Digital Commons Network^™

Controlling Toxic Harms: The Struggle Over Dioxin Contamination In The Pulp And Paper Industry, William Boyd

Publications

This essay addresses the challenges of controlling toxic harms through an intensive case study of efforts to regulate and remedy dioxin contamination in the U.S. pulp and paper industry. By focusing on the struggle to control a specific toxic harm in a specific industrial sector, the essay explores the politicized nature of toxic harms in the United States and, in the process, highlights the considerable shortcomings of existing legal frameworks and institutions for dealing with problems of such scope and complexity. In doing so, the essay raises a host of normative issues regarding current institutional arrangements and the appropriate strategy …

Fair Is Fair, Or Is It? Library Services To Distance Learners, Anne Marie Casey, Sheri Sochrin, Stephanie Fazenbaker Race

Publications

Librarians from the Florida Distance Learning Reference and Referral Center, a statewide reference service, Central Michigan University, a public university, and Springfield College, a private college, discuss the issues surrounding the provision of library services to distance learners. The panel shares the challenges and success of serving a distant clientele within their different institutional settings.

Increasing Document Delivery To Off-Campus Students Through An Interdepartmental Partnership, Anne Marie Casey, Pamela A. Grudzien

Publications

At Central Michigan University, two separate departments in the Libraries have historically handled library services to distance learning and on-campus students. In 1999, Off-Campus Library Services and Interlibrary Loan (ILL) partnered to provide additional services to off-campus students through the on-campus ILL department. In this paper, the authors discuss the procedures, budget, successes and challenges of this interdepartmental cooperation.

Library Services For Off-Campus Business Professionals, Anne Marie Casey

Publications

Central Michigan University has been offering degree programs to business professionals off-campus since 1971 through the College of Extended Learning. In 1976, Off-Campus Library Services was formed to provide library services exclusively for students enrolled in off-campus courses. This article describes the off-campus administration degree programs and the reference, instruction, and document delivery services that Off-Campus Library Services provides to these students.

Collection Development For Distance Learning, Anne Marie Casey

Publications

The ACRL Guidelines for Distance Learning Library Services (ACRL 2000) define distance learning library services as, “… those … in support of college, university, or other post-secondary courses and programs offered away from a main campus, or in the absence of a traditional campus, and regardless of where credit is given. These courses may be taught in traditional or non-traditional formats or media, may or may not require physical facilities, and may or may not involve live interaction of teachers and students. The phrase is inclusive of courses in all post-secondary programs designated as extension, extended, off-campus, extended campus, distance, …

Wiyn Open Cluster Study Xi: Wiyn1 3.5m Deep Photometry Of M35 (Ngc 2168), Ted Von Hippel, Aaron Steinhauer, Ata Sarajedini, Constantine P. Deliyannis

Publications

We present deep BV I observations of the core of M35 and a nearby comparison field obtained at the WIYN 3.5m telescope under excellent seeing conditions. These observations probe to V > 26, and display the lower main sequence in BV and V I CMDs down to V = 23.3 and 24.6, respectively. At these faint magnitudes the background Galactic field stars are far more numerous than the cluster stars, yet by using a smoothing technique and CMD density distribution subtraction we are able to recover the cluster fiducial main sequence and luminosity function to V = 24.6. We find the …

Do Jury Trials Encourage Harsh Punishment In The United States?, William T. Pizzi

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No abstract provided.

Law And Information Platforms, Philip J. Weiser

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No abstract provided.

Cartography Of Governance: An Introduction, Lakshman D. Guruswamy

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No abstract provided.

International Environmental Law And Emotional Rational Choice, Peter H. Huang

Publications

This paper considers how emotions can foster compliance by rational actors with international environmental law. Many environmental issues are highly emotionally charged. Both supporters of and opponents to international environmental law often feel very strongly about their positions and views. A psychological game-theoretic model focuses on the disciplinary role that losing face may play in compliance with international environmental law. This model implies that non-compliance, especially by high-profile international actors, should be highly and swiftly publicized upon detection and verification. The model also explains why actors care so much about soft, that is, non-binding international environmental law, such as international …

Beyond Interpretation, Pierre Schlag

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No abstract provided.

Western Water: The Ethical And Spiritual Questions, Charles Wilkinson

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No abstract provided.

Stakeholder Protection In Germany And Japan, Mark J. Loewenstein

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This Essay considers the stakeholder debate in the context of the German and Japanese legal systems. Although, nominally, corporations in those countries must operate in the interests of shareholders, in fact nonshareholder constituencies have considerable influence on corporate decision makers. Of equal importance, weak securities markets and ineffective or nonexistent legal protections for shareholders are also important factors in strengthening the position of nonshareholder constituencies and freeing directors to consider their interests. Thus, the stakeholder debate is more of an issue in the United States and Britain, where more shareholder-centic models flourish.

Team Learning: A Pilot Study, Brooke A. Whitworth, Robert Evans, Terry Howerton

Publications

Teachers must put effort, creativity, and ingenuity into the science classroom and curriculum in order to ensure the material will remain fresh and interesting for the students and for themselves. In one case an organic chemistry teacher used a “Team Learning” method in order to keep the material stimulating for his students and to overcome some of the difficulties teachers face (Dinan & Frydrychowski, 1995). This experiment in new curriculum involved using teams over the course of a semester to teach the required material.

Dinan and Frydrychowski (1995) found that this method seemed to increase the effectiveness of learning and …

One-Gas Models With Height-Dependent Mean Molecular Weight: Effects On Gravity Wave Propagation, R. L. Walterscheid, Michael P. Hickey Ph.D.

Publications

Many models of the thermosphere employ the one-gas approximation where the governing equations apply only to the total gas and the physical properties of the gas that depend on composition (mean molecular weight and specific heats) are height-dependent. It is further assumed that the physical properties of the gas are locally constant; thus motion-induced perturbations are nil. However, motion in a diffusively separated atmosphere perturbs local values of mean molecular weight and specific heats. These motion-induced changes are opposed by mutual diffusion of the constituent gases, which attempts to restore diffusive equilibrium. Assuming that composition is locally constant is equivalent …

Reflection Of A Long-Period Gravity Wave Observed In The Nightglow Over Arecibo On May 8–9, 1989?, Michael P. Hickey Ph.D.

Publications

During the Arecibo Initiative for Dynamics of the Atmosphere (AIDA) campaign in 1989 a characteristic of gravity wave perturbations observed in mesopause region airglow emissions was that airglow brightness fluctuations and airglow-derived temperature fluctuations often occurred either in phase or in antiphase. This stimulated the development of a theory suggesting that such in-phase fluctuations were most probably the result of strong reflections occurring in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region. Recent examination of a particular wave event and application of simple WKB-type theory has appeared to support this hypothesis. Here we use a full-wave model and a WKB-type model, each …

Condensation Of Carbon In Radioactive Supernova Gas, Donald D. Clayton, Ethan A-N. Deneault, Bradley S. Meyer

Publications

The chemistry of carbon molecules leading to the formation of large carbon-bearing molecules and dust in the interior of an expanding supernova is explored and the equations governing their abundances are solved. A steady state between production and destruction is set up early and evolves adiabatically as the supernova evolves. Simple solutions for that steady state limit yield the abundance of each linear carbon molecule and its dependence on the C/O atomic ratio in the gas. Carbon dust condenses from initially gaseous C and O atoms because Compton electrons produced by the radioactivity cause dissociation of the CO molecules, which …

Three-Dimensional Spectral Classification Of Low-Metallicity Stars Using Artificial Neural Networks, Shawn Snider, Ted Von Hippel, Et Al.

Publications

We explore the application of artificial neural networks (ANNs) for the estimation of atmospheric parameters (T_eff, log g, and [Fe/H]) for Galactic F- and G-type stars. The ANNs are fed with medium-resolution (Δλ ~ 1-2 Å) non-flux-calibrated spectroscopic observations. From a sample of 279 stars with previous high-resolution determinations of metallicity and a set of (external) estimates of temperature and surface gravity, our ANNs are able to predict T_eff with an accuracy of σ(T_eff) = 135-150 K over the range 4250 ≤ T_eff ≤ 6500 K, log g with an accuracy …

Effects Of Endophyte Infection In Tall Fescue (Festuca Arundinacea: Poaceae) On Community Diversity, Greg Spyreas, David J. Gibson, Beth A. Middleton

Publications

Recent studies have suggested that the presence of endophytes in tall fescue can lead to decreased species richness in the associated plant community. To assess the generality of this hypothesis, a field study tested the effects of endophyte infection on a 3-yr-old successional field dominated by Festuca arundinacea. The potential importance of endophyte infection relative to other environmental factors was tested by including two additional treatments: the effects of soil fertility and mowing. Contrary to previous studies, a positive relationship was found between endophyte infection frequency and diversity (N = 23, F = 5.23, R² = 0.19, P < 0.03). A strong interaction was found between the mowing treatment and endophyte infection frequency in predicting diversity (N = 22, F = 36.1, R^{2 …}

Supernovae And Positron Annihilation Radiation, Mark D. Leising, P A. Milne, J D. Kurfess, R L. Kinzer

Publications

Radioactive nuclei, especially those created in SN explosion, have long been sug-gested to be important contributors of galactic positrons. In this paper we describe the findings of three independent OSSE/SMM/TGRS studies of positron annihi-lation radiation, demonstrating that the three studies are largely in agreement as to the distribution of galactic annihilation radiation. We then assess the predicted yields and distributions of SN-synthesized radionuclei, determining that they are marginally compatible with the findings of the annihilation radiation studies.

The Soviet-German War 1941-1945: Myths And Realities: A Survey Essay, 2001 October 11, David M. Glantz

Publications

A paper presented as the 20th anniversary distinguished lecture

Forested Wetlands Of The Southern United States: A Bibliography, William Conner, Nicole L. Hill, Evander M. Whitehead, William S. Busbee, Marceau A. Ratard, Mehmet Ozalp, Darrell L. Smith, James P. Marshall

Publications

The term forested wetland covers a variety of forest types including mangroves, cypress/tupelo swamps, bottomland hardwoods, pocosins and Carolina bays, flatwoods, and mountain fens. These forests are dominated by woody species that have morphological features, physiological adaptations, and/or reproductive strategies enabling them to achieve maturity and reproduce in an environment where the soils within the rooting zone may be inundated or saturated for various periods during the growing season. Although alluvial floodplains occur along most streams of the United States, they are most extensive in the Atlantic Coastal Plain, Gulf Coastal Plain, and Mississippi Alluvial Plain. Only about half of …

The Quest For Scholarship: The Legal Writing Professor's Paradox, Susan P. Liemer

Publications

This article explores the many institutionalized obstacles placed in the paths of the legal academy's experts on legal writing when they themselves attempt to write.

Acoustic Wave Heating Of The Thermosphere, Michael P. Hickey Ph.D., G. Schubert, R. L. Walterscheid

Publications

A numerical model is used to study the dissipation in the thermosphere of upward propagating acoustic waves. Whereas dissipating gravity waves can cool the upper atmosphere through the effects of sensible heat flux divergence, it is found that acoustic waves mainly heat the thermosphere by viscous dissipation. Though the amplitudes of acoustic waves in the atmosphere are poorly constrained, the calculations suggest that dissipating acoustic waves can locally heat the thermosphere at rates of tens of kelvins per day and thereby contribute to the thermospheric energy balance. It is shown that viscous heating cannot be calculated from the divergence of …

Airglow Variations Associated With Nonideal Ducting Of Gravity Waves In The Lower Thermosphere Region, Michael P. Hickey Ph.D.

Publications

A numerical full-wave model is used to study the response of the O2 atmospheric airglow to ducted gravity waves in the mesopause region. For an isothermal, quasi-adiabatic, and motionless background atmosphere the calculated phase differences between airglow brightness fluctuations and fluctuations of temperatures derived from the airglow, as given by Krassovsky's ratio, are in good agreement with the predictions of published theory. Significant departures from the predictions of the basic theory are obtained when we consider ducting in the presence of the eddy and molecular diffusion of heat and momentum in a nonisothermal background atmosphere. Wind shears also affect the …

Modeling Underwater Visual And Filter Feeding By Planktivorous Shearwaters In Unusual Sea Conditions, James R. Lovvorn, Cheryl L. Baduini, George L. Hunt Jr.

Publications

Short-tailed Shearwaters (Puffinus tenuirostris) migrate between breeding areas in Australia and wintering areas in the Bering Sea. These extreme movements allow them to feed on swarms of euphausiids (krill) that occur seasonally in different regions, but they occasionally experience die-offs when availability of euphausiids or other prey is inadequate. During a coccolithophore bloom in the Bering Sea in 1997, hundreds of thousands of Short-tailed Shearwaters starved to death. One proposed explanation was that the calcareous shells of phytoplanktonic coccolithophores reduced light transmission, thus impairing visual foraging underwater. This hypothesis assumes that shearwaters feed entirely by vision (bite-feeding), but …

Aurora Working Group: Dsr Front End Lvcsr Evaluation — Baseline Recognition System Description, Naveen Parihar, Joseph Picone

Publications

In this document we describe the features of the baseline system to be used in the Distributed Speech Recognition (DSR) front end large vocabulary continuous speech recognition (LVCSR) evaluations being conducted by the Aurora Working Group of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). The objective of these evaluations is to determine the robustness of different front ends for use in client/server type telecommunications applications. As such, our experiments are designed to test the following focus conditions on the DARPA Wall Street Journal (WSJ0) corpus using a 5000-word closed-loop vocabulary and a bigram language model:

1. Additive Noise: six noise conditions …

Three-Dimensional Spectral Classification Of Low-Metallicity Stars Using Artificial Neural Networks, Shawn Snider, Ted Von Hippel, Carlos Allende Prieto, Timothy C. Beers, Christopher Sneden, Et Al.

Publications

We explore the application of artificial neural networks (ANNs) for the estimation of atmospheric parameters (Teff, log g, and [Fe/H]) for Galactic F- and G-type stars. The ANNs are fed with medium-resolution (Δλ ~ 1-2 Å) non-flux-calibrated spectroscopic observations. From a sample of 279 stars with previous high-resolution determinations of metallicity and a set of (external) estimates of temperature and surface gravity, our ANNs are able to predict Teff with an accuracy of σ(Teff) = 135-150 K over the range 4250 ≤ Teff ≤ 6500 K, log g with an accuracy of σ(log …

The Wasp-Like Protein Scar Regulates Macropinocytosis, Phagocytosis And Endosomal Membrane Flow In Dictyostelium, David J. Seastone, Ed Harris, Lesly A. Temesvari, James E. Bear, Charles L. Saxe, James Cardelli

Publications

Scar, a member of the WASp protein family, was discovered in Dictyostelium discoideum during a genetic screen for second-site mutations that suppressed a developmental defect. Disruption of the scar gene reduced the levels of cellular F-actin by 50%. To investigate the role of Scar in endocytosis, phagocytosis and endocytic membrane trafficking, processes that depend on actin polymerization, we have analyzed a Dictyostelium cell line that is genetically null for Scar. Rates of fluid phase macropinocytosis and phagocytosis are significantly reduced in the scar- cell-line. In addition, exocytosis of fluid phase is delayed in these cells and movement of fluid phase …

Leaf Litter Decomposition And Nutrient Dynamics In Four Southern Forested Floodplain Communities, William Conner, Terrell T. Baker Iii, B Graeme Lockaby, Calvin Meier, John A. Stanturf, Marianne K. Burke

Publications

Decomposition of site-specific litter mixtures was monitored for 100 wk in four Roodplaht communities: (i) a mixed oak community along the Cache River in central Arkansas, (ii) s sweetgum (Liquidambar styracijlua L.)-cherrybark oak (Quercus falcata var. pagodaefolia ELI.) community along Iatt Creek in central Louisiana, (iii) a sweetgum-swamp tupelo [Nyssa sylvatica var. biflora (Walt.) Sarg.] community, and (iv) a laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia Michx.) commnnity
along the Coosawhatchie River in southeastern South Carolina. Soil temperature, hydroperiod, and litter quality (C:N, C:P, N:P, fignin: N) were used to interpret differences in the rates of mass loss and …