that involved ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometric measurements of absorbances of prepared coloured samples and standards was used. DEG was found in 37.8% of the tested samples. The concentrations of the DEG …

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In Silico Pharmacokinetic And Molecular Docking Studies Of N-Cinnamoyltetraketide Derivatives As Inhibitors Of Cyclooxygenase-2 Enzyme, Stephen S. Nyandoro, Daniel M. Shadrack, Joan J. E. Munissi, Egid B. Mubofu Jul 2018

In Silico Pharmacokinetic And Molecular Docking Studies Of N-Cinnamoyltetraketide Derivatives As Inhibitors Of Cyclooxygenase-2 Enzyme, Stephen S. Nyandoro, Daniel M. Shadrack, Joan J. E. Munissi, Egid B. Mubofu

Tanzania Journal of Science

Recent phytochemical analysis of Toussaintia orientalis leaves yielded series of novel bioactive N-cinnamoyltetraketide derivatives namely toussaintines A-G (t_1 - t_8) some portraying cytotoxicity against the triple negative aggressive human breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) among other potencies. Despite having broad bioactivity spectrum, their general drug-likeness profiles and mode of action (simulated or actual) targeting any enzyme remains uninvestigated. In silico pharmacokinetic, drug-likeness descriptors and molecular docking of the compounds t_1-t_8 targeting inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme were evaluated. The Lipinski Rule of Five heralded the pharmacokinetic properties of the studied metabolites. The studied compounds were docked with COX-2 following already …

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Cost Effective Strategy For The Synthesis Of Azo Dyes By Using Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (Cnsl), Mathias Yohana, Monica M. Ndoile, Quintino A. Mgani Jul 2018

Cost Effective Strategy For The Synthesis Of Azo Dyes By Using Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (Cnsl), Mathias Yohana, Monica M. Ndoile, Quintino A. Mgani

Tanzania Journal of Science

The synthesis and dyeing properties of two types of azo dyes are reported in this paper. The two types of dyes were obtained from coupling of amino cardanol with unsaturated anacardic acid [ACUSA (Aminocardanol unsaturated anacardic acid)] and saturated anacardic acid [ACSA (Aminocardanol saturated anacardic acid)] separately. Both, anacardic acid and aminocardanol were obtained from CNSL as their source material. ACSA dyes were solid and dark brown while ACUSA were gelatinous and dark red. The performance of both ACUSA and ACSA dyes was moderate on textile fabrics with varying cotton content. The dyeing efficiency of the ACUSA was better than …

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In Vivo Antimycobacterial Studies Of Toussaintine A-Chitosan Nanocomposites, Edward Rwegasila, Joan J.E. Munissi, Egid B. Mubofu, Stephen S. Nyandoro, Paul Erasto Jul 2018

In Vivo Antimycobacterial Studies Of Toussaintine A-Chitosan Nanocomposites, Edward Rwegasila, Joan J.E. Munissi, Egid B. Mubofu, Stephen S. Nyandoro, Paul Erasto

Tanzania Journal of Science

Chitosan (CS, molecular weight (MW) 20.2 kDA, stability of 210 °C and degree of deacetylation (DD) 73.31%) was obtained by deacetylation of chitin extracted from shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) shell wastes. The encapsulation of the studied bioactive natural product, toussaintine A (TA) isolated from the leaves of Toussaintia orientalis, on a chitosan-tripolyphosphate (CS/TPP) nanoformulation was attained through ionotropic gelation. Characterization of pure CS, CS/TPP and TA-CS/TPP nanocomposites was carried out by FTIR and SEM. The encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity of the TA were 69.33 and 0.46%, respectively. The in vitro release kinetics established an initial release of 27% of TA …

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In Vivo Antimycobacterial Studies Of Toussaintine A-Chitosan Nanocomposites, Edward Rwegasila, Joan J.E. Munissi, Egid B. Mubofu, Stephen S. Nyandoro, Paul Erasto Jul 2018

In Vivo Antimycobacterial Studies Of Toussaintine A-Chitosan Nanocomposites, Edward Rwegasila, Joan J.E. Munissi, Egid B. Mubofu, Stephen S. Nyandoro, Paul Erasto

Tanzania Journal of Science

Chitosan (CS, molecular weight (MW) 20.2 kDA, stability of 210 °C and degree of deacetylation (DD) 73.31%) was obtained by deacetylation of chitin extracted from shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) shell wastes. The encapsulation of the studied bioactive natural product, toussaintine A (TA) isolated from the leaves of Toussaintia orientalis, on a chitosan-tripolyphosphate (CS/TPP) nanoformulation was attained through ionotropic gelation. Characterization of pure CS, CS/TPP and TA-CS/TPP nanocomposites was carried out by FTIR and SEM. The encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity of the TA were 69.33 and 0.46%, respectively. The in vitro release kinetics established an initial release of 27% of TA …

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Levels Of Heavy Metals In Drinking Water, Cosmetics And Fruit Juices From Selected Areas In Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, John Am Mahugija May 2018

Levels Of Heavy Metals In Drinking Water, Cosmetics And Fruit Juices From Selected Areas In Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, John Am Mahugija

Tanzania Journal of Science

Heavy metals were determined in samples of drinking water, cosmetics (nail polish, lip glosses and hair dye) and fresh fruit juices in Dar es Salaam. The samples were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) after digestion with concentrated acids, filtration and dilution. Lead, zinc and iron were detected in the water samples and the concentration ranges were below detection limit (BDL) to 0.114, 0.01 to 1.47 and 0.027 to 0.39 mg/L, respectively, whereas cadmium was not detected. The concentrations of lead in 70.83% of the samples exceeded the WHO permissible limit, implying that the water in most of the areas …

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Status Of Selected Heavy Metals Dispersion From Top Soil In And Around Automobile Workshop Areas In Zanzibar Municipality, Tanzania, John Am Mahugija, Hawa M Sheikh May 2018

Status Of Selected Heavy Metals Dispersion From Top Soil In And Around Automobile Workshop Areas In Zanzibar Municipality, Tanzania, John Am Mahugija, Hawa M Sheikh

Tanzania Journal of Science

The distributions of selected heavy metals in top soil in areas with and without automobile workshops in Zanzibar municipality were investigated. Sampling was done during dry and rainy seasons. The samples were digested with aqua regia (HCl and HNO3, 3:1) and analysed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The concentrations of zinc, copper and lead in the samples ranged 0.27–419.2, 0.10–167 and 0.02–271 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. The concentrations were higher in areas with automobile workshops than those without. The concentrations of the heavy metals were highest at point sources and decreased with increase in distance during the dry season. The concentrations …

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Inventory Of The Genus Craterellus Persoon From Kigoma Region, Tanzania, Donatha D Tibuhwa May 2018

Inventory Of The Genus Craterellus Persoon From Kigoma Region, Tanzania, Donatha D Tibuhwa

Tanzania Journal of Science

There is scanty knowledge on macro fungi diversity in Kigoma region. Bioprospecting survey was undertaken in Miombo woodlands, Kigoma region of Tanzania that has never been explored. The survey sought to conduct an inventory of Craterellus Persoon. Conventional taxonomic techniques were used during the survey to characterize the collected materials. Both macro and micro morphological features including basidiocarp size, colour, shape, spore size and print colour were examined. High diversity of reputed macrofungi was observed. This study presents a preliminary inventory of the genus Craterellus Persoon in the country. Three species were described; two namely Craterellus cornucopioides (Linnaeus) Persoon and …

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The Power Of Coefficients And Methods Of Coding In Delimiting Species Using Phenetic Approach: The Case Of African Solanum Section Solanum Sensu Edmonds, Mkabwa Lk Manoko May 2018

The Power Of Coefficients And Methods Of Coding In Delimiting Species Using Phenetic Approach: The Case Of African Solanum Section Solanum Sensu Edmonds, Mkabwa Lk Manoko

Tanzania Journal of Science

Phenetics is one of approaches used to delimit species in plant classification. Conclusion in phenetics is based on overall similarity often of morphological data. The approach uses coded data that are analyzed using coefficients to create similarity matrices that are analyzed using clustering analysis to create the classification. Exists different similarity coefficients and coding methods though in practice are used intuitively sometimes giving results that have been challenged. Though similarity coefficients and coding methods have some times been blamed, studies to analyze their influences are limited. The trend however is to avoid morphological data in favor of DNA markers. The …

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Total Electron Content Derived From Global Positioning System During Solar Maximum Of 2012-2013 Over The Eastern Part Of The African Sector, Emmanuel D Sulungu, Christian Bs Uiso, Patrick Sibanda May 2018

Total Electron Content Derived From Global Positioning System During Solar Maximum Of 2012-2013 Over The Eastern Part Of The African Sector, Emmanuel D Sulungu, Christian Bs Uiso, Patrick Sibanda

Tanzania Journal of Science

This work presents results of diurnal, seasonal and latitudinal variations of vertical Total Electron Content (TECv) derived from GPS receivers at four locations, [Dodoma (6.19oS, 35.75oE), Mzuzu (11.43oS, 34.01oE), Zomba (15.38oS, 35.33oE) and Tete (16.15oS, 33.58oE)] during the solar maximum period of 2012 – 2013. The receivers are located directly below the EIA and at approximately the same longitude, ~ (33 – 3 oE) within the eastern part of the African sector. Diurnal and latitudinal variations of TECv are presented for an average of the five (5) quietest days of each of the four seasons: March equinox, June solstice, September …

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