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Identification And Quantification Of Wave Breaking Effects In Single-Polarization Along-Track Insar Imagery Of The Coastal Ocean, Conor J. Smith
Identification And Quantification Of Wave Breaking Effects In Single-Polarization Along-Track Insar Imagery Of The Coastal Ocean, Conor J. Smith
Open Access Dissertations
Spaceborne Along-Track Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (along-track InSAR) has been used successfully to produce estimates of the surface current velocity field on a number of occasions. Along-track InSAR data are comprised of two complex images with a very short time lag, with each pixel containing an amplitude and phase. The phase difference allows a direct measurement of the line-of-sight velocity of the Bragg scattering ripples, which includes contributions of the horizontal surface current as well as the phase velocity of the Bragg ripples and orbital motions of longer waves. To calculate the surface current field, the complicated wave-related contributions to …
The Detection Of Hazardous Materials Using Genetically Engineered Bacteria, Daniel Wynn
The Detection Of Hazardous Materials Using Genetically Engineered Bacteria, Daniel Wynn
Open Access Dissertations
The development of technology that can be used to quickly and reliably assay a wide variety of matrices for the presence of specific small molecules has long been a high priority for scientists. These methods are valuable tools that see use in many fields, including biomedicine and environmental analysis. Although many contemporary technologies exist, their use is, for the most part, limited by their expense, required instrumentation, and long assay times. In an effort to address these limitations, many examples of biotechnology have been produced and this interest in biosensors continues. Herein, a number of projects to develop new bioanalytical …
Novel Methods For Improving Resolution In Liquid And Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Lauren Fae Odonnell
Novel Methods For Improving Resolution In Liquid And Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Lauren Fae Odonnell
Open Access Dissertations
NMR spectroscopy is a versatile analytical platform with a well developed theoretical foundation that makes it a popular vehicle for biological, chemical, material, and medical research. Successfully deciphering an NMR spectrum in order to extract important structural and chemical information typically requires the separation of overlapping signals that can be limited by the available spectral resolution, which is itself influenced by numerous factors such as molecular motions, spin-spin couplings, and field inhomogeneities. In this dissertation, methods for improving spectral resolution in both liquid and solids are explored. To begin, a brief introduction to NMR theory is provided which includes an …
Neuroimaging Of Cognitive Flexibility: Task Validity And Clinical Applications, Dina R. Dajani
Neuroimaging Of Cognitive Flexibility: Task Validity And Clinical Applications, Dina R. Dajani
Open Access Dissertations
A key challenge for cognitive neuroscience is the development and validation of tasks that capture real-world cognitive phenomena and render them suitable for investigation within an MRI environment. Cognitive flexibility is necessary for a range of adaptive behaviors and is associated with optimal life outcomes, but as a psychological construct it has been difficult to operationalize and validate. Crucially, psychometrically validated tasks must be developed prior to their application to clinical populations to investigate the neural substrates of cognitive inflexibility. Here, we address these limitations by adapting a well-validated laboratory measure of cognitive flexibility to the scanner environment (Study I) …
Controlling Photo Processes Within A Confined Space: Switches, Triggers, And Electron Transfer, Mohan Raj Anthony Raj
Controlling Photo Processes Within A Confined Space: Switches, Triggers, And Electron Transfer, Mohan Raj Anthony Raj
Open Access Dissertations
Many important biological processes, such as photosynthesis and vision are fueled by light. Selective photoisomerization of cis-retinal linked to rhodopsin protein causes vision. Biochemical structures like, pockets of enzymes, interiors of chaperones and inner-space of proteins are few examples of confined space in nature. Light seems to be an ideal external control element for many chemical and biological manipulations. In this work, we used water-soluble deep cavitand “octa acid” (OA) as a nanocarriers to carry out various photo processes like, photoswitches, phototriggers and electron transfer. We used NMR techniques to understand the encapsulation and photoreaction of guest molecules with OA …
Kaposi’S Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus-Encoded Viral Il-6 (Vil-6) Enhances Immunoglobulin Class-Switch Recombination, Santas Ana Rosario
Kaposi’S Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus-Encoded Viral Il-6 (Vil-6) Enhances Immunoglobulin Class-Switch Recombination, Santas Ana Rosario
Open Access Dissertations
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic gamma-herpesvirus that causes several AIDS-defining malignancies, including Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and other lymphoproliferative disorders. These malignancies continue to burden AIDS patients, particularly one-seventh of the world’s population in sub-Saharan Africa, where highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is poorly accessible. To successfully establish lifelong persistence within a host, KSHV employs several strategies, including mimicry of host cytokines, to modulate the immune response and usurp cellular signaling pathways. One crucial cytokine is vIL-6, a viral homolog to human IL-6 (hIL-6) and mouse IL-6 (mIL-6). Although the immune system plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis …
Surface Chemistry And Spectroscopic Studies Of Enzymatic, Non-Enzymatic Molecules And Their Applications, Shiv K. Sharma
Surface Chemistry And Spectroscopic Studies Of Enzymatic, Non-Enzymatic Molecules And Their Applications, Shiv K. Sharma
Open Access Dissertations
The content of this thesis is an investigation into physicochemical, photophysical, and interfacial properties of β-galactosidase, a crucial enzyme, its conjugate with CDs, interaction of β-galactosidase with X-gal, and surface chemistry and spectroscopic study of toxins, Cholera toxin B (CTB) and Fumonisin B1 (FB1). The objective of the work was to understand the surface chemistry behavior of the important enzyme, conjugates and toxins in a model systems representing vaguely cell membrane environments, to prove the activity of the deposited enzyme, its conjugate, and toxins in a form of the monolayer. We also studied the effect of green LED light on …
Bioeconomic Consequences Of Fisheries Management: Florida's Commercial Reef Fisheries, Molly H. Stevens
Bioeconomic Consequences Of Fisheries Management: Florida's Commercial Reef Fisheries, Molly H. Stevens
Open Access Dissertations
The Florida reef ecosystem supports lucrative commercial and recreational industries that provide the state with billions of dollars annually. The goal of this study was to analyze the available demographic, fishery, and economic data for reef fishes, develop an age-structured bioeconomic production model, and assess the economic consequences of fisheries management. Key demographics data are required for the most basic assessment methodology, but just over half of these species had full parameter sets suitable for stock assessment, and less than a quarter had reliably estimated sets. Total mortality rates estimated from the average length of the commercial catch were combined …
Decoding The Sleep Homeostat Architecture, Andrey Lazopulo
Decoding The Sleep Homeostat Architecture, Andrey Lazopulo
Open Access Dissertations
Sleep is an ancient behavior that is observed in nearly all organisms. Animals typically spend a significant part of their life sleeping, and prolonged sleep deprivation leads to serious physiological changes, signifying the importance of sleep. However, little is known about the regulation of sleep. Sleep is thought to be controlled by two mechanisms: the circadian clock, a biological oscillator that controls daily activity, and the sleep homeostat that tracks organism’s sleep need and controls the duration of sleep. While the circuit of the circadian clock is well studied, almost nothing is known about the structure of the sleep homeostat. …
Hispanic Ethnicity And Poison-Related Outcomes, Florida 2010-2015, Wendy Blair Stephan
Hispanic Ethnicity And Poison-Related Outcomes, Florida 2010-2015, Wendy Blair Stephan
Open Access Dissertations
Poisoning is the leading cause of injury death in the United States, with most fatal poisonings resulting from drug overdoses in adults. Much remains unknown about epidemiologic factors at the county level that might affect population risk for poison-related outcomes. Hispanic individuals consistently have lower death and hospitalizations rates from poisoning, so it was hypothesized that having a larger proportion of Hispanic residents, might, in effect, “protect” a county from high rates of poisoning. This ecological, longitudinal study examined Hispanic concentration at the county-level in Florida and the incidence of poison death, nonfatal hospitalizations from poisoning, and calls to poison …
Effects Of Temperature, Ultraviolet Radiation And Crude Oil Exposure On Early-Life Staged Mahi-Mahi (Coryphaena Hippurus), Christina Pasparakis
Effects Of Temperature, Ultraviolet Radiation And Crude Oil Exposure On Early-Life Staged Mahi-Mahi (Coryphaena Hippurus), Christina Pasparakis
Open Access Dissertations
The timing and location of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DWH) disaster within the Gulf of Mexico resulted in crude oil exposure of many commercially and ecologically important fish species, such as mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus), during their sensitive early life stages (ELS). Mahi produce positively buoyant and rapidly developing embryos. Therefore, ELS mahi may be directly exposed to the cardiotoxic tricyclic PAHs dominating the oil slicks in surface waters for a significant portion of their developmental period. Further, these embryos are transparent and are likely also exposed to simultaneous stressors occurring in surface waters, known to act synergistically in the presence …
The Social Context Of Women's Sustained Participation In Activism, Susan Paterson
The Social Context Of Women's Sustained Participation In Activism, Susan Paterson
Open Access Dissertations
Recently, the resurgence of interest in feminist activism has been discussed by media and news outlets. It is still relatively unknown what contextual factors affect sustained participation, as well as how women from different backgrounds sustain activism in the face of compounding oppressions. This grounded theory explores the contexts of sustained participation through two research questions: (1) what are the contextual factors that influence women's sustained participation in activism?, and (2) how is the dynamic between identity and context reflected in sustained participation in activism? Nine women activists in Miami-Dade County were interviewed about their experiences in feminist movements, specifically …
Polycomb Complexes Associate With Enhancers To Regulate Oncogenic Pathways In Cancer, Ho Lam (Candy) Chan
Polycomb Complexes Associate With Enhancers To Regulate Oncogenic Pathways In Cancer, Ho Lam (Candy) Chan
Open Access Dissertations
The Polycomb repressive complexes play diverse and essential roles in cell fate decisions, embryonic development, stem cell pluripotency, and gene regulation. There are two main Polycomb complexes in mammalian cells, Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 and 2 (PRC1 and PRC2). PRC1 can be further subdivided into canonical and non-canonical complexes depending on its composition (cPRC1 and ncPRC1). Historically, Polycomb complexes have been mostly associated with maintaining gene repression carried out by its histone-modifying and chromatin-remodeling capabilities. Specifically, PRC1 can catalyze mono-ubiquitination of histone H2A on lysine 119 while PRC2 trimethylates histone H3 on lysine 27. Both these histone marks are associated …
Modeling The Effect Of Seasonality On The Transmission Of Antibiotic Resistance Bacteria In Hospitals With Environmental Contamination, Qimin Huang
Open Access Dissertations
Nosocomial infections caused by antibiotic resistant bacteria are a major threat to global public health today. In order to understand the diverse factors contributing to hospital acquired antibiotic resistant infections, we develop some mathematical models and address the theoretical, numerical and stochastic aspects of such models. In Chapter 2, both deterministic and stochastic mathematical models are developed to explore the roles that antibiotic exposure and environmental contamination play in the transmission dynamics of nosocomial infections in hospitals. Uncolonized patients without or with antibiotic exposure, colonized patients without or with antibiotic exposure, uncontaminated and contaminated health-care workers, and free-living Methicillin-resistant {\it …
Elucidating The Mechanism Of Cancer Drug Addiction In Alk+ Alcl, Soumya Sundara Rajan
Elucidating The Mechanism Of Cancer Drug Addiction In Alk+ Alcl, Soumya Sundara Rajan
Open Access Dissertations
The NPM1-ALK fusion kinase drives ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALK+ ALCL). Mechanisms of NPM1-ALK-driven lymphomagenesis are well defined, but mediators of cancer drug addiction in cells overexpressing it are unknown. Cancer drug addiction arises paradoxically when tumors become dependent on exposure to inhibitors to which they formerly were sensitive. We and others demonstrated previously that addiction to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) occurs in resistant ALK+ ALCL over-expressing NPM1-ALK. It is unknown, however, if addiction mechanisms defined recently for solid tumors addicted to MEK/ERK inhibitors apply also to these kinase-driven lymphomas. We consistently found that MEK/ERK activation and other oncogenic …
Salt Detection And The Influence Of Anorectic Drugs Of Abuse In The Taste System, Jennifer Katherine Roebber
Salt Detection And The Influence Of Anorectic Drugs Of Abuse In The Taste System, Jennifer Katherine Roebber
Open Access Dissertations
Taste cells detect five different gustatory modalities: sweet, sour, bitter, umami, and salty. The mechanisms, cells and transductional events that underlie sweet, sour, bitter and umami taste are well characterized. However, salt taste is poorly understood. The ability to detect NaCl is partially, but not fully, blocked by the diuretic amiloride. In both taste buds and in kidneys, a primary target of amiloride is the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). As such, the field has interpreted amiloride sensitive salt taste to rely on Na+ influx through ENaCs while another unknown receptor detects amiloride-insensitive salt taste. The cell type(s), mechanisms and cell-signaling …
Holocene-Pleistocene Climate Variability Through Stalagmites, Sevag Mehterian
Holocene-Pleistocene Climate Variability Through Stalagmites, Sevag Mehterian
Open Access Dissertations
Understanding the changing climate of the past is the key to understanding the changing climate of the present. Historically, various geologic mediums have been used to unearth the mysteries of the ancient past. These include cores of sediment from deep within the oceans, ice cores from glaciers, skeletons of coral reefs, and stalagmites from inside caves. This dissertation aims to shed light on the climate of the past 300,000 years as recorded within the geochemistry of stalagmites from caves in the Bahamas and Iran. With oxygen and carbon stable isotope geochemistry, radiometric dating through Uranium and Thorium, and trace elemental …
The Role Of Arginyltransferase Ate1 In Prostate Cancer Progression, Michael D. Birnbaum
The Role Of Arginyltransferase Ate1 In Prostate Cancer Progression, Michael D. Birnbaum
Open Access Dissertations
Prostate cancer is a major disease affecting millions of men every year, with hundreds of thousands of new diagnoses and tens of thousands of deaths per year. Most deaths from prostate cancer result from metastasis of the disease. However, the causes for metastasis of prostate cancer (PC) remain poorly understood, making its prediction and treatment a major challenge. Recently, a significant reduction of Arginyltranferase1 (Ate1) was observed in prostate cancer remote metastatic sites, suggesting Ate1 may be involved in the progression of PC. However, the exact role of Ate1 in PC remains unknown. Ate1 is the enzyme that mediates arginylation, …
Bioluminescence: An Old Tool For New Applications “Detection Of Circulating Tumor Cells And Image-Guided Therapy”, Yu-Ping Yang
Bioluminescence: An Old Tool For New Applications “Detection Of Circulating Tumor Cells And Image-Guided Therapy”, Yu-Ping Yang
Open Access Dissertations
The intrinsic sensitivity and low detection limits of bioluminescence have labeled this technique as a powerful tool for the detection of biomolecules at the cellular level, and real-time visualization of biological processes within living organisms. In our studies, we seek to develop novel bioluminescence-based detection and imaging techniques, and further investigate the feasibility and efficacy of these techniques in two major fields of oncology research: “Detection of circulating tumor cells” and “Image-guided therapy” Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have shown potential in monitoring cancer prognosis and treatment response as well as providing novel insight into personalized medicine for guiding treatment decisions. …
It’S Not Quorum Without You: Bacterial Quorum Sensing In Disease States And Infection, Gregory S. O'Connor
It’S Not Quorum Without You: Bacterial Quorum Sensing In Disease States And Infection, Gregory S. O'Connor
Open Access Dissertations
Bacterial quorum sensing (QS) is a process of communication based upon small molecules that regulates gene expression, including the genes for virulence factors and biofilm formation. QS has been implicated in playing a role in many disease states. Current advances in biotechnology have allowed for the exploitation of bacteria and their QS proteins, which has led to the development of a number of technologies, including designer analytical systems. Herein, we have employed genetically engineered bacterial whole cell biosensing systems, based on the quorum sensing regulatory proteins RhlR, LasR, and LuxR, for potential biomarker detection in physiological samples. First, we have …
Mechanisms Of Physiological Amyloidogenesis, Miling Wang
Mechanisms Of Physiological Amyloidogenesis, Miling Wang
Open Access Dissertations
Phase transitions of matter between gas, condensed liquid and solid states are ubiquitous in the physical world. Recent discoveries have shown that a dynamic continuum of material states also exists within the cellular environment. Whereas examples of mobile, liquid-like droplets are found throughout the cell, such as nucleoli and stress granules, examples of immobile, solid-like amyloid structures have largely been associated with pathological aggregates, and are considered the result of an aberrant liquid-to-solid phase transition. Here, we demonstrate stress-induced low complexity RNA activate a physiological liquid-to-solid phase transition to form solid-like Amyloid bodies (A-bodies). A-bodies are membrane-less compartments that can …
The Role Of Cadm1 In Viral-Mediated Oncogenesis, Richard Anthony Hunte
The Role Of Cadm1 In Viral-Mediated Oncogenesis, Richard Anthony Hunte
Open Access Dissertations
Approximately 15% of human cancers worldwide, including leukemias and lymphomas, are caused by infection from oncogenic viruses, such as human T-cell lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) and Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV). Oncogenes of these viruses, such as Tax of HTLV-1, and viral G-protein coupled receptor (vGPCR) and viral FLICE inhibitory protein (vFLIP) of KSHV, maintain persistent inflammation via activation of NF-kB, a family of transcription factors. NF-kB is normally transiently activated in response to TNF, IL-1, and bacteria or viral infections. However, under certain pathologic conditions, such as inflammation or tumorigenesis, it is chronically activated. Here we show host factor Cell …
Role Of Gtpase Mtg1 In Mitochondrial Translation And Heart Physiology, Hyun-Jung Kim
Role Of Gtpase Mtg1 In Mitochondrial Translation And Heart Physiology, Hyun-Jung Kim
Open Access Dissertations
Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) synthesize thirteen proteins, essential components of the oxidative phosphorylation system. They are linked to mitochondrial disorders, often involving cardiomyopathy. Mitoribosome biogenesis is assisted by multiple cofactors whose specific functions remain largely uncharacterized. Here, we examined the role of human MTG1, a conserved ribosome assembly GTPase. MTG1-silencing in human cardiomyocytes and developing zebrafish revealed early cardiovascular lesions. A combination of gene-editing and biochemical approaches using HEK293T cells demonstrated that MTG1 binds to the large subunit (mtLSU) 16S rRNA to facilitate incorporation of late assembly proteins. Furthermore, MTG1 interacts with mtLSU uL19 protein and mtSSU mS27, a putative …
Identification And Clinical Validation Of Novel Prostate Cancer Biomarkers Filamin A (Flna), Filamin B (Flnb), And Keratin 19 (Krt19) Using Patient-Derived Omics And Bayesian Artificial Intelligence, Niven Rajin Narain
Open Access Dissertations
This dissertation herein describes a novel strategy for Prostate Cancer (PCa) biomarker discovery employing use of systems biology causal modeling using omics, molecular phenotyping, and Bayesian artificial intelligence. Three studies were conducted towards this goal. In Study 1, a novel strategy that combines biological outputs with Bayesian network learning to identify potential biomarkers for prostate cancer was utilized. This methodology identified two proteins, filamin B (FLNB) and keratin-19, as potential biomarkers for prostate cancer. The network map also identified a direct linkage between FLNB and filamin A (FLNA), a protein previously identified as playing a role in prostate cancer etiology. …
Periodic Solutions Of Abstract Semilinear Equations With Applications To Biological Models, Qiuyi Su
Periodic Solutions Of Abstract Semilinear Equations With Applications To Biological Models, Qiuyi Su
Open Access Dissertations
We study the existence of periodic solutions to the abstract semi linear evolution equation du/dt=A(t)u(t)+F(t,u(t)), t \geq 0 in a Banach space X, where A(t) is a T-periodic linear operator on X (not necessarily densely defined) satisfying the hyperbolic conditions, and F is continuous and T-periodic in t. The idea is to combine Poincare map technique with fixed point theorems to derive various conditions on the operator A(t) and the map F(t, u) to ensure that the abstract evolution equation has periodic solutions. Three cases are considered: (i) If A(t)=A is time-independent and is a Hille-Yoshida operator, conditions on F …
Alcohol-Induced Developmental Defects In Octavolateral Organs Of Zebrafish: A Sensitive Period And Mechanisms, Lilliann Yvette Zamora
Alcohol-Induced Developmental Defects In Octavolateral Organs Of Zebrafish: A Sensitive Period And Mechanisms, Lilliann Yvette Zamora
Open Access Dissertations
Fetal alcohol exposure is known to cause an array of deficits (fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, FASD) that may manifest as lifelong physical, cognitive, and behavioral anomalies of human development. However, when and how alcohol specifically affects the auditory system is still largely unknown. I hypothesized that embryonic alcohol exposure at specific time periods would affect the morphology and function of the octavolateral system (the inner ear and lateral line). In addition, I also hypothesized that biological processes occurring at the time of alcohol exposure, such as the neural crest and FGF signaling, would be adversely affected. This is the first …
Development Of A Styrene-Isobutylene-Styrene (Sibs) And Carbon Black Thermoplastic Elastomer For Biomedical Pressure Sensing Applications, Brigitte M. Morales
Development Of A Styrene-Isobutylene-Styrene (Sibs) And Carbon Black Thermoplastic Elastomer For Biomedical Pressure Sensing Applications, Brigitte M. Morales
Open Access Dissertations
Poly(Styrene-block-Isobutylene-block-Styrene) is a phase-separated tri-block thermoplastic elastomer known for having excellent biocompatibility and flexibility. The mechanical properties of this material can be tailored by varying its styrene content. This makes it an excellent candidate for biomedical applications. SIBS reinforced with carbon black (CB) filler particles can be used for pressure sensing external (stick-to-skin) devices. Pressure sensors made from SIBS/CB composites can be used as potential solutions for real-time monitoring of intraoperative intraocular pressure. Another target application is the detection and prevention of pressure ulcers in people suffering from peripheral neuropathy, including diabetic patients. These sensors must be sensitive to pressure, …
Exploring Barriers, Beliefs, Knowledge, Experiences, And Emotions Related To Yoga Practice Among A Racially And Ethnically Diverse Sample, Denise Simão Marques
Exploring Barriers, Beliefs, Knowledge, Experiences, And Emotions Related To Yoga Practice Among A Racially And Ethnically Diverse Sample, Denise Simão Marques
Open Access Dissertations
The standard approach to ameliorating mental health difficulties in the United States may not be effective for racial and ethnic minority populations, as these individuals are more likely than non-Latino/a White individuals to prematurely withdraw from mental health services (Chow, Jaffee, & Snowden, 2003; Miranda, Azocar, Organista, Dwyer, & Arean, 2003). Yoga may be a viable intervention to address the large disparity in mental health services provided to these populations, as it is effective in ameliorating mental health difficulties across racial and ethnic populations and can be practiced in the non-medical settings. However, research suggests that racial and ethnic minority …
Role Of Usp24 In Modulation Of Dna Damage Response, Leah E. Nemzow
Role Of Usp24 In Modulation Of Dna Damage Response, Leah E. Nemzow
Open Access Dissertations
Cellular DNA consistently suffers damage from various endogenous and exogenous sources. DNA Damage Response (DDR) serves as an integrated cellular network to sense cellular stress and activate pathways responsible for arresting cell cycle progression, stimulating DNA damage repair, and initiating apoptosis. Efficient DDR protects cells from genomic instability while defective or deficient DDR can allow unrepaired lesions to cause permanent and catastrophic mutations in the genome, which may cause disease conditions such as cancer and can reduce efficacy of genotoxic anti-cancer therapy. Thus, the proper regulation of DDR mechanisms is crucial for organismal health and viability. Ubiquitination has been long …
Gold Nanoparticles Enhanced Diffuse Optical Imaging And Radiation Therapy, Keying Xu
Gold Nanoparticles Enhanced Diffuse Optical Imaging And Radiation Therapy, Keying Xu
Open Access Dissertations
Cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States and worldwide. Commonly used cancer treatment methods include surgery, chemotherapy, and Radiation therapy (RT), the last of which is used in about half of all treatments. Imaging plays an important role in cancer diagnosis and radiation treatment. Gold nanoparticles (GNP) can strongly absorb optical light and x-ray because of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect of the nanoparticles and the high atomic number of the gold. Therefore, it has a great potential to enhance both optical imaging and radiation dose delivery. This dissertation includes: (1) the development …