Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Keyword
-
- Saudi Arabia (47)
- Artificial intelligence (9)
- Obesity (7)
- Bibliometric analysis (5)
- Machine learning (5)
-
- Diabetes mellitus (4)
- Meta-analysis (4)
- Acute kidney injury (3)
- Barriers (3)
- Biomarkers (3)
- Body mass index (3)
- Children (3)
- Chronic kidney disease (3)
- Computed tomography (3)
- Emergency department (3)
- GLP-1 receptor agonists (3)
- Heart failure (3)
- Hospitalization (3)
- Implementation (3)
- Incidence (3)
- Magnetic resonance imaging (3)
- Patient safety (3)
- Public health (3)
- Quality of life (3)
- Research productivity (3)
- Risk factors (3)
- Aged (2)
- Albuminuria (2)
- Arab world (2)
- Bibliometrics (2)
- Publication Year
Articles 7501 - 7530 of 7869
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis With Long Survival, Abdurhman S. Al-Arfaj
Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis With Long Survival, Abdurhman S. Al-Arfaj
Saudi Medical Journal
We present a case of lymphomatoid granulomatosis presenting in a 35-year-old Saudi lady with long survival. She responded to treatment with intermittent cyclophosphamide infusion in addition to corticosteroids. This is the first case of lymphomatoid granulomatosis to be reported in the Arab world. The prolonged survival and response to intermittent cyclophosphamide infusion is discussed.
Clinicopathological Patterns And Distribution Of Schistosomiasis In Asir Region, Nader A. Morad, Abdur R. Khan
Clinicopathological Patterns And Distribution Of Schistosomiasis In Asir Region, Nader A. Morad, Abdur R. Khan
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to report, for the first time, the histopathologic pattern of Schistosomiasis from the Asir Region and to compare it to patterns reported from other regions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Several studies have reported the patterns of Schistosomiasis in other regions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and other countries where Schistosomiasis is endemic. Schistosomiasis is endemic in certain areas of Asir region, however no data is available concerning the clinicopathological pattern of Schistosomiasis in the Asir Region. METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of 217 cases of Schistosomiasis from surgical and …
Accidental Injuries During Muslim Pilgrimage, Al-Sharif M. Al-Harthi, Mohammed Al-Harbi
Accidental Injuries During Muslim Pilgrimage, Al-Sharif M. Al-Harthi, Mohammed Al-Harbi
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: The diseases that occur during Hajj are a unique medical problem. The aim of this study is to highlight the incidence, the type and the early surgical management of trauma during the Hajj period. METHODS: A prospective study was carried out during a 15 day-period conducted in two parts in the emergency room, and a follow-up of the admitted patients in the surgical department. RESULTS: The number of trauma cases who attended the emergency department was 713 patients, 248 patients were admitted in different surgical departments, together with the intensive-care unit. Sixty-five percent of the patients were discharged from …
Contraceptive Use In Jordan, Farouk M. Shakhatreh
Contraceptive Use In Jordan, Farouk M. Shakhatreh
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: To compare women in the child bearing age for the years 1983, 1990, 1997 regarding their use of contraceptives and the variations in the source of intrauterine contraceptive devices, as it was recently observed that women are more likely to use intrauterine contraceptive devices. METHODS: Three national surveys carried out in 1983, 1990, 1997 were compared. The samples selected in the 3 surveys were women in the child bearing age. A multistage sampling procedure was used to ensure the representativeness of the samples in the 3 surveys. RESULTS: The use of contraceptives increased from 26% in 1983 to 40% …
Evidence-Based Medicine, Ibrahim Mansoor
Evidence-Based Medicine, Ibrahim Mansoor
Saudi Medical Journal
Evidence-based medicine is one of the recently born explosively growing important issues, whose philosophical origins extend back to mid-19th century and remains a hot topic for clinicians, public health practioners, purchasers, planners, and the public. Evidence-based health care has extended the application of the prinicples of evidence-based medicine to all professions associated with health care, including purchasing and management. So it is important for the up and coming young doctors and clinicians, and even other health care professions, to gain knowledge of critical appraisal and experience in the practice of evidence-based health care. This article gives a brief description of …
Iron Deficiency Anemia. A Study Of Risk Factors, Joharah M. Al-Quaiz
Iron Deficiency Anemia. A Study Of Risk Factors, Joharah M. Al-Quaiz
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk factors for iron deficiency anemia among Saudi women of childbearing age. METHODS: This is a case control study conducted at the primary health care clinics of King Khalid University Hospital in Riyadh over a 6-month period. Inclusion criteria included women of childbearing age and hemoglobin level < 120 g/l. Iron deficiency anemia was defined as having iron deficiency and low hemoglobin level < 120 g/l. Controls had hemoglobin level > 120 g/l and were matched with the cases for socio-demographic characteristics. RESULTS: Eighty-seven patients and 203 controls were enrolled in the study. Low frequency of eating meat, vegetables or drinking juices right with vitamin C increased the risk of having iron deficiency anemia by 2-4 fold (odds ratio = …
Caudal Regression Syndrome And Peno-Scrotal Transposition, Maher M. Al-Zaiem
Caudal Regression Syndrome And Peno-Scrotal Transposition, Maher M. Al-Zaiem
Saudi Medical Journal
Caudal Regression Syndrome is a rare anomaly affecting different systems in the caudal portion of the fetus. Peno-scrotal transposition is a rare condition of variable severity often associated with Caudal Regression Syndrome. We report a case of Caudal Regression Syndrome with perineal ano-rectal duplication, incomplete peno-scrotal transposition, perineal hypospadias, chordee, and thoracic hemivertebrae.
The Role Of Radiological And Gravity Axis Parameters In The Assessment Of The Arch Of The Foot, Ozkan Oguz, M. Gulhal Bozkir
The Role Of Radiological And Gravity Axis Parameters In The Assessment Of The Arch Of The Foot, Ozkan Oguz, M. Gulhal Bozkir
Saudi Medical Journal
No abstract provided.
Problem-Based Learning. Challenges, Barriers And Outcome Issues, Samy A. Azer
Problem-Based Learning. Challenges, Barriers And Outcome Issues, Samy A. Azer
Saudi Medical Journal
Although many recent studies have discussed specific issues related to problem-based learning in medical education, a comprehensive review of the literature on the consequences of its use and the outcomes of curriculum based on problem-based learning have not been accurately looked at. Furthermore, there is no available review that critically evaluates challenges and barriers to the implementation of problem-based learning curriculum in medical schools. The purpose of this part is to highlight the major challenges and barriers reported during curriculum preparation and implementation and to critically evaluate the consequences of problem-based learning introduction and its educational outcomes.
A Comparative Immunohistochemical Study On Amylase Localization In The Rat And Human Exocrine Pancreas, Adib A. Aughsteen
A Comparative Immunohistochemical Study On Amylase Localization In The Rat And Human Exocrine Pancreas, Adib A. Aughsteen
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: To localize amylase enzyme immunohistochemically in the pancreatic acinar cells of rats and humans using polyclonal sheep anti-human amylase antibody, and to compare between the intensities of their amylase-immunostaining. METHODS: Indirect immunofluorescence method was applied on formaldehyde-fixed, and paraffin-embedded pancreatic sections obtained from adult male Wistar rats and autopsied human samples. Primary incubation was performed using sheep anti-amylase antibody followed by secondary incubation with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled rabbit anti-sheep IgG serum. Control tests of amylase immunospecificity were also undertaken either by incubation with primary antibodies previously pre-adsorbed with an excess of human pancreatic amylase, or only with secondary antibodies. RESULTS: …
Pattern Of Gastroesophageal Reflux In Children, Mohammed I. El-Mouzan, Asaad M. Abdullah, Abdullah M. Al-Sanie, Salim I. Al-Khalifah
Pattern Of Gastroesophageal Reflux In Children, Mohammed I. El-Mouzan, Asaad M. Abdullah, Abdullah M. Al-Sanie, Salim I. Al-Khalifah
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a common health problem in children worldwide. There are no published data on this disease in children from Saudi Arabia. The objective of this study is, therefore, to report on the pattern of gastroesophageal reflux disease in Saudi children. METHODS: Retrospective review of all children referred to the Pediatric Gastroenterology Division at King Khaled University Hospital in Riyadh. RESULTS: The diagnosis was confirmed in 85 children, all but 2 were Saudi nationals, and the male to female ratio was 1.6. The median age of onset of symptoms was 10 months, whereas the median age at …
Fever And Granulocytopenia In Children With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Under Induction Therapy, Hadir M. Meir, Ibrahim A. Balawi, Hala M. Meer, Hala Nayel, Mohammad F. Al-Mobarak
Fever And Granulocytopenia In Children With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Under Induction Therapy, Hadir M. Meir, Ibrahim A. Balawi, Hala M. Meer, Hala Nayel, Mohammad F. Al-Mobarak
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: Infection is one of the most serious complications of cancer therapy. The rationale of using broad spectrum antibiotics prophylactically has led to a great change in the causative organisms. The aim of the present study is to review retrospectively the type and sequence of infectious complications among Saudi children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. METHODS: A total of 233 febrile episodes were observed in 137 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia under induction therapy using modified BFM protocol were studied. RESULTS: Profound neutropenia (Absolute Neutrophil count < 100/mm3) was encountered in 72 episodes (31%). Clinical signs and symptoms suggestive of infection were evident in 39% of the neutropenic episodes. The respiratory system was the most frequently affected site encountered in 17% of the episodes. Microbiologically documented infection was recorded in 59% (n=137) of the fever and granulocytopenia episodes. In 96 episodes (41%), there was neither clinical nor microbiological evidence of infection fever of unknown origin. Out of the 932 cultures, positive isolates were detected in 346 cultures (37%). Gram positive cocci were the most frequently organisms (54%) followed by gram negative bacilli (39%). In the current study, 7 patients (3%) died because of direct or indirect consequences of infection. CONCLUSION: The current study stresses the importance of frequent reviewing of the type, frequency, severity and outcome of infection complications over years to detect changing epidemiological patterns.
Evaluation Of Trauma Registry Data In Asir Region, Ali A. Sadik, Mohammed A. Adam
Evaluation Of Trauma Registry Data In Asir Region, Ali A. Sadik, Mohammed A. Adam
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: To analyze and report trauma registry data; to assess the validity, reliability, and feasibility of the trauma registry; and to discuss lessons learned from this event. METHODS: A pre-designed trauma registry data was used for all injured patients admitted to Asir Central hospital after being involved in a major motor vehicle accident. A survey team registered and analyzed the trauma registry data using the statistics software SPSS for windows. RESULTS: Eighty-five patients were admitted to the hospital with different injuries. All victims were males with a mean age of 27 years. Injuries were dominated by musculo-skeletal trauma followed by …
Prevalence Of Hand X-Ray Abnormalities In Female Patients With Osteoarthritis, Memduha G. Bozkir, Ozkan Oguz, Neslihan Boyan
Prevalence Of Hand X-Ray Abnormalities In Female Patients With Osteoarthritis, Memduha G. Bozkir, Ozkan Oguz, Neslihan Boyan
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: This study was to determine the patho-anatomical features of oseoarthritis by means of hand radiographs. METHODS: Individual hand joint radiographs of 38 female patients (33 bilateral, 5 unilateral, aged 50-80 years) were utilized for grade, incidence and localization of osteophytes, joint space narrowing, subchondral sclerosis and erosion. RESULTS: Our findings revealed that the most frequent osteophytes were in the distal interphalangeal of ring (38%), the least frequent ones in the proximal interphalangeal of little (1%). In addition, the joint space narrowing was most frequent found in the distal interphalangeal of little (93%), the least frequently in the metacarpophalangeal of …
Myelolipoma Of The Adrenal Gland Diagnosis And Management, Hisham E. Soliman, Tawfik A. Zein, Moheb F. Milad, El-Sayed A. Hussein, Tareq M. Al-Tartir, Nail N. Al-Khudairy, Mostafa Sidani
Myelolipoma Of The Adrenal Gland Diagnosis And Management, Hisham E. Soliman, Tawfik A. Zein, Moheb F. Milad, El-Sayed A. Hussein, Tareq M. Al-Tartir, Nail N. Al-Khudairy, Mostafa Sidani
Saudi Medical Journal
Myelolipoma of the adrenal gland is a rare benign tumor. It is diagnosed incidentally in most cases because of its non-functioning nature, unless it causes symptoms due to its size. It has specific sonographic and computed tomographic features. A case is presented, magnetic resonance findings are reported for the first time and a review of the literature is conducted.
Repetitive Strain Injury, Sultan T. Al-Otaibi
Repetitive Strain Injury, Sultan T. Al-Otaibi
Saudi Medical Journal
Repetitive strain injury is a group of musculoskeletal disorders affecting muscles, tendons, nerves and blood vessels. These disorders could be attributed to occupational causes; however non-occupational causes should be excluded. The management of these cases required a multidisciplinary team approach.
Osteoarthritis. A Primary Care Approach For Physicians In 2000 And Beyond, Roderick G. Kerr, Rashed H. Al-Kawan
Osteoarthritis. A Primary Care Approach For Physicians In 2000 And Beyond, Roderick G. Kerr, Rashed H. Al-Kawan
Saudi Medical Journal
Osteoarthritis is one of the most common disorders presented to the primary care physician in the over 50 years age group in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The diagnosis is made by history, typical x-ray findings and non-contributory laboratory investigations. The understanding of the pathogenesis of the condition is undergoing change. The development of osteoarthritis is dependent on age, sex, genetic predisposition, and previous trauma to the joint and abnormal mechanical forces caused primarily by obesity. Biochemically, there is an imbalance in the enzymes of cartilage degradation and cartilage regeneration. Management in 2000 focuses on patient education, appropriate exercise, relief …
Glycemic Control Among Diabetic Patients, Ahmad S. Azab
Glycemic Control Among Diabetic Patients, Ahmad S. Azab
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: This study was carried out to assess control of blood glucose among diabetic patients attending Primary Health Care Centers in Riyadh. METHODS: It is a retrospective study where fasting blood glucose reading for all diabetic patients attending 3 randomly selected Primary Health Care Centers in Riyadh was taken during the months of March and April 2000. The patients were divided into 3 categories: those with excellent, those with acceptable and those with poor glycemic control (Fasting blood sugar 4-7, 7-10 and more than 10 mmol/litres). RESULTS: A total of 991 diabetic patients were involved in the study (83% men …
Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Fadwa J. Altaf
Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Fadwa J. Altaf
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: To establish the most common pathological criteria to diagnose hepatocellular carcinoma, and to identify the high-risk patients for further investigation in order to detect hepatocellular carcinoma in its early stages. METHODS: A retrospective study was carried out at King Khalid National Guard Hospital including 60 cases diagnosed as hepatocellular carcinoma cytologically and histopathologically. Further investigations were performed by special staining and immunohistochemical staining on 42 blocks including Periodic acid-schiff, PAS-D, Reticulin, Iron and Alpha Fetoprotein, hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B core antigen and p53 antibodies. RESULTS: It was found that pleomorphism, followed by presence of prominent nucleoli and …
Some Aspects In The Control Of Schistosomosis And Soil-Transmitted Helminthosis In Yemeni Children, Yahia A. Raja’A, Suad M. Sulaiman, Jamil S. Mubarak, Mansour M. El-Bakri, Walid H. Al-Adimi, Mohammed T. El-Nabihi, Mohammed A. El-Dhobri, Jamal A. Raja’A
Some Aspects In The Control Of Schistosomosis And Soil-Transmitted Helminthosis In Yemeni Children, Yahia A. Raja’A, Suad M. Sulaiman, Jamil S. Mubarak, Mansour M. El-Bakri, Walid H. Al-Adimi, Mohammed T. El-Nabihi, Mohammed A. El-Dhobri, Jamal A. Raja’A
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: Prevalence, intensity and incidence of schistosomosis and soil-transmitted helminthosis among school children in an ignored area in Yemen were determined. The study aimed to investigate the impact of single doses of Praziquantel or Albenedazole or both, relating to sanitary, socioeconomic and behavioral practices on the prevalence and intensity of infections. METHODS: Out of a total number of 897 pupils, 453 were randomly selected from AlMahweet town and 444 from rural surrounding areas. Millipore filtration, modified Kato and precipitation techniques were applied for urine and stool analysis. RESULTS: Prevalence rates were 27% for schistosomosis, 61% for ascariosis, 21% for trichuriosis, …
Neurobehavioral Effects Of Carotid Endarterectomy, Hussein M. Rabee, Mustafa K. Saadani, Kaisor M. Iqbal, Mussaad M. Al-Salman
Neurobehavioral Effects Of Carotid Endarterectomy, Hussein M. Rabee, Mustafa K. Saadani, Kaisor M. Iqbal, Mussaad M. Al-Salman
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: Nineteen patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis (>70%) were subjected to carotid endarterectomy in a prospective study to evaluate neurobehavioral changes before and 6 months following the operation. METHODS: All patients were subjected to neurobehavioral rating scale one week before and 6 months after the operation. RESULTS: There were no significant changes in the 27 items of this scale before and 6 months following the operation. Some patients showed no difference at all in some items of this scale before and after operation such as suspiciousness excitement, speech and articulation using Mann-Whitney rank test, P values were (> 0.05) …
Cytogenetics Study In Severely Mentally Retarded Patients, Akeel A. Yasseen, Thekra A. Al-Musawi
Cytogenetics Study In Severely Mentally Retarded Patients, Akeel A. Yasseen, Thekra A. Al-Musawi
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: To study the frequency of chromosomal abnormalities in severely mentally retarded Iraqi patients. Secondly, to determine the types of chromosomal abnormalities that play a major role in the causation of mental retardation and to compare our results with those reported elsewhere. METHODS: Twenty one patients with severe mental retardation were subject to chromosomal analysis. The lymphocyte culture was carried out according to standard methods. RESULTS: Fourteen of the subjected mentally retarded patients had chromosomal abnormalities, 13 autosomal abnormalities, and only one had sex chromosomal abnormalities. However, structural autosomes were found to be the most prominent abnormalities and only 2 …
Fraser Syndrome With Bladder Pseudoexstrophy, Jehad A. Daia
Fraser Syndrome With Bladder Pseudoexstrophy, Jehad A. Daia
Saudi Medical Journal
We report a one year old girl with Fraser Syndrome (the association of craniofacial abnormalities, syndactaly and cryptophlamos) and multiple urogenital abnormalities including clitorimegaly, left renal agenesis and a unique urinary bladder exstrophy variant (psuedoexstrophy) with intact bladder which herniates through the lower abdominal wall defect.
Problem-Based Learning. A Critical Review Of Its Educational Objectives And The Rationale For Its Use, Samy A. Azer
Problem-Based Learning. A Critical Review Of Its Educational Objectives And The Rationale For Its Use, Samy A. Azer
Saudi Medical Journal
Over the past 30 years there has been an increasing interest in curriculum innovation in medical schools in North America, the United Kingdom, Netherlands, and Australia. Since the introduction of problem-based learning at McMaster University in Canada in 1969, several medical schools throughout the world have adopted problem-based learning as the educational and philosophical basis of their curricula. Several studies have shown that problem-based learning is an important educational strategy for integrating the curriculum, motivating the students and helping them to identify their learning issues and set their own learning goals. However, there is a great deal of concern regarding …
Current Evaluation And Management Of Renal And Ureteral Stones, Matthew T. Gettman, Joseph W. Segura
Current Evaluation And Management Of Renal And Ureteral Stones, Matthew T. Gettman, Joseph W. Segura
Saudi Medical Journal
A systematic clinical approach is required for the diagnosis and management of renal and ureteral stones. The presenting symptoms, past medical history, medications, and physical examination all provide clues to the diagnosis of urinary stones. In the acute setting, noncontrast helical computerized tomography has emerged as the first line imaging test for renal colic. More traditional imaging tests are also important in the management of stone disease. After making the diagnosis of a urinary stone, the urologist should discuss the advantages and disadvantages of all treatment options with the patient. For most stone patients today, many equally effective treatment approaches …
Obstetrical Outcomes Amongst Preterm Singleton Births, Saed M. Ziadeh
Obstetrical Outcomes Amongst Preterm Singleton Births, Saed M. Ziadeh
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to review the outcome of preterm singleton neonatal morality based on birthweight and gestational age at delivery. METHODS: A retrospective review of hospital case notes of maternity data and neonatal mortality data was carried out on all singleton preterm deliveries from 26 to <37 completed weeks between 1996 and 1999 to investigate neonatal death. RESULTS: There were 20,758 live-born singleton deliveries over the study period, of which 638 were preterm (3%). The overall neonatal mortality in the preterm group was 42/1000. The neonatal mortality rate fell with advancing gestational age from 174/1000 live births at 28 weeks to 37/1000 live births at <37 completed weeks of gestation. The neonatal mortality rate also fell with increasing birth-weight from 285/1000 live births of 1000g to 14/1000 live births at 2500g. There was a significant increase in the proportion of babies delivered spontaneously. CONCLUSION: This study has demonstrated neonatal mortality using gestational age and birth weight. The results will be of use in obstetric management when elective preterm delivery is considered, and for providing prognostic guidance following preterm delivery.
Relationship Between Breast-Feeding Duration And Acute Respiratory Infections In Infants, Ismail Abdulmoneim, Saleh A. Al-Ghamdi
Relationship Between Breast-Feeding Duration And Acute Respiratory Infections In Infants, Ismail Abdulmoneim, Saleh A. Al-Ghamdi
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship of breast-feeding duration on the frequency of respiratory tract infections in infants during the first 2 years of life. METHODS: A retrospective study where the files of infants randomly selected from Shamasan Primary Health Care Center were analyzed for different related factors and frequencies of respiratory infections. RESULTS: The mean duration of lactation was shorter than in previous national reports (5.1±3.4months). The frequencies of respiratory infections were high in the first 2 years reaching an average of 9.2±4.1 attacks per infant. The lower respiratory tract suffered more frequent attacks than the upper averaging a rate …
Cold Cellulitis: An Unusual Presentation Of Leprosy, Hamdi H. Shelleh, Abdul M. Al-Shayeb, Sarosh A. Khan, Latif A. Khan, Hussni S. Al-Hateeti
Cold Cellulitis: An Unusual Presentation Of Leprosy, Hamdi H. Shelleh, Abdul M. Al-Shayeb, Sarosh A. Khan, Latif A. Khan, Hussni S. Al-Hateeti
Saudi Medical Journal
No abstract provided.
Medical Students Viva: Random Versus Structured Format, Shabih Manzar
Medical Students Viva: Random Versus Structured Format, Shabih Manzar
Saudi Medical Journal
No abstract provided.
Physician-Nurse Communication. Perceptions Of Physicians In Riyadh, Abdullah H. Al-Doghaither, Badreldin A. Mohamed, Abdalla E. Abdalla, Mohi E. Magzoub, Mohamed H. Al-Doghaither
Physician-Nurse Communication. Perceptions Of Physicians In Riyadh, Abdullah H. Al-Doghaither, Badreldin A. Mohamed, Abdalla E. Abdalla, Mohi E. Magzoub, Mohamed H. Al-Doghaither
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: The need for communication between nurse and physician in clinical practice is undisputed. The objectives of this study were to describe doctors’ perceptions of their communication with nurses, as related to the openness of the communication and the accuracy of the information communicated and to examine if specific sociodemographic characteristics concerning physicians were associated with perception of communication. METHODS: The sample consisted of 200 physicians selected randomly from 6 randomly selected hospitals representing both general and private. A modified Shortell9s Intensive Care Unit physician-nurse communication subscale was used to measure the physician9s perceptions of the degree to which openness …