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On Diminishing Fuzzy Neutrosophic Topological Spaces Over Nano Topology, Jansirani N, Vasugi T, Kamal Nasir V
On Diminishing Fuzzy Neutrosophic Topological Spaces Over Nano Topology, Jansirani N, Vasugi T, Kamal Nasir V
Neutrosophic Sets and Systems
As an extension and also, a necessity to compute the indeterminacy, the concept of diminishing fuzzy sets is protracted to introduce the conception of diminishing fuzzy (single-valued) neutrosophic sets in the standard unit interval. In addition, the axioms of neutrosophic topological spaces are extended to config- ure the collection, diminishing fuzzy neutrosophic topology, and also, the basic theorems of nano topology is incorporated to the case of diminishing fuzzy neutrosophic set in terms of the approximation space and the boundary region by acquiring the same operators for the quantities, non-membership and indeterminacy are also discussed. Moreover, a nano continuous function …
A Neutrosophic Solution Of Heat Equation By Neutrosophic Laplace Transform, Gugu Narzary, Bhimraj Basumatary, Giorgio Nordo
A Neutrosophic Solution Of Heat Equation By Neutrosophic Laplace Transform, Gugu Narzary, Bhimraj Basumatary, Giorgio Nordo
Neutrosophic Sets and Systems
This article aims to study the one-dimensional neutrosophic heat equation. In this study, we discuss the one-dimensional heat equation using neutrosophic numbers and provide numerical example to demonstrate the effectiveness of the neutrosophic Laplace transform method.
C-Continuity, C-Compact And C-Separation Axioms Via Soft Sets, Hind Y. Saleh, Areen A. Salih
C-Continuity, C-Compact And C-Separation Axioms Via Soft Sets, Hind Y. Saleh, Areen A. Salih
Neutrosophic Sets and Systems
This paper focuses on the concept of Sc-open sets as a generalization of classical c-open sets in topology. The reason behind introducing Sc-open sets is to overcome the limitations of traditional open sets in handling uncertainty and vagueness prevalent in decision-making processes. Moreover, the paper makes significant contributions to the discussion of the concepts of soft topological spaces (STS) by utilizing Sc-open sets that investigate the theoretical foundations and mathematical properties of Sc-open sets, exploring their relationships with other soft open sets and soft topological concepts. Overall, the paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of STS and their properties …
Convexity For Interval Valued Neutrosophic Setsand Its Application In Decision Making, Suthi Keerthana Kumar, Vigneshwaran Mandarasalam, Saied Jafari, Rose Venish Ayyakanupillai Gnanaudhayam, Vidyarani Lakshmanadas
Convexity For Interval Valued Neutrosophic Setsand Its Application In Decision Making, Suthi Keerthana Kumar, Vigneshwaran Mandarasalam, Saied Jafari, Rose Venish Ayyakanupillai Gnanaudhayam, Vidyarani Lakshmanadas
Neutrosophic Sets and Systems
The notion `Convexity' is applied in various areas of mathematics particularly in optimization tech- niques. It is known that this concept is applied in fuzzy sets, which is studied by many authors. This article deals with convexity utilized for neutrosophic and interval valued neutrosophic sets which is a generalization of intuitionistic fuzzy sets. Also some interesting preservation properties of convexity under intersection operators in interval valued neutrosophic sets are discussed. Adding to the discussion, preservation property of digital convexity under intersection using deformation and other techniques are touched upon. Eventually the appli- cation of convexity to decision making are illustrated …
Comparative Analysis Of Neutrosophic, Pythagorean Neutrosophic, And Fermatean Neutrosophic Soft Matrices In The Context Of Industrial Accidents: A Case Study, Smruthi P., Abinaya S., Dharunya S., R. Sundareswaran, Shanmugapriya M., Said Broumi
Comparative Analysis Of Neutrosophic, Pythagorean Neutrosophic, And Fermatean Neutrosophic Soft Matrices In The Context Of Industrial Accidents: A Case Study, Smruthi P., Abinaya S., Dharunya S., R. Sundareswaran, Shanmugapriya M., Said Broumi
Neutrosophic Sets and Systems
Industrial accidents pose significant risks to human lives, the environment, and economic stability. This study presents a comparative analysis of three plithogenic frameworks—Neutrosophic soft sets, Pythagorean neutrosophic soft sets, and Fermatean neutrosophic soft sets—aiming to model and analyze industrial accidents. The primary objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of these soft sets in handling the uncertainties, complexities, and imprecisions inherent in accident data. Utilizing Dhar's (2021) algorithm for Neutrosophic soft matrices, we introduce a new parameter called a risk score, which consolidates various values for each industry or parameter into a singular magnitude. Our findings indicate that neutrosophic soft sets …
A Study On (Λ − Μ) Zweier Sequences And Their Behaviour In Neutrosophic Normed Spaces, Vakeel A. Khan, Mohd Faisal
A Study On (Λ − Μ) Zweier Sequences And Their Behaviour In Neutrosophic Normed Spaces, Vakeel A. Khan, Mohd Faisal
Neutrosophic Sets and Systems
Ideal convergence of sequences in neutrosophic normed spaces is defined by ¨Omer Ki¸si [12]. This paper defines new sequence spaces using the Zweier matrix and neutrosophic norm. We explore (λ, μ)-Zweier convergence, (λ, μ) ideal convergence of double sequences in neutrosophic norm. We show that a double sequence that is (λ, μ)-Zweier convergent or ideal convergent has a unique limit with respect to neutrosophic norm. Additionally, we prove that (λ, μ)-Zweier ideal convergence is equivalent to (λ, μ)-Zweier ideal Cauchy for a double sequence in neutrosophic normed space.
A Review On Recent Development Of Neutro-Topology, Bhimraj Basumatary
A Review On Recent Development Of Neutro-Topology, Bhimraj Basumatary
Neutrosophic Sets and Systems
Smarandache proposed NeutroAlgebra and AntiAlgebra. NeutroAlgebras and AntiAlgebras are a new research topic based on real-world scenarios. He investigated the concepts of neutro- and anti-structure. He demonstrated using NeutroAlgebra concepts that just because a statement is completely true in a classical Algebra does not imply that it is also completely true in a NeutroAlgebra or AntiAlgebra. It is determined by the operations and axioms on which it is based (whether they are completely true, partially true, totally false, or partially or completely indeterminate). This study examines the concepts of Generalised regular Neutro-Topological space and its properties.
The Study Of Neutrosophic Algebraic Structures And Itsapplication In Medical Science, Binu R, Paul Isaac
The Study Of Neutrosophic Algebraic Structures And Itsapplication In Medical Science, Binu R, Paul Isaac
Neutrosophic Sets and Systems
Neutrosophic exact sequence and its construction is presented as algebraic structure in this article. A mathematical construction known as a neutrosophic exact sequence expands the implications of an exact sequence from classical algebra to the domain of neutrosophic sets. This work introduces a full description of neutrosophic exact sequence of R-modules as a structural preserving tools and discusses the fundamental features. Additionally we examine the role of beta level sets in neutrosophic sets and investigate the neutrosophic split exact sequence.
Tec 21 Model And Critical Thinking: An Ncm-Based Neutrosophic Analysis In Higher Education, Mohd Anas Wajid, Claudia Camacho-Zuñiga, Florentin Smarandache, Hugo Terashima-Marin, Mohammad Saif Wajid, Mohammad Kaif Wajid
Tec 21 Model And Critical Thinking: An Ncm-Based Neutrosophic Analysis In Higher Education, Mohd Anas Wajid, Claudia Camacho-Zuñiga, Florentin Smarandache, Hugo Terashima-Marin, Mohammad Saif Wajid, Mohammad Kaif Wajid
Neutrosophic Sets and Systems
With a growing emphasis on developing transverse competencies in students, many educational institutions are trying to revolutionize the traditional system of education. One among others is TEC de Monterrey in Mexico which refines its educational models so that the students can be nourished with the skills that prepare them not only for the present but for years to come. Among skill development transverse competencies are considered a key to the successful career development of a student that emphasizes on critical thinking aspect. So mainly the the educational models try to inculcate or enhance the critical thinking of students. Towards this …
Neutrosophic Logic To Navigate Uncertainty Of Security Events In Mexico, Mohammad Saif Wajid, Hugo Terashima Marin, Mohd Anas Wajid, Florentin Smarandache, Satya Bhushan Verma, Mohammad Kaif Wajid
Neutrosophic Logic To Navigate Uncertainty Of Security Events In Mexico, Mohammad Saif Wajid, Hugo Terashima Marin, Mohd Anas Wajid, Florentin Smarandache, Satya Bhushan Verma, Mohammad Kaif Wajid
Neutrosophic Sets and Systems
A significant degree of uncertainty surrounds security events in Mexico because of the interaction of multiple socioeconomic and political elements. Conventional probabilistic and logical approaches frequently fall short of properly handling this uncertainty. To effectively navigate and manage security incidents in Mexico, this study suggests applying neutrosophic logic, an extension of classical logic that allows for indeterminacy and partial knowledge. Neutrosophic logic provides a more adaptable framework for making decisions in uncertain contexts by simultaneously handling true, false, and indeterminate values. In this study, we have created a neutrosophic-based model that includes metrics like social unrest, economic instability, and crime …
Neutrosophic Industry 5.0 Inventory Model With Technology Driven Demand And Costs Parameters, A. Theeba, Nivetha Martin, Florentine Smarandache
Neutrosophic Industry 5.0 Inventory Model With Technology Driven Demand And Costs Parameters, A. Theeba, Nivetha Martin, Florentine Smarandache
Neutrosophic Sets and Systems
In this age of technology, the manufacturing sectors are embracing the elements of industry 5.0 to setup a robust kind of production process. This research work proposes a novel neutrosophic production inventory model encompassing the cost parameters of technology inaddition to the conventional inventory costs. In this model the demand is expressed as function of technology of the form αe^(-βt)+γt with the coefficients α, β and γdealing with the initial demand, decrease in demand over time and increase in demand with the adoption of new technology. The neutrosophic model developed in this work addresses the decision circumstances of indeterminacy in …
A Note On Generalized Heptagonal Neutrosophic Sets, Subasree R, Basarikodi K, Saeid Jafari, G. Nordo
A Note On Generalized Heptagonal Neutrosophic Sets, Subasree R, Basarikodi K, Saeid Jafari, G. Nordo
Neutrosophic Sets and Systems
The concept of a Generalized Heptagonal Neutrosophic set is introduced and its properties are examined in this paper. We also discussed about the interior and closure operators of the Generalized Heptagonal neutrosophic set.
Exploring Topological Characteristics Of Neutrosophic Banach Spaces, Pandiselvi. M, Jeyaraman. M
Exploring Topological Characteristics Of Neutrosophic Banach Spaces, Pandiselvi. M, Jeyaraman. M
Neutrosophic Sets and Systems
The open mapping theorem, the closed graph theorem, and other topological characteristics of neurosophic Banach spaces are examined in this paper. Moreover, in neutrosophic normed spaces, the closedness characteristics of the sum of two linear operators has been studied.
New Multi‑Criteria Decision Making Technique Based On Neutrosophic Qualiflex Method, Antonios Paraskevas, Michael Madas
New Multi‑Criteria Decision Making Technique Based On Neutrosophic Qualiflex Method, Antonios Paraskevas, Michael Madas
Neutrosophic Sets and Systems
The field of Multicriteria Decision Making (MCDM) has advanced significantly, with methods like QUALIFLEX playing a key role by integrating concordance and discordance measures for robust decision outcomes. This paper introduces an innovative extension, neutrosophic QUALIFLEX, which incorporates neutrosophic sets to better handle uncertainty and indeterminacy. Neutrosophic logic manages truth, indeterminacy, and falsity simultaneously, offering a nuanced approach compared to traditional models. The scope of this article is the application of neutrosophic QUALIFLEX to staff selection in business, a scenario often plagued by high uncertainty. Preliminary results show that neutrosophic QUALIFLEX provides superior performance, delivering more accurate and reliable rankings …
Hausdorf Space In Neutrosophic Ideal Topological Spaces: Applications In Decision Making, Kalaivani C, Sofía Jennifer J
Hausdorf Space In Neutrosophic Ideal Topological Spaces: Applications In Decision Making, Kalaivani C, Sofía Jennifer J
Neutrosophic Sets and Systems
This paper presents the concept of neutrosophic I–Hausdorffness in the context of neutrosophic ideal topological spaces, along with various related theorems. Additionally, we provide a practical example showcasing the application of neutrosophic ideals in facilitating decision-making in uncertain environnments.
Plithogenic Hypersoft Based Plithogenic Cognitive Maps In Sustainable Industrial Development, N. Angel, P. Pandiammal, Nivetha Martin
Plithogenic Hypersoft Based Plithogenic Cognitive Maps In Sustainable Industrial Development, N. Angel, P. Pandiammal, Nivetha Martin
Neutrosophic Sets and Systems
Plithogenic Cognitive Maps (PCM) is a comprehensive decision tool discussed in diverse dimensions. The development of PCM models is indispensable in the domain of decision-making. This research work proposes theoretical framework of Plithogenic hypersoft sets (PHS) based PCM. This is a novel approach to make optimal decisions by considering several aspects simultaneously. The objective of this integrated approach is to make concurrent investigations on the interassociational impacts between the factors of the problem taken into account. The PHS based PCM is applied to a decision - making scenario of sustainable industrial development to demonstrate the significance of this PHS based …
Enhanced Neutrosophic Set And Machine Learning Approach For Breast Cancer Prediction, Ashika T, Hannah Grace, Nivetha Martin, Florentin Smarandache
Enhanced Neutrosophic Set And Machine Learning Approach For Breast Cancer Prediction, Ashika T, Hannah Grace, Nivetha Martin, Florentin Smarandache
Neutrosophic Sets and Systems
Breast cancer is the most prevalent type of cancer that affects women worldwide and poses a serious risk to female mortality. In order to lower death rates and enhance treatment results, early detection is critical. Neutrosophic Set Theory (NST) and machine learning (ML) approaches are integrated in this study to provide a novel hybrid methodology (NS-ML) that improves breast cancer diagnosis. Using the Wisconsin Diagnostic Breast Cancer (WDBC) dataset, the research transforms these data into Neutrosophic (N) representations to effectively capture uncertainties. When trained on the N-dataset instead of traditional datasets, ML algorithms such as Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest …
Improved Method Of Interval Valued Neutrosophic Matrix Composition And Its Application In Medical Diagnosis, S. Sathiya, A. Puspalatha
Improved Method Of Interval Valued Neutrosophic Matrix Composition And Its Application In Medical Diagnosis, S. Sathiya, A. Puspalatha
Neutrosophic Sets and Systems
Neutrosophic sets are an important branch of topology that addresses issues with inconsistent, indeterminate, and uncertain situations in everyday life. Interval valued neutrosophic sets, known as subclasses of neutrosophic sets, have been specifically designed to address problems with a set of numbers in the real unit of interval rather than just a single number. Interval valued neutrosophic(IVN) matrix plays an influential role in decision making problems with indeterminant and inconsistent information. The objective of the paper is to discuss the concepts and operations of IVN matrix theory and propose a newly concept of an improved method of IVN matrix composition …
Numerical Techniques For Solving Ordinary Differentialequations With Uncertainty, Augus Kurian, I R. Sumathi
Numerical Techniques For Solving Ordinary Differentialequations With Uncertainty, Augus Kurian, I R. Sumathi
Neutrosophic Sets and Systems
In this article, we derive a numerical solution to the ordinary differential equation with a neutrosophic number as the initial condition.The Adams-Bashforth, Adams-Moulton, and predictorcorrector algorithms are used to solve the differential equation with hexagonal neutrosophic number as the initial condition. The convergence and stability of the methods are also investigated.
Aczel-Alsina Power Average Aggregation Operators Of Singlevalued Neutrosophic Under Confdence Levels And Theirapplication In Multiple Attribute Decision Making, S Bharathi, S Mohanaselvi
Aczel-Alsina Power Average Aggregation Operators Of Singlevalued Neutrosophic Under Confdence Levels And Theirapplication In Multiple Attribute Decision Making, S Bharathi, S Mohanaselvi
Neutrosophic Sets and Systems
In decision making scenarios, dealing with imprecise information through extensions of fuzzy sets is crucial. Among these extensions, single valued neutrosophic set (SVNS) are especially effective at managing and interpreting such imprecise data. In the current study, decision makers confidence levels, derived from their familiarity with the assessed objects, are combined with the primary data within a neutrosophic framework. This paper focuses on developing innovative confidence single valued neutrosophic (SVN) aggregation operators (AO) that utilize the recently developed Aczel-Alsina (AA) operational laws and power AO (PAO) to capture the interrelationships among aggregated single valued neutrosophic numbers (SVNN). Specifically, it introduces …
A Novel Approach To Apple Leaf Disease Detection Usingneutrosophic Logic-Integrated Efcientnetb0, Arpan Singh Rajput, Alpa Singh Rajput, Samajh Singh Thakur
A Novel Approach To Apple Leaf Disease Detection Usingneutrosophic Logic-Integrated Efcientnetb0, Arpan Singh Rajput, Alpa Singh Rajput, Samajh Singh Thakur
Neutrosophic Sets and Systems
Detecting diseases in apple leaves accurately and efficiently is vital for maintaining healthy crops and ensuring optimal yield. This paper introduces a novel approach that integrates Neutrosophic Logic with the EfficientNetB0 model to enhance the classification of apple leaf diseases. The proposed method significantly improves precision, recall, and F1-scores across multiple disease classes, demonstrating its robustness and effectiveness compared to traditional techniques.
Neutrosophic Soft Cubic Refined Sets, Anitha Cruz R
Neutrosophic Soft Cubic Refined Sets, Anitha Cruz R
Neutrosophic Sets and Systems
This paper presents a novel approach to the Neutrosophic Soft Cubic Re ned Set (NSCRS), which serves as the foundation for combining the theory of soft sets, the already-existing Neutrosophic cubic set, and the Neutrosophic re ned set and Neutrosophic Soft Cubic Set. Further introduced are the internal neutrosophic soft cubic re ned set (INSCRS) and external neutrosophic soft cubic re ned set (ENSCRS), along with their various properties, including P-order, P-union, P-intersection, and R-order, R-union, and R-intersection neu- trosophic soft cubic re ned set.
A Comparison Of Reading Strategies Among Spanish Speaking University Students In Different Programs Of English For Specific Purposes Based On An Indeterminate Likert Scale, Andrea Sofía Ribadeneira Vacacela
A Comparison Of Reading Strategies Among Spanish Speaking University Students In Different Programs Of English For Specific Purposes Based On An Indeterminate Likert Scale, Andrea Sofía Ribadeneira Vacacela
Neutrosophic Sets and Systems
This study examines the relationships of reading strategies among different English for Specific Purposes (ESP) programs. Ninety-seven students in four ESP programs in Ecuador were surveyed regarding their reading strategies. The results found that there were not significant differences among the four strategies. These findings were dis-cussed regarding whether differences in reading strategies could potentially influence teaching effectiveness, learning outcomes, and English language applications. The survey was administered to a random sample ob-tained from four Ecuadorian universities for 97 ESP students. For the survey, we applied an Indeterminate Likert Scale. Unlike the classic Likert Scale, the indeterminate variant asks the …
Topological Aspects Of Set-Valued Mappings Defned On Neutrosophic Normed Spaces, Vakeel A. Khan, Mohd Kamran
Topological Aspects Of Set-Valued Mappings Defned On Neutrosophic Normed Spaces, Vakeel A. Khan, Mohd Kamran
Neutrosophic Sets and Systems
Samarandache [43] introduced neutrosophoic sets to generalize the theory of fuzzy sets. In this paper we modify the definition of neutrosophic normed space with help of continuous neutrosophic t-representable norm. Then we study the statistical graphical convergence and pointwise convergence of the sequences of setvalued functions defined on modified version of neutrosophic normed space and give some related theorems. We also introduce neutrosophic upper and lower semi continuities of set valued maps to develop the link between these convergences.
Fermatean Fuzzy Α-Homeomorphism In Fermatean Fuzzy Topological Spaces, Revathy Aruchsamy, Inthumathi Velusamy
Fermatean Fuzzy Α-Homeomorphism In Fermatean Fuzzy Topological Spaces, Revathy Aruchsamy, Inthumathi Velusamy
Neutrosophic Sets and Systems
A relatively new development in fuzzy set theory, Fermatean fuzzy sets (FFSs) were developed for working with higher-level, uncertain data. They provide an even more robust structure for characterizing degree of membership and degree of non-membership, extending on the notions of Pythagorean fuzzy sets (PFSs) and Intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs). There are multiple fields of mathematics and applications that depend extensively on topological generalization of open sets. Topological spaces can be described and analyzed with the aid of homeomorphisms, which provide an empirical way to identify whether two spaces are identical in a topological sense with respect to their essential …
Cubic Spherical Neutrosophic Sets For Advanced Decision-Making, S Gomathi, M. Karpagadevi, S. Krishnaprakash, A. Revathy, Said Broumi
Cubic Spherical Neutrosophic Sets For Advanced Decision-Making, S Gomathi, M. Karpagadevi, S. Krishnaprakash, A. Revathy, Said Broumi
Neutrosophic Sets and Systems
In the context of aggregation operators and multiple criteria decision-making, this article presents the idea of cubic spherical neutrosophic sets. The notion of neutrosophic informations are transform into a geometric sphere by determining its center and radius. This advanced geometrical representation extends traditional neutrosophic informations. This study defines and discusses weighted additive and weighted geometric aggregation operators tailored to cubic spherical neutrosophic sets that are vital for handling complex and uncertain information. Practical example, such as evaluating fertilizer brands for coconut farming, illustrate their application in decision-making contexts. By integrating cubic spherical neutrosophic sets into multiple criteria decision-making frameworks, decision …
The Periodicity Of Square Fuzzy Neutrosophic Soft Matricesbased On Minimal Strong Components, Rameshware K, Kavitha M, Murugadass P
The Periodicity Of Square Fuzzy Neutrosophic Soft Matricesbased On Minimal Strong Components, Rameshware K, Kavitha M, Murugadass P
Neutrosophic Sets and Systems
In this paper Minimal Strong Component (MSC) of a Fuzzy Neutrosophic Soft Matrix (FNSM) is suggested. By employing the connection of periodicity behaviours of FNSM with its cut matrices, the periodicity of power sequence of FNSMis described. Especially the concepts of MSC is given and the periodicity of a FNSM by its (Theorem-4.10) on the basis of the above results, the greatest value max P li=n = [li] of the periodicity of all SFNSM for a given positive integer n is obtained. So in a case we have clearly resolved the problem of the greatest value of all periodicity FNSM …
N Xb* Gx - Closed Sets In Neutrosophic Topological Spaces, Suthi Keerthana Kumar, Vigneshwaran Mandarasalam, Saied Jafari, Vidyarani Lakshmanadas
N Xb* Gx - Closed Sets In Neutrosophic Topological Spaces, Suthi Keerthana Kumar, Vigneshwaran Mandarasalam, Saied Jafari, Vidyarani Lakshmanadas
Neutrosophic Sets and Systems
In neutrosophic topological spaces, the notion of neutrosophic xb* gx -closed sets, neutrosophic xb* gx -border, and neutrosophic xb* gx -frontier are described and their properties are discussed. The con- nection between neutrosophic xb* gx -frontier and neutrosophic xb* gx -border are established
Preflters On Neutrosophic Sets, D. Keerthana, V. Visalakshi, C. Rajapandiyan, Saeid Jafari
Preflters On Neutrosophic Sets, D. Keerthana, V. Visalakshi, C. Rajapandiyan, Saeid Jafari
Neutrosophic Sets and Systems
This paper introduces the concept of a prefilter on the collection of neutrosophic sets. The characteristic set and characteristic value of prefilters are introduced and their fundamental properties are explored. The relationships between filters and prefilters are examined, with particular emphasis on how ultrafilters correspond to maximal filters via specific mappings such as iK and wK Additionally, the concept of prime prefilters are defined and their basic properties are studied. The compatibility between filters and prefilters is also discussed.
Neutrosophic Analysis On Internalization Of Higher Education In Indian Perspective, Nivetha Martin, Said Broumi, N. Ramila Gandhi, P. Pandiammal
Neutrosophic Analysis On Internalization Of Higher Education In Indian Perspective, Nivetha Martin, Said Broumi, N. Ramila Gandhi, P. Pandiammal
Neutrosophic Sets and Systems
The developing nations of the Asian continent, especially India, are trying to elevate the educational standards by inaugurating the portals of international institutional linkages. Collaboration with foreign universities provides opportunities for the aspiring students to confer degrees from world premier institutions by stationing in their host nation. At the same time, the consequential impacts of the institutional linkages beyond the contours of countries need special attention to investigate on the dimensions of social, economic and culture. This chapter aims to make an intensive study on the challenges and impacts of institutional linkages between Institutions belonging to developing and developed nations. …