Digital Commons Network^™

Gestational Age-Specific Complete Blood Count Signatures In Necrotizing Enterocolitis, Julia M Pantalone, Silvia Liu, Oluwabunmi O Olaloye, Erica C Prochaska, Toby Yanowitz, Melissa M Riley, Justin R Buland, Beverly S Brozanski, Misty Good, Liza Konnikova

Open Access Publications

No abstract provided.

Single-Cell Analyses Of Crohn’S Disease Tissues Reveal Intestinal Intraepithelial T Cells Heterogeneity And Altered Subset Distributions, Natalia Jaeger, Ramya Gamini, Marina Cella, Jorge L. Schettini, Mattia Bugatti, Shanrong Zhao, Charles V. Rosadini, Ekaterina Esaulova, Blanda Di Luccia, Baylee Kinnett, William Vermi, Maxim N. Artyomov, Thomas A. Wynn, Ramnik J. Xavier, Scott A. Jelinsky, Marco Colonna

Open Access Publications

No abstract provided.

Old Vaccines For New Infections: Exploiting Innate Immunity To Control Covid-19 And Prevent Future Pandemics, Konstantin Chumakov, Michael S. Avidan, Christine S. Benn, Stefano M. Bertozzi, Lawrence Blatt, Angela Y. Chang, Dean T. Jamison, Shabaana A. Khader, Shyam Kottilil, Mihai G. Netea, Annie Sparrow, Robert C. Gallo

Open Access Publications

No abstract provided.

Diagnostic Accuracy Of Health Care Administrative Diagnosis Codes To Identify Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Disease: A Systematic Review, Carlos Mejia-Chew, Lauren Yaeger, Kevin Montes, Thomas C. Bailey, Margaret A. Olsen

Open Access Publications

Background: Health care administrative database research frequently uses standard medical codes to identify diagnoses or procedures. The aim of this review was to establish the diagnostic accuracy of codes used in administrative data research to identify nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) disease, including lung disease (NTMLD).

Methods: We searched Ovid Medline, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception to April 2019. We included studies assessing the diagnostic accuracy of

Results: We identified 5549 unique citations. Of the 96 full-text articles reviewed, 7 eligible studies of moderate quality (3730 participants) were included in …

Surgical Infection Society 2020 Updated Guidelines On The Management Of Complicated Skin And Soft Tissue Infections, Therese M. Duane, Jared M. Huston, Morgan Collom, Adam Beyer, Sara Parli, Sara Buckman, Mark Shapiro, Amy Mcdonald, Jose Diaz, Jeffrey M. Tessier, James Sanders

Open Access Publications

No abstract provided.

Trem2 Is A Receptor For Non-Glycosylated Mycolic Acids Of Mycobacteria That Limits Antimycobacterial Macrophage Activation, Ei'ichi Iizasa, Yasushi Chuma, Takayuki Uematsu, Mio Kubota, Hiroaki Kawaguchi, Masayuki Umemura, Kenji Toyonaga, Hideyasu Kiyohara, Ikuya Yano, Marco Colonna, Masahiko Sugita, Goro Matsuzaki, Sho Yamasaki, Hiroki Yoshida, Hiromitsu Hara

Open Access Publications

No abstract provided.

Microbial Sharing Between Pediatric Patients And Therapy Dogs During Hospital Animal-Assisted Intervention Programs, Kathryn R Dalton, Kathy Ruble, Laurel E Redding, Daniel O Morris, Noel T Mueller, Roland J Thorpe, Jacqueline Agnew, Karen C Carroll, Paul J Planet, Ronald C Rubenstein, Allen R Chen, Elizabeth A Grice, Meghan F Davis

Open Access Publications

Microbial sharing between humans and animals has been demonstrated in a variety of settings. However, the extent of microbial sharing that occurs within the healthcare setting during animal-assisted intervention programs is unknown. Understanding microbial transmission between patients and therapy dogs can provide important insights into potential health benefits for patients, in addition to addressing concerns regarding potential pathogen transmission that limits program utilization. This study evaluated for potential microbial sharing between pediatric patients and therapy dogs and tested whether patient-dog contact level and a dog decolonization protocol modified this sharing. Patients, therapy dogs, and the hospital environment were sampled before …

Substance Use Disorders And Behavioral Addictions During The Covid-19 Pandemic And Covid-19-Related Restrictions, Nicole M Avena, Julia Simkus, Anne Lewandowski, Mark S Gold, Marc N Potenza

Open Access Publications

COVID-19 was first identified in Wuhan, China in December of 2019 and appeared in the United States 1 month later. Between the onset of the pandemic and January 13, 2021, over 92 million people have tested positive for the virus and over 1.9 million people have died globally. Virtually every country in the world has been impacted by this virus. Beginning in March 2020, many U.S. state governments enforced a "quarantine" to respond to the growing health crisis. Citizens were required to remain at home; schools, restaurants, and non-essential businesses were forced to close, and large gatherings were prohibited. Americans' …

Antigen Presenting Cells Link The Female Genital Tract Microbiome To Mucosal Inflammation, With Hormonal Contraception As An Additional Modulator Of Inflammatory Signatures, Elizabeth H Byrne, Barry L Hykes, Scott A Handley, Et Al

Open Access Publications

The microbiome of the female genital tract (FGT) is closely linked to reproductive health outcomes. Diverse, anaerobe-dominated communities with low

Targeting Host Glycolysis As A Strategy For Antimalarial Development, Andrew J Jezewski, Yu-Hsi Lin, Julie A Reisz, Rachel Culp-Hill, Yasaman Barekatain, Victoria C Yan, Angelo D'Alessandro, Florian L Muller, Audrey R Odom John

Open Access Publications

Glycolysis controls cellular energy, redox balance, and biosynthesis. Antiglycolytic therapies are under investigation for treatment of obesity, cancer, aging, autoimmunity, and microbial diseases. Interrupting glycolysis is highly valued as a therapeutic strategy, because glycolytic disruption is generally tolerated in mammals. Unfortunately, anemia is a known dose-limiting side effect of these inhibitors and presents a major caveat to development of antiglycolytic therapies. We developed specific inhibitors of enolase - a critical enzyme in glycolysis - and validated their metabolic and cellular effects on human erythrocytes. Enolase inhibition increases erythrocyte susceptibility to oxidative damage and induces rapid and premature erythrocyte senescence, rather …

The Crossroads Of Glycoscience, Infection, And Immunology, Tanya R Mckitrick, Margaret E Ackerman, Robert M Anthony, Clay S Bennett, Michael Demetriou, Gregory A Hudalla, Katharina Ribbeck, Stefan Ruhl, Christina M Woo, Loretta Yang, Seth J Zost, Ronald L Schnaar, Tamara L Doering

Open Access Publications

Advances in experimental capabilities in the glycosciences offer expanding opportunities for discovery in the broad areas of immunology and microbiology. These two disciplines overlap when microbial infection stimulates host immune responses and glycan structures are central in the processes that occur during all such encounters. Microbial glycans mediate host-pathogen interactions by acting as surface receptors or ligands, functioning as virulence factors, impeding host immune responses, or playing other roles in the struggle between host and microbe. In the context of the host, glycosylation drives cell-cell interactions that initiate and regulate the host response and modulates the effects of antibodies and …

Phylum-Spanning Neuropeptide Gpcr Identification And Prioritization: Shaping Drug Target Discovery Pipelines For Nematode Parasite Control, Louise E Atkinson, Ciaran J Mccoy, Bethany A Crooks, Fiona M Mckay, Paul Mcveigh, Darrin Mckenzie, Allister Irvine, John Harrington, Bruce A Rosa, Makedonka Mitreva, Nikki J Marks, Aaron G Maule, Angela Mousley

Open Access Publications

Nematode parasites undermine human health and global food security. The frontline anthelmintic portfolio used to treat parasitic nematodes is threatened by the escalation of anthelmintic resistance, resulting in a demand for new drug targets for parasite control. Nematode neuropeptide signalling pathways represent an attractive source of novel drug targets which currently remain unexploited. The complexity of the nematode neuropeptidergic system challenges the discovery of new targets for parasite control, however recent advances in parasite 'omics' offers an opportunity for the

Rotavirus Susceptibility Of Antibiotic-Treated Mice Ascribed To Diminished Expression Of Interleukin-22, Daniel Schnepf, Pedro Hernandez, Tanel Mahlakõiv, Stefania Crotta, Meagan E. Sullender, Stefan T. Peterson, Annette Ohnemus, Camille Michiels, Ian Gentle, Laure Dumoutier, Celso A. Reis, Andreas Diefenbach, Andreas Wack, Megan T. Baldridge, Peter Staeheli

Open Access Publications

The commensal microbiota regulates susceptibility to enteric pathogens by fine-tuning mucosal innate immune responses, but how susceptibility to enteric viruses is shaped by the microbiota remains incompletely understood. Past reports have indicated that commensal bacteria may either promote or repress rotavirus replication in the small intestine of mice. We now report that rotavirus replicated more efficiently in the intestines of germ-free and antibiotic-treated mice compared to animals with an unmodified microbiota. Antibiotic treatment also facilitated rotavirus replication in type I and type III interferon (IFN) receptor-deficient mice, revealing IFN-independent proviral effects. Expression of interleukin-22 (IL-22) was strongly diminished in the …

Pathways To Care And Preferences For Improving Tuberculosis Services Among Tuberculosis Patients In Zambia: A Discrete Choice Experiment, Andrew D. Kerkhoff, Mary Kagujje, Sarah Nyangu, Kondwelani Mateyo, Nsala Sanjase, Lophina Chilukutu, Ingrid Eshun-Wilson, Elvin H. Geng, Diane V. Havlir, Monde Muyoyeta

Open Access Publications

BACKGROUND: Delays in the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) contribute to a substantial proportion of TB-related mortality, especially among people living with HIV (PLHIV). We sought to characterize the diagnostic journey for HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients with a new TB diagnosis in Zambia, to understand drivers of delay, and characterize their preferences for service characteristics to inform improvements in TB services.

METHODS: We assessed consecutive adults with newly microbiologically-confirmed TB at two public health treatment facilities in Lusaka, Zambia. We administered a survey to document critical intervals in the TB care pathway (time to initial care-seeking, diagnosis and treatment initiation), identify …

Outcomes Associated With Social Distancing Policies In St Louis, Missouri, During The Early Phase Of The Covid-19 Pandemic, Elvin H. Geng, Joshua Schwab, Randi Foraker, Branson Fox, Christine M. Hoehner, Mario Schootman, Aaloke Mody, William Powderly, Byron Yount, Keith Woeltje, Maya Petersen

Open Access Publications

Importance: In the absence of a national strategy in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, many public health decisions fell to local elected officials and agencies. Outcomes of such policies depend on a complex combination of local epidemic conditions and demographic features as well as the intensity and timing of such policies and are therefore unclear.

Objective: To use a decision analytical model of the COVID-19 epidemic to investigate potential outcomes if actual policies enacted in March 2020 (during the first wave of the epidemic) in the St Louis region of Missouri had been delayed.

Design, Setting, and Participants: A previously …

A Canker Barking At The Wrong Knee: Thyronectria Austroamericana Septic Arthritis, Sasinuch Rutjanawech, Carlos Mejia-Chew, Chapelle Ayres, Andrej Spec

Open Access Publications

The mold

Diagnosis Of Mast Cell Activation Syndrome: A Global “Consensus-2”, Lawrence B. Afrin, Leonard B. Weinstock, Et Al

Open Access Publications

No abstract provided.

Contemporary Clinical Isolates Of Staphylococcus Aureus From Pediatric Osteomyelitis Patients Display Unique Characteristics In A Mouse Model Of Hematogenous Osteomyelitis, Philip M. Roper, Kara R. Eichelberger, Linda Cox, Luke O'Connor, Christine Shao, Caleb A. Ford, Stephanie A. Fritz, James E. Cassat, Deborah J. Veis

Open Access Publications

No abstract provided.

Molecular Characterization Of Microbiota In Cerebrospinal Fluid From Patients With Csf Shunt Infections Using Whole Genome Amplification Followed By Shotgun Sequencing, Paul Hodor, Christopher E Pope, Kathryn B Whitlock, Lucas R Hoffman, David L Limbrick, Patrick J Mcdonald, Jason S Hauptman, Jeffrey G Ojemann, Tamara D Simon

Open Access Publications

Understanding the etiology of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt infections and reinfections requires detailed characterization of associated microorganisms. Traditionally, identification of bacteria present in the CSF has relied on culture methods, but recent studies have used high throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. Here we evaluated the method of shotgun DNA sequencing for its potential to provide additional genomic information. CSF samples were collected from 3 patients near the beginning and end of each of 2 infection episodes. Extracted total DNA was sequenced by: (1) whole genome amplification followed by shotgun sequencing (WGA) and (2) high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA …

Intent To Vaccinate Sars-Cov-2 Infected Children In Us Households: A Survey, Mehgan Teherani, Samridhi Banskota, Andres Camacho-Gonzalez, Alison G C Smith, Evan J Anderson, Carol M Kao, Charles Crepy D'Orleans, Andi L Shane, Austin Lu, Preeti Jaggi

Open Access Publications

A paucity of data exists evaluating a guardian's intent to vaccinate their child against COVID-19 in the United States. We administered 102 first (April-November 2020) and 45 second (December-January 2020-2021) surveys to guardians of children (<18 years) who had a laboratory-confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 and assessed their intent to give a COVID-19 vaccine to their child, when one becomes available. The first and second surveys of the same cohort of guardians were conducted before and following the press releases detailing the adult Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna Phase 3 results. Both surveys included an intent-to-vaccinate question using the subjective language of "if a safe and effective vaccine" became available, and a second question was added to second surveys using the objective language of "would prevent 19 of 20 people from getting disease". When using subjective language, 24 of 45 (53%) guardians endorsed vaccine administration for their children in the first survey, which decreased to 21 (46%) in the second survey. When adding objective language, acceptance of vaccination increased to 31 (69%,

An Essential, Kinetoplastid-Specific Gdp-Fuc: Β-D-Gal Α-1,2-Fucosyltransferase Is Located In The Mitochondrion Of Trypanosoma Brucei, Giulia Bandini, Sebastian Damerow, Maria Lucia Sempaio Guther, Hongjie Guo, Angela Mehlert, Jose Carlos Paredes Franco, Stephen Beverley, Michael A.J. Ferguson

Open Access Publications

Fucose is a common component of eukaryotic cell-surface glycoconjugates, generally added by Golgi-resident fucosyltransferases. Whereas fucosylated glycoconjugates are rare in kinetoplastids, the biosynthesis of the nucleotide sugar GDP-Fuc has been shown to be essential in

Efficacy And Breadth Of Adjuvanted Sars-Cov-2 Receptor-Binding Domain Nanoparticle Vaccine In Macaques, Hannah A. D. King, Rita E. Chen, James B. Case, Michael S. Diamond, Et Al

Open Access Publications

No abstract provided.

Postdischarge Prophylactic Antibiotics Following Mastectomy With And Without Breast Reconstruction, David K Warren, Kate M Peacock, Katelin B Nickel, Victoria J Fraser, Margaret A Olsen, Cdc Prevention Epicenter Program

Open Access Publications

BACKGROUND: Prophylactic antibiotics are commonly prescribed at discharge for mastectomy, despite guidelines recommending against this practice. We investigated factors associated with postdischarge prophylactic antibiotic use after mastectomy with and without immediate reconstruction and the impact on surgical-site infection (SSI).

STUDY DESIGN: We studied a cohort of women aged 18-64 years undergoing mastectomy between January 1, 2010, and June 30, 2015, using the MarketScan commercial database. Patients with nonsurgical perioperative infections were excluded. Postdischarge oral antibiotics were identified from outpatient drug claims. SSI was defined using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Edition, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) diagnosis codes. Generalized linear models were …

Zika Virus Infection Of Pregnant Ifnar1-/- Mice Triggers Strain-Specific Differences In Fetal Outcomes, Ellie K. Bohm, Jennifer T. Vangorder-Braid, Anna S. Jaeger, Ryan V. Moriarty, John J. Baczenas, Natalie C. Bennett, Shelby L. O'Connor, Michael K. Fritsch, Nicole A. Fuhler, Kevin K. Noguchi, Matthew T. Aliota

Open Access Publications

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a flavivirus that causes a constellation of adverse fetal outcomes collectively termed congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). However, not all pregnancies exposed to ZIKV result in an infant with apparent defects. During the 2015 to 2016 American outbreak of ZIKV, CZS rates varied by geographic location. The underlying mechanisms responsible for this heterogeneity in outcomes have not been well defined. Therefore, we sought to characterize and compare the pathogenic potential of multiple Asian-/American-lineage ZIKV strains in an established

Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis Caused By Bordetella Hinzii, Grace C. Wang, Miranda J. Wallace, Gayathri Krishnan, Patrick D. Olson, Abigail L. Carlson, Gautam Dantas, James M. Fleckenstein

Open Access Publications

Although Bordetella hinzii coccobacilli is most commonly identified in respiratory tracts of birds and rodents, this organism has occasionally been isolated in human infections. We describe a case of B. hinzii spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in Missouri, USA. Whole-genome sequencing of blood and peritoneal fluid isolates confirmed B. hinzii infection.

Assessment Of Antibiotic De-Escalation By Spectrum Score In Patients With Nosocomial Pneumonia: A Single-Center, Retrospective Cohort Study, Dan Ilges, David J. Ritchie, Tamara Krekel, Elizabeth A. Neuner, Nicholas Hampton, Marin H. Kollef, Scott Micek

Open Access Publications

Background: Hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia (HAP/VAP) cause significant mortality. Guidelines recommend empiric broad-spectrum antibiotics followed by de-escalation (DE). This study sought to assess the impact of DE on treatment failure.

Methods: This single-center retrospective cohort study screened all adult patients with a discharge diagnosis code for pneumonia from 2016 to 2019. Patients were enrolled if they met predefined criteria for HAP/VAP ≥48 hours after admission. Date of pneumonia diagnosis was defined as day 0. Spectrum scores were calculated, and DE was defined as a score reduction on day 3 versus day 1. Patients with DE were compared to patients with …

Pet Study Of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor 1 Expression In Response To S. Aureus Infection, Hao Jiang, Jiwei Gu, Haiyang Zhao, Sumit Joshi, Joel Perlmutter, Robert Gropler, Robyn Klein, Tammie Benzinger, Zhude Tu

Open Access Publications

Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) plays a crucial role in infectious diseases. Targeting S1PR1 provides protection against pathogens, such as influenza viruses. This study is aimed at investigating S1PR1 in response to bacterial infection by assessing S1PR1 expression in

Infectious Disease Providers’ Knowledge Of And Engagement In Quality Improvement, Kathleen R. Sheridan, Michael A. Lane, Thomas J. Kim, Joshua C. Eby

Open Access Publications

No abstract provided.

Risk Factors And Medical Resource Utilization Of Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human Metapneumovirus, And Influenza-Related Hospitalizations In Adults—A Global Study During The 2017–2019 Epidemic Seasons (Hospitalized Acute Respiratory Tract Infection [Harti] Study), Ann R. Falsey, Edward E. Walsh, Yannick Vandenijck, Xiaohui Ren, Sofia Keim, Diye Kang, Pascale Peeters, James Witek, Gabriela Ispas

Open Access Publications

No abstract provided.

Value Of Packaged Testing For Sexually Transmitted Infections For Persons Who Inject Drugs Hospitalized With Serious Injection-Related Infections, Laura R. Marks, Hilary Reno, Stephen Y. Liang, Evan S. Schwarz, David B. Liss, Linda Jiang, Nathanial S. Nolan, Michael J. Durkin

Open Access Publications

Background: Persons who inject drugs (PWID) are frequently admitted for serious injection-related infections (SIRIs). PWID are also at risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

Methods: We conducted a multicenter quality improvement project at 3 hospitals in Missouri. PWID with SIRI who received an infectious diseases consultation were prospectively identified and placed into an electronic database as part of a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-funded quality improvement project. Baseline data were collected from 8/1/2019 to 1/30/2020. During the intervention period (2/1/2020-2/28/2021), infectious diseases physicians caring for patients received 2 interventions: (1) email reminders of best practice screening for HIV, viral …