Digital Commons Network^™

Mapping The Research Trends On Social Media In The Hospitality Sector From 2010 To 2020, Eunjung Kim, Alexander Rolfe Best, Kijung Choi

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Purpose: This study undertakes a systematic review of the literature to gain insight into existing studies on hospitality in social media and provide an update on current trends and themes in scholarship. Design: This study employs the systematic literature review to identify, evaluate, and synthesize the existing literature. Methodology: A total of 165 papers published between 2010–2020 were examined using content analysis and Leximancer. Approach: This review uses a hybrid review structure that incorporates structured reviews and narrative elements supported by Leximancer analysis. Findings: The review highlights the theories and methods used, research fields and perspectives, and key research topics …

A National Survey Of Ability Grouping Practices In Secondary School Physical Education In England, Shaun D. Wilkinson, Dawn Penney

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

This research sought to generate large-scale yet sophisticated data relating to ability grouping practices in physical education (PE) in secondary schools in England, with the intent of extending knowledge of the various ability grouping practices being adopted within and across schools. The prevalence of particular ability grouping practices, processes associated with their application, and factors influencing their use and non-use were explored. Data were collected via a web-based survey of all (3197 at the time of study) mainstream state-funded secondary schools in England. A total of 903 responses were received, giving a response rate of 28.2%. The findings reveal that …

A Review Of Multi-Factor Authentication In The Internet Of Healthcare Things, Tance Suleski, Mohiuddin Ahmed, Wencheng Yang, Eugene Wang

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Objective: This review paper aims to evaluate existing solutions in healthcare authentication and provides an insight into the technologies incorporated in Internet of Healthcare Things (IoHT) and multi-factor authentication (MFA) applications for next-generation authentication practices. Our review has two objectives: (a) Review MFA based on the challenges, impact and solutions discussed in the literature; and (b) define the security requirements of the IoHT as an approach to adapting MFA solutions in a healthcare context. Methods: To review the existing literature, we indexed articles from the IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, ScienceDirect, and SpringerLink databases. The search was refined to combinations …

Microscale Pollen Release And Dispersal Patterns In Flowering Grass Populations, Carl A. Frisk, Godfrey P. Apangu, Geoffrey M. Petch, Simon Creer, Mary Hanson, Beverley Adams-Groom, Carsten A. Skjøth

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Characterizing pollen release and dispersion processes is fundamental for knowledge advancement in ecological, agricultural and public health disciplines. Understanding pollen dispersion from grass communities is especially relevant due to their high species-specific allergenicity and heterogeneously distributed source areas. Here, we aimed to address questions concerning fine level heterogeneity in grass pollen release and dispersion processes, with a focus on characterizing the taxonomic composition of airborne grass pollen over the grass flowering season using eDNA and molecular ecology methods. High resolution grass pollen concentrations were compared between three microscale sites ( < 300 m apart) in a rural area in Worcestershire, UK. The grass pollen was modelled with local meteorology in a MANOVA (Multivariate ANOVA) approach to investigate factors relevant to pollen release and dispersion. Simultaneously, airborne pollen was sequenced using Illumina MySeq for metabarcoding, analysed against a reference database with all UK grasses using the R packages DADA2 and phyloseq to calculate Shannon's Diversity Index ( -diversity). The flowering phenology of a local Festuca rubra population was observed. We found that grass pollen concentrations varied on a microscale level, likely attributed to local topography and the dispersion distance of pollen from flowering grasses in local source areas. Six genera (Agrostis, Alopecurus, Arrhenatherum, Holcus, Lolium and Poa) dominated the pollen season, comprising on average 77 % of the relative abundance of grass species reads. Temperature, solar radiation, relative humidity, turbulence and wind speeds were found to be relevant for grass pollen release and dispersion processes. An isolated flowering Festuca rubra population contributed almost 40 % of the relative pollen abundance adjacent to the nearby sampler, but only contributed 1 % to samplers situated 300 m away. This suggests that most emitted grass pollen has limited dispersion distance and our results show substantial variation in airborne grass species composition over short geographical scales.

“I Tell My Brothers That It Can Be Done”: Indigenous Males Navigating Elite Australian Higher Education, Garth Stahl, James A. Smith, Andrew Harvey, Braden Hill, Himanshu Gupta, Sam Moore, Jianing Wang

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

As Australian higher education grapples with its colonial history, there has been significant attention to recruiting Indigenous students. However, while we have seen increases in Indigenous participation, males lag significantly behind. Very few Indigenous males enter university and even fewer enter the upper echelons of the stratified higher education sector. In this paper, we investigate the experiences of four Indigenous young men who attended an elite Australian higher education institution. Central to our analysis is how their identities are realised in relation to their sense of Indigeneity and Western ways of knowing, being and doing. In capturing the complex identity …

Physiology Of Stretch-Mediated Hypertrophy And Strength Increases: A Narrative Review, Konstantin Warneke, Lars H. Lohmann, Camila D. Lima, Karsten Hollander, Andreas Konrad, Astrid Zech, Masatoshi Nakamura, Klaus Wirth, Michael Keiner, David G. Behm

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Increasing muscle strength and cross-sectional area is of crucial importance to improve or maintain physical function in musculoskeletal rehabilitation and sports performance. Decreases in muscular performance are experienced in phases of reduced physical activity or immobilization. These decrements highlight the need for alternative, easily accessible training regimens for a sedentary population to improve rehabilitation and injury prevention routines. Commonly, muscle hypertrophy and strength increases are associated with resistance training, typically performed in a training facility. Mechanical tension, which is usually induced with resistance machines and devices, is known to be an important factor that stimulates the underlying signaling pathways to …

Closing Pit Lakes As Aquatic Ecosystems: Risk, Reality, And Future Uses, Mark A. Lund, Melanie L. Blanchette

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Mine pit lakes are formed when open-cut pits flood with water, and these lakes occur by the thousands on every inhabited continent. The remediation and closure of pit lakes is a pressing issue for sustainable development and provision of freshwater ecosystem services. While pit lakes can be spectacular examples of recreation and renewal, pit lakes may be better known for their poor water qualities and risks to communities and the environment. Often the public wants to simply “fill the pits in” to restore a terrestrial landscape, but this is not always possible. Therefore, planning for remediation and future uses is …

Leveraging Machine Learning To Analyze Sentiment From Covid-19 Tweets: A Global Perspective, Md Mahbubar Rahman, Nafiz Imtiaz Khan, Iqbal H. Sarker, Mohiuddin Ahmed, Muhammad Nazrul Islam

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Since the advent of the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, analyzing public sentiment has become one of the major concerns for policy and decision-makers. While the priority is to curb the spread of the virus, mass population (user) sentiment analysis is equally important. Though sentiment analysis using different state-of-the-art technologies has been focused on during the COVID-19 pandemic, the reasons behind the variations in public sentiment are yet to be explored. Moreover, how user sentiment varies due to the COVID-19 pandemic from a cross-country perspective has been less focused on. Therefore, the objectives of this study are: to identify the most effective …

The Importance Of Trust And Authenticity Among Stakeholders Involved In Higher Education Data Infrastructure Redevelopments: An Australian Critical Discourse Study, Elizabeth Cook

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Governments require higher education providers (HEPs) to be transparent in their use of public funds and have developed specialised higher education (HE) data infrastructure to enable the data transfer from HEPs to government departments. In 2018, Australia’s Department of Education, Skills and Employment launched Transforming the Collection of Student Information (TCSI) to enhance HE data infrastructure for student data transfer. This critical discourse study explores the discourses, discursive strategies and perspectives surrounding TCSI. Findings included HEP issues and concerns that the interviewees believed were inadequately addressed or ignored despite the Department’s claims of extensive engagement with HEPs to achieve mutually …

Relationship Between Dietary Intake And Erythrocyte Pufa In Adolescents From A Western Australian Cohort, Fuzhen Wan, Feng Pan, Trevor A. Mori, Therese A. O’Sullivan, Lawrence J. Beilin, Wendy H. Oddy

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Background:

Population-based studies show that the intake of omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are associated with a range of health conditions. Therefore, the reliability of food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) as rapid and easily accessible screening tools for PUFA intake deserve investigation.

Objective:

We aimed to assess the relationship between erythrocyte fatty acids and fatty acid intake collected using the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) food frequency questionnaire in an adolescent cohort.

Design:

A cross-sectional study using data from 1155 young adolescents participating in the 14-year follow-up of the Raine Study. Bland–Altman plots were used …

Relational Employability Teaching-Learning Framework, Elizabeth J. Cook

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

This framework was designed, developed and implemented during Elizabeth’s doctoral research, specifically in 2022-2023. Elizabeth’s conceptualisation of relational employability, as depicted by this framework, is holistic and shows three equally important relational elements of employability and careers, which may transcend time and space: (1) foundational career development and identities (self); (2) humanistic interactions and contributions throughout careers (other humans); and (3) more-than-human interactions and contributions throughout careers (beyond humans). The framework builds on the work of Nataša Lacković (2019) and was constructed to enable academics to deeply and meaningfully integrate careers and employability thinking-imagining within curricula and assessment. The framework …

Tourists' Perceptions Of And Reactions To Child Sex Tourism: An Exploratory Qualitative Investigation, Joshua Aston, Jun Wen, Shaohua Yang

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Purpose: Using a qualitative approach, this cross-disciplinary study integrating modern slavery, tourism and marketing expertise outlines Chinese outbound tourists' perceptions of and reactions to issues related to child sex tourism.

Design/methodology/approach: In total, 27 in-depth interviews were conducted, and data were analysed. Manual coding was chosen as an efficient method to process qualitative interview data given the relatively small sample size in this study.

Findings: Three main themes emerged from analysis: (1) tourists' negative perceptions of child sex tourism; (2) tourist boycotts against child sex tourism destinations and activities as reactions to this socially deviant and illegal phenomenon and (3) …

Integrative Review: Factors Impacting Effective Delegation Practices By Registered Nurses To Assistants In Nursing, Carol Crevacore, Elisabeth R. Jacob, Linda L. Coventry, Christine Duffield

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Aim

To identify the evidence on factors that impact delegation practices by Registered Nurses to Assistants in Nursing in acute care hospitals.

Design

An integrative review.

Data Sources

Database searches were conducted between July 2011 and July 2021.

Review Methods

We used the 12-step approach by Kable and colleagues to document the search strategy. The (Whittemore & Knafl. 2005. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 52(5), 546–553) integrative review framework method was adopted and the methodological quality of the studies was assessed using Joanna Briggs critical appraisal instruments.

Results

Nine studies were included. Delegation between the Registered Nurse and the …

Nursing Students Doing Gender: Implications For Higher Education And The Nursing Profession, Lesley J. Andrew, Ken Robinson, Julie Dare, Leesa N. Costello

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

The average age of women nursing students in Australia is rising. With this comes the likelihood that more now begin university with family responsibilities, and with their lives structured by the roles of mother and partner. Women with more traditionally gendered ideas of these roles, such as nurturing others and self-sacrifice, are known to be attracted to nursing as a profession; once at university, however, these students can be vulnerable to gender role stress from the competing demands of study. A qualitative research design, guided by Gadamer's hermeneutic philosophy, explored the gendered behaviours and experiences of 22 women nursing students, …

Reporting And Mapping Research Evidence On Perceptions Of Clinical Hypnosis Among The General Population And Patients Receiving Health Care Including Cancer Care: A Scoping Review, Malwina Szmaglinska, Deborah Kirk, Lesley Andrew

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Despite empirical evidence supporting clinical hypnosis for numerous conditions, its utilization in healthcare is limited due to skepticism and misconceptions. This review identifies and maps research on clinical hypnosis perceptions among the general population, healthcare patients, and more specifically patients with cancer. A systematic search following JBI PRISMA ScR guidelines was conducted in EBSCOhost, ProQuest, PubMed, and PMC, resulting in 18 peer-reviewed, English language articles (2000–2023). Most studies employed quantitative methods, which were complemented by some qualitative and one mixed-methods approach. The results found attitudes toward hypnotherapy, especially when administered by licensed professionals, are consistently positive; however, awareness of hypnosis …

Serious Games For Health Promotion In Adolescents – A Systematic Scoping Review, Lesley Andrew, Donna Barwood, Julie Boston, Martin Masek, Lauren Bloomfield, Amanda Devine

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Digital gaming has broad appeal globally, with a reported 2.7 billion gamers worldwide. There is significant interest in using games to enhance learning, with ‘serious games’ being included in classrooms to engage adolescents’ learning across a range of domains. A systematic scoping review of serious games used for health promotion with adolescents was conducted to identify serious games, review the methods used to evaluate these games, and outline evidence available to support the efficacy of these games in improving knowledge, beliefs/attitudes and behaviours in the target groups. Player engagement/enjoyment was reported if assessed. A total of 21 studies were found …

Chatgpt In Higher Education: Considerations For Academic Integrity And Student Learning, Miriam Sullivan, Andrew Kelly, Paul Mclaughlan

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

The release of ChatGPT has sparked significant academic integrity concerns in higher education. However, some commentators have pointed out that generative artificial intelligence (AI) tools such as ChatGPT can enhance student learning, and consequently, academics should adapt their teaching and assessment practices to embrace the new reality of living, working, and studying in a world where AI is freely available. Despite this important debate, there has been very little academic literature published on ChatGPT and other generative AI tools. This article uses content analysis to examine news articles (N=100) about how ChatGPT is disrupting higher education, concentrating specifically on Australia, …

Habitual Dietary Nitrate Intake And Cognition In The Australian Imaging, Biomarkers And Lifestyle Study Of Ageing: A Prospective Cohort Study, Anjana Rajendra, Nicola P. Bondonno, Kevin Murray, Liezhou Zhong, Stephanie Rainey-Smith, Samantha Gardener, Lauren Blekkenhorst, David Ames, Paul Maruff, Ralph Martins, Jonathan M. Hodgson, Catherine P. Bondonno, Australian Imaging, Biomarkers And Lifestyle Group

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Background & aims

Dietary nitrate improves cardiovascular health via a nitric oxide (NO) pathway. NO is key to both cardiovascular and brain health. There is also a strong association between vascular risk factors and brain health. Dietary nitrate intake could therefore be associated with better cognitive function and reduced risk of cognitive decline. This is yet to be investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between habitual intake of dietary nitrate from sources where nitrate is naturally present, and cognitive function, and cognitive decline, in the presence or absence of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) …

Spore-Forming Clostridium (Clostridioides) Difficile In Wastewater Treatment Plants In Western Australia, Jessica M. Chisholm, Papanin Putsathit, Thomas V. Riley, Su-Chen Lim

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

There is growing evidence that shows Clostridium (Clostridioides) difficile is a pathogen of One Health importance with a complex dissemination pathway involving animals, humans, and the environment. Thus, environmental discharge and agricultural recycling of human and animal waste have been suspected as factors behind the dissemination of Clostridium difficile in the community. Here, the presence of C. difficile in 12 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Western Australia was investigated. Overall, C. difficile was found in 90.5 % (114/126) of raw sewage influent, 48.1 % (50/104) of treated effluent, 40 % (2/5) of reclaimed irrigation water, 100 % (38/38) of untreated …

Anticipating Environmental Losses: Effects On Place Attachment And Intentions To Move, Zoe Leviston, Justine Dandy, Pierre Horwitz, Deirdre Drake

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Environmental change is often accompanied by non-tangible, non-economic losses, including loss of valued attributes, connection to place, and social cohesion through migration in the face of such changes. Over two studies we sought to test whether imagining the loss of valued environmental characteristics influences intentions to migrate elsewhere and/or engage in place-protective actions, and whether this can be accounted for by changes to place attachment, using the city of Perth, Western Australia as a case study. In Study 1 (N = 148) we found imagined environmental loss significantly increased intentions to move away, and significantly decreased place attachment. There was …

Autonomy Versus Support: Self-Reliance And Help-Seeking For Mental Health Problems In Young People, Amelia Ishikawa, Debra Rickwood, Emily Bariola, Navjot Bhullar

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Purpose:

Many young people with mental ill-health do not seek support, and developmental growth in self-reliance may be a barrier to help-seeking. Increasing autonomy is a positive developmental task for youth and a key aspect of resilience. This study examined the influence of perceived social support and resilience on the previously unexamined relationship between self-reliance and intentions to seek help from informal, professional, and self-help sources for mental health problems.

Methods:

An online survey was completed by a representative Australian community sample of 5,203 young people aged 12–25 years (half female), in May–June 2020.

Results:

Path analysis showed the hypothesised …

Solidarity Tourism: A Pathway To Revitalising The Health Of Vulnerable War-Affected Populations?, Jun Wen, Fangli Hu, Danni Zheng, Ian Phau, Metin Kozak, Haifeng Hou, Wei Wang

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

The struggles of war are felt by all who occupy an affected region (and beyond), irrespective of whether they are in active combat. This experience has physical effects (e.g. injury, illness, malnutrition, disability, sexual violence, and/or death) and emotional impacts (e.g. posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety) [1-3]. The terror associated with war disrupts lives and relationships, leaving individuals, families, and communities distressed. Due to such immediate and long-term adverse outcomes, war represents a highly destructive and enduring public health emergency [4]. . . .

The Compressive Strength And Microstructure Of Alkali-Activated Mortars Utilizing By-Product-Based Binary-Blended Precursors, Otman M. M. Elbasir, Megat A. M. Johari, Zainal A. Ahmad, Nuha S. Mashaan, Abdalrhman Milad

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Researchers have investigated the feasibility of using ultrafine palm oil fuel ash (u-POFA) as a cement replacement material because of its potential to reduce the environmental impact of concrete production. u-POFA, a by-product of palm oil fuel combustion, is a suitable replacement for Portland cement in concrete mixes because of its sustainability and cost-effectiveness. This study investigated the microstructural and compressive strengths of alkali-activated mortars (AAMs) based on fly ash (FA) and granulated blast-furnace slag (GBFS) being added with varying percentages of u-POFA. The mixture samples were prepared in eighteen mortars using sodium metasilicate (Na2SiO3) as the source material and …

Hydrogen-Wettability Alteration Of Indiana Limestone In The Presence Of Organic Acids And Nanofluid, Mirhasan Hosseini, Rossen Sedev, Mujahid Ali, Muhammad Ali, Jalal Fahimpour, Alireza Keshavarz, Sefan Iglauer

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

This study focuses on the wettability alteration (changing from a hydrophobic state to a hydrophilic state) of Indiana limestone for hydrogen (H₂) geological storage. We examine the effect of hexanoic acid C₆, lauric acid C₁₂, and stearic acid C₁₈, on the wettability of Indiana limestone at ambient (298 K and 0.1 MPa) and reservoir (323 K and 8.27 MPa) conditions. The effects of silica nanofluids (silica with deionized water) at various concentrations (0.1 wt%, 0.25 wt%, and 0.5 wt%) on the wettability reversal of stearic-aged samples were tested at ambient and reservoir …

North-Central Nigerian Women’S Experiences Of Obstetric Fistula Risk Factors And Their Perceived Treatment Services: An Interpretive Description, Lydia Babatunde Bulndi, Sara J. Bayes, Esther A. Adama, Deborah M. Ireson

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Background

An obstetric fistula also known as vesico vaginal fistula (VVF), or recto-vaginal fistula (RVF) is an abnormal opening between the urogenital tract and intestinal tract caused by prolonged obstructed labour; when the head of the baby presses on the soft tissues in the pelvis leading to loss of blood flow to the women’s bladder, vagina, and rectum. This can cause necrosis of the soft tissues resulting in debilitating fistula formations.

Aim

This study aimed to uncover North-central Nigerian women’s experiences of obstetric fistula and their perceived treatment services.

Design

Qualitative, interpretive descriptive methodology underpinned by symbolic interactionism involving face-to-face …

Corrosion Behavior And Mechanism Of Laser Powder Bed Fusion Produced Cocrw In An Acidic Nacl Solution, P. Qin, L. Y. Chen, Y. J. Liu, C. H. Zhao, Hongqi Sun, Laichang Zhang

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

The corrosion behavior and mechanism of the laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) produced CoCrW were investigated in 0.9 wt% NaCl solution with a pH of 2. The corrosion resistance of the alloy increases after 28 days of immersion because of the formed oxide film, which results in the increased corrosion potential and the decreased passivation current density on the potentiodynamic polarization test. The corrosion mechanism of the L-PBF-produced CoCrW could be explained by the melt pool formed from the laser melting process, that the melt pools were “shrinking” by the formation and dissolution of the oxide film.

Facial Dermatosis Papulosa Nigra, A Risk For The Development Of Pterygium And Myopia: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study In Ghana, Du Bois Asante, Korantema M. Tsegah, Ebenezer Afrifa-Yamoah, Samuel Kyei, Dunyah J. Dzidzor, Reindolf Anokye

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Background: Dermatosis papulosa nigra (DPN) affects sun-exposed areas such as the face, neck, and trunk. The prevalence of pterygium and myopia in DPN patients in Ghana has not been studied. In this study, we examined the risk and protective factors for pterygium and myopia in DPN patients. Materials and Methods: The study involved 100 participants with facial DPN. A standard ophthalmic exam was performed using a portable slit lamp and a 3.5 X magnified loop. Participants completed a closed-ended questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to summarize the level of association between DPN, myopia, and pterygium, as well as demographic factors …

Ability Of The Australian General Public To Identify Common Emergency Medical Situations: Results Of An Online Survey Of A Nationally Representative Sample, Brennen W. Mills, Michella G. Hill, Alecka K. Miles, Erin C. Smith, Eben Afrifa-Yamoah, David N. Reid, Shane L. Rogers, Moira G. B. Sim

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Objective: To investigate the Australian general public's ability to identify common medical emergencies as requiring an emergency response. Methods: An online survey asked participants to identify likely medical treatment pathways they would take for 17 hypothetical medical scenarios (eight emergency and nine non-emergency). The number and type of emergency scenarios participants correctly suggested warranted an emergency medical response was examined. Participants included Australian residents (aged > 18 years; n = 5264) who had never worked as an Australian registered medical doctor, nurse or paramedic. Results: Most emergencies were predominately correctly classified as requiring emergency responses (e.g. Severe chest pain, 95 % …

Effect Of Perceived Job Risk On Organizational Conflict In Tourism Organizations: Examining The Roles Of Employee Responsible Behavior And Employee Silence, Jun Yu, Chaowu Xie, Songshan (Sam) Huang

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Job risk and organizational conflict create pervasive dilemmas within the tourism industry that significantly concern managers and practitioners. However, little research has informed the relationship between job risk and organizational conflict. Based on conservation of resources theory, this study adopted a multi-study design and examined the effect of perceived job risk on organizational conflict in the tourism industry in both tourist hotels (Study 1, n = 495) and tourist attractions (Study 2, n = 401). In addition, the roles of employee responsible behavior and employee silence in moderating the effect of job risk on organizational conflict were examined. Study 1 …

A Progress Insight Of The Formation Of Hydrogen Rich Syngas From Coal Gasification, Tawanda Matamba, Stefan Iglauer, Alireza Keshavarz

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

This review paper aims to explore the research progress in the formation of hydrogen rich gas from different innovative coal gasification parameters. Promotion effects of parameters such as pressure, temperature, catalyst, coal type, reactor setup, and gasification agents (H2O, O2, supercritical water) were extensively analysed. The formation of hydrogen gas through coal gasification was sub-divided into H2 production from fixed bed gasification system, fluidized bed system, and entrained flow system. The advantages of coal and biomass co-gasification towards clean energy formation was also reviewed. Co-gasification and elevated temperatures, pressures, and steam-carbon ratios were reported to positively influence the yields of …