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Paper Session Iii-A - Using The Space Shuttle Columbia Begin Bringing The Moon To America, Carey M. Mccleskey

Space Congress® Proceedings

The purpose of this paper is to propose a realistic enterprise framework that addresses how America’s space program resources can best serve its free enterprise system as it expands above and beyond Earth orbit.

Recently, there have been efforts to determine how to use a Space Shuttle to return an American to the Moon at some cost goal. This is a good thing to do for planning the creation of a space infrastructure on the Moon. However, given the tremendous economic potential of human interest in space -is this the best thing America could be doing now with one of …

Paper Session Iii-B - An Overview Of Future Nasa Programs, Carmine De Sanctis

Space Congress® Proceedings

This paper presents an overview of programs in the Advanced Systems and Technology Office at Marshall Space Flight Center designed to move NASA into the next century of space exploration. These programs include work in evolved and new booster and upper stage technology. In addition to near term applications, effort continues in advanced concepts focused on the propulsion needs in the decades ahead. In support of Space Station and beyond, tethers will play a growing role with their abilities to move payloads, generate power, and support research in the upper atmosphere. Our knowledge of the Earth will be enhanced with …

Paper Session Iii-B - The Photon Satellite: A Demonstration Of Satellite Laser Tracking And Communications, Ronald L. Phillips, Mark B. Moldwin

Space Congress® Proceedings

An alliance of Florida universities and companies are proposing to construct a small satellite to demonstrate the feasibility of laser communications for satellite to groundairborne receivers and ground-airborne to satellite receivers. The possibility of using high-data-rate optical transmitters for satellite communications has generated a renew interest in laser communication systems for ground-airborne-to-space and space-toground- airborne data links. Here we describe a ground to satellite experiment to demonstrate the requirements of pointing accuracy and tracking for reliable communications and a novel technique to track a satellite with laser beams

Paper Session Iii-B - The Advanced Research And Global Observation Satellite (Argos) - Pioneering Advancements In Space, Harold W. Ennulat

Space Congress® Proceedings

The Advanced Research and Global Observation Satellite (ARGOS) is the largest (6000 lb.) Air Force Research and Development (R&D) satellite ever to fly. The mission responds to the periodic need to fly large, heavy, or high power R&D payloads. The Space Vehicle pioneers a number of innovations in advanced space systems, providing operational support for eight DoD experiments, which themselves are demonstrating a number of advancements in space hardware. ARGOS innovations include integration of low risk advanced features such as a radiation hardened flight computer, the first complete GPS receiver embedded within the flight computer for position determination and time …

Paper Session Iii-B - The Space Test Program, A Case For Dedicated Research, Development, Test And Evaluation In Space, Roald F. Lutz, Richard M. Macheske

Space Congress® Proceedings

Soon after the first space launches, it became apparent that space systems could provide unique services; but how would new space technologies and concepts be developed and tested? In 1966, the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) established the Space Test Program (STP) for which the Department of the Air Force was named the executive agent. STP is chartered to provide space flight opportunities for DoD relevant science and technology experiments lacking other means of space flight. From 1967 to the present, STP has provided space flight for more than 370 research and development payloads in a cost effective manner using …

Paper Session Ii-C - Measuring The Concerns Of Teachers: A Possible Means For Evaluating The Efficacy Of Kennedy Space Center Teacher Enhancement Workshops, Thomas Dreschel, Jane Hodges, Steven Dutczak, Robert Fronk

Space Congress® Proceedings

In-service teacher enhancement workshops are held as part of the NASA teacher preparation and enhancement programs. For these workshops, teachers are brought to NASA field centers during summer months for training in various aerospace related areas. The National Research Council, Committee on NASA Education Program Outcomes (NEPO) has recommended comprehensive data collection to show program efficacy. Teacher workshops are a part of the nearly 300 NASA educational programs for students and teachers from pre-school through post-graduate, and NEPO has made specific recommendations for the evaluation of the teacher workshops. In accordance with one recommendation, a questionnaire was administered during four …

Paper Session Ii-A - The Future Of Hubble Space Telescope Science, Rodger I. Thompson

Space Congress® Proceedings

The Hubble Space Telescope, HST, is a unique platform for new science. Each mission to HST is a complex dance of engineering, astronautics, and science that brings new scientific opportunities to the telescope. Through new instruments, new discoveries and new insights, HST’s role as the premier space astronomical instrument will continue into the next millennium. The 1997 maintenance mission will give HST infrared eyes to peer far back in time and space as well as into the birth places of galaxies, stars and planets. It will multiply HST’s spectroscopic grasp many fold to increase our knowledge of distant quasars and …

Paper Session Ii-B - Integration Of Systems On Mir Processes And Comparisons, Gary H. Kitmacher

Space Congress® Proceedings

The Priroda module is the last of six principal modules that will compose the Mir space station. To be launched in April, 1996, it will be added to the Mir base block, Quant, Quant II, Kristall, and Spektr, each launched between 1986 and 1995. Together with Soyuz and Progress transport vehicles, the system has been in operation in orbit for more than ten years.

Paper Session Ii-B - U.S./ Russian Eva Interoperability Status, Richard K. Fullerton, L. Dale Thomas

Space Congress® Proceedings

Guidance for the goals of U.S. and Russian cooperation in the International Space Station (ISS) was provided in an addendum to the Program Implementation Plan, dated November 1, 1993, which was jointly signed by the NASA Administrator and the RSA General Director. Subsequent working level agreements for Extravehicular Activity (EVA) have resulted in joint projects which are building confidence and capabilities for commonality of hardware and operations. Parallel EVA planning and implementation of the Shuttle missions to Mir and the assembly of ISS are proving beneficial to both programs. Experience in each program is being fed back into the other …

Paper Session Ii-B - The International Space Station: Background And Current Status, Daniel V. Jacobs

Space Congress® Proceedings

The International Space Station Program is the largest scientific cooperative program in history. It draws on the resources and expertise of 13 nations: the United States, Canada, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, France, Spain, Germany, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Russia. The development, integration and operation of the contributions of each partner into a single integrated Station, with all of its associated supporting systems, facilities, and personnel, is arguably the most complicated and difficult international peacetime effort ever undertaken. In order to deal with a task of this complexity, new systems of management, new international relationships, new types of …

Paper Session Ii-B - Research Plans For The International Space Station, William P. Gilbreath

Space Congress® Proceedings

The International Space Station, now under construction by all of the leading space-faring countries around the world, will provide a tremendous asset to the international research community. It will not only enhance and broaden present research objectives, but also enable new research initiatives only achievable on such a well-equipped platform. NASA is working with the international research community to develop a coordinated plan for on-board research. The International Space Station research platform will provide an excellent sustained low gravity environment for laboratory research, as well as a robust long-term platform for observational research. Studies in fundamental physical, chemical, and biological …

Paper Session Ii-A - Project Galileo, Robert Mitchell

Space Congress® Proceedings

Galileo’s scientific investigations will concentrate on Jupiter’s atmosphere, magnetosphere, and satellites. The spacecraft’s telescopes will improve on the best resolution obtained by Voyager by a factor of hundreds, and on the original observations of Jupiter and its satellites made by Galileo Galilei by a factor of as much as one million.

Paper Session Ii-A - Hubble Space Telescope: The Image Restored, David S. Leckrone, H. John Wood

Space Congress® Proceedings

Since the first servicing mission to Hubble Space Telescope (HST), astronomy has entered a new golden age. This paper will serve to give a small set of examples of the new imagery and the unexpected discoveries that have been made using the Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) built by NASA’s Jet propulsion Laboratory. In addition, using these examples, the extrapolation to “what’s ahead” will be discussed.

Paper Session Ii-A - Free-Flying Platforms For The International Space Station: Large Aperture Science At Medium-Explorer Cost, Edward S. Cheng

Space Congress® Proceedings

We present the concept of a reusable science probe based at the International Space Station (ISS). A wide range of unique scientific and technical investigations will be enabled through the large aperture and high mass capabilities of the platform. The ISS infrastructure is used for servicing the spacecraft and/or scientific instrument, as well as upgrading the scientific payload. During the data gathering phase, envisioned to last six months to two years, the spacecraft will be a free-flyer in the ISS orbit, avoiding operational constraints imposed by the ISS environment and allowing full control of the experiment by the investigation team. …

Paper Session Ii-C - Optical (Non-Invasive) Diagnostics For Use On Space Missions, Glenn M. Cohen, Fred M. Ham, Lvica Kostanic, Brent R. Gooch

Space Congress® Proceedings

Optical diagnostics, though still in the developmental stages, identify and quantitate the spectra of metabolizes and drugs without puncturing the skin (non-invasive) and without using chemical reagents. Once they are clinically validated, optical devices will begin to replace many clinical tests that use chemical reagents for diagnostics, particularly those tests that require regular monitoring and possess properties that are amenable to spectral analysis. Optical devices have a potentially important role aboard spacecraft because of the limited space available for maintaining an inventory of medicines and diagnostic devices. Despite the constraints, the spacecraft must provide the immediate and constant capabilities for …

Paper Session Ii-C - Space Welding: On The Agenda, Carolyn Russell, Boris Paton

Space Congress® Proceedings

In 1997 the United States and the Ukrainian Space Agency are scheduled to cooperate in the International Space Welding Experiment (ISWE), a flight demonstration on the U.S. Space Shuttle of the space welding tool developed at the E.O. Paton Electric Welding Institute. ISWE will demonstrate the feasibility of repairing a space structure by welding as well as providing more data on space welded joints. It will move welding in space closer to the same dominant position that welding occupies today in the terrestrial fabrication of launch vehicles and their payloads.

The development of space welding will be a complex task, …

Paper Session Ii-C - Satellite Remote Sensing For Environment And Resource Managment, Muhammad Ali, M. A. Shaukat, M. Amjad, Javed Sami

Space Congress® Proceedings

In the recent years there have been valuable achievements in data pre-processing r image processing and interpretation and other related techniques. These developments in the field of satellite remote sensing have resulted in much more useful studies of environment and resource management. We present a review of some of such studies with emphasis on different land use /landcover features in some urban areas of Pakistan. These studies were made using SPOT multispectral and panchromatic data. Our analysis will be found useful for updating information of different urban features. In the end we present our future programs regarding the resource management …

Paper Session Ii-A - Sirtf: The Fourth Great Observatory, Larry Simmons, James Fanson, William Irate, Johnny Kwok, Michael Werner

Space Congress® Proceedings

The Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF), the fourth of the Great Observatories, will look through a new window on the universe. Using SIRTF, the astronomical community will be able to explore the infrared universe with a depth and precision complementary to that achieved by NASA’s other Great Observatories-the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF), and the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (GRO).
SIRTF will achieve unprecedented infrared sensitivity by fully utilizing a new generation of infrared detector arrays. The new detectors, combined with an 85-cm cryogenic telescope, will allow SIRTF to provide scientific capabilities so impressive that …

Paper Session Ii-C - Teamworking Skills- A Spinoff Of High School Space Experiments, Laura Reeves

Space Congress® Proceedings

The design of many high school classes encourages students to work independently rather than with others—yet in the working world, it is often necessary for employees to work in cooperative groups. In Phillips Laboratory’s High School SPACE Experiment Program, teamwork is taught as an essential part of the experimental process. The program directs students to plan, structure, and perform year-long space science experiments. While participation in the SPACE Experiment Program is voluntary, the “space” theme motivates students to join. Each team is guided by two Phillips Laboratory mentors—scientists willing to share their knowledge and experience with the high-schoolers. With the …

Paper Session I-A - Delta Commercial Space Transportation, James F. Meyers

Space Congress® Proceedings

1996 Launches – As of this writing, two launches have taken place in 1996, the NEAR on 17 February and Koreasat-2 on 14 January. NEAR (Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous) is the first of the NASA Discovery series of spacecraft, and is the fifth under the MELVS contract. The Koreasat-2 satellite was the second satellite launched for the republic of Korea, and was an entirely successful launch. The first satellite, launched on Delta 228 last August, reached orbit successfully but with less than specified lifetime due to a first stage anomaly.

Paper Session I-B - 21st Century Space Commerce Taking-Off From "Aerospaceports", David Tamir, F. Lee Tillotson, Edward Ellegood

Space Congress® Proceedings

This paper describes how Space commerce may grow to partially overlap Air commerce in the 21st century, resulting in the evolution of some of America’s airports and spaceports into “aerospaceports .” Aerospaceports will play a key role in privatization and commercialization of America’s space program by establishing space transportation and associated support services as routine and accessible. Air and Space are closely related frontiers, one being an extension of the other in terms of the environment, science, engineering, government policies, and commerce. We have seen airplanes modified to fly one step further sampling the space environment; NACA transformed into NASA, …

Paper Session I-B - Industrial Reflight Of Eureca Platform In 1998, Wolfram Lork, Karl Hochgartz

Space Congress® Proceedings

The reusable space platform Eureca was developed under the authority of the European Space Agency Esa and had its 11 months maiden flight in 1992/93. Launched and retrieved by the Shuttle the 4.5 ton-platform is capable of free-flying in a low earth orbit for a period of some 6-9 months and provides a stable high quality microgravity environment, good attitude accuracy and large payload resources. Together with the remote science operation capabilities, these features allow a wide range of scientific applications, i.e. astronomy, solar and atmospheric physics, earth observation, space technology, physical and life sciences under microgravity conditions.
Based on …

Paper Session I-B - Integrating Scientific Payloads In A Commercial Launch Market, Kevin M. Berry

Space Congress® Proceedings

Scientific and research payloads are fundamentally different from commercial satellites. This paper presents an integration model to accommodate the special needs of R&D, science, and first time payloads in a launch market which is being developed mostly for commercial communications satellites. The model is supported by actual examples of process changes implemented in the Space Shuttle program.