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LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

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Psychosocial Correlates Of Eating Disorder Symptoms In A Young, Black, Female Sample., Nancy Lee Zucker Jan 2001

Psychosocial Correlates Of Eating Disorder Symptoms In A Young, Black, Female Sample., Nancy Lee Zucker

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

The present investigation examined the psychosocial correlates of eating disorder symptoms among a young sample of Black female adolescents. Recent epidemiological investigations have documented higher rates of disordered eating in Black females than had previously been reported. Because of the high prevalence of these symptoms both in majority and in minority populations, many eating disorder researchers are promoting preventive strategies to stem further increases in symptom levels. To this end, several longitudinal investigations have been conducted to delineate the risk factors of disordered eating among White adolescent populations. However, Black adolescents have been minimally represented in these samples. Thus, there …

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Faulkner And The Great Depression: Aesthetics, Ideology, And The Politics Of Art., Theodore B. Atkinson Iii Jan 2001

Faulkner And The Great Depression: Aesthetics, Ideology, And The Politics Of Art., Theodore B. Atkinson Iii

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

William Faulkner's most concentrated and flourishing phase of literary production virtually coincided with the Great Depression, yet the relationship between these two monumental developments in American cultural history has remained for the most part unexplored. Consequently, a more complete understanding of Faulkner can be achieved by redressing this critical oversight. Such an endeavor must involve reconstituting relevant features of historical and cultural context so as to comprehend the forces informing Faulknees literary production. A critical approach rooted in Marxist literary theory is useful in this regard, for it challenges persistent notions of Faulkner as a writer resistant to contextual influences …

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Group Evaluation System Measuring Self-Reported Cooperative Extension Nutrition Education Program Impact In Adult Limited Resource Audiences With Diverse Literacy Skills., Annrose Mary Guarino Jan 2001

Group Evaluation System Measuring Self-Reported Cooperative Extension Nutrition Education Program Impact In Adult Limited Resource Audiences With Diverse Literacy Skills., Annrose Mary Guarino

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

A Group Evaluation System was developed to evaluate the effectiveness of the Louisiana State University Agricultural Center Family Nutrition Program for use with adult limited resource audiences with diverse literacy skills. Using existing nutrition education resources, an exit survey instrument was developed and tested for validity and reliability. The group administered test format incorporated food associated graphic illustrations and response symbols with written questions read by the instructor. An instrument mock-up was reviewed by an expert panel and two intended-audience focus groups, one with functional reading skills and one without. During data collection, a pretest was conducted with a convenience …

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The Emergence Of Lay Ecclesial Youth Ministry As A Profession Within The Roman Catholic Church., Charlotte Faye Mccorquodale Jan 2001

The Emergence Of Lay Ecclesial Youth Ministry As A Profession Within The Roman Catholic Church., Charlotte Faye Mccorquodale

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

The astonishing growth of lay ecclesial ministry in the Roman Catholic Church began in the 1960's with the advent of the Second Vatican Council and with the emergence of a variety of specialized ministries one such ministry was to youth. The focus of this query was on the emergence of the profession of lay ecclesial youth ministry. The growth of the professional field of lay ecclesial ministry in the Roman Catholic Church can be seen in the writings of bishops, theologians, authors, national ministerial associations, and researchers as they address four major areas of concern. Those areas include: (1) the …

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Effective Lobbying Strategies For Higher Education In State Legislatures As Perceived By Government Relations Officers., Ellen Prothro Murphy Jan 2001

Effective Lobbying Strategies For Higher Education In State Legislatures As Perceived By Government Relations Officers., Ellen Prothro Murphy

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

The primary purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of various lobbying strategies for higher education in state legislatures as perceived by state government relations officers. The target population for the study was defined as individuals currently employed as state government relations officers for public institutions of higher education. Data were collected for this study by surveying government relations officers contacted through the 7th Annual State Relations Conference. The total number of usable responses was 109 (74%) of 147 surveyed from 36 states. The instrument utilized in this study was a researcher designed questionnaire that included a demographic …

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The Effect Of Domestic Violence On Welfare Use, Employment And Mental Health: A Quantitative And Qualitative Analysis., Taryn Patricia Lindhorst Jan 2001

The Effect Of Domestic Violence On Welfare Use, Employment And Mental Health: A Quantitative And Qualitative Analysis., Taryn Patricia Lindhorst

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

This dissertation is an empirical policy analysis which investigates the effect of domestic violence on a woman's welfare status, employment, and mental health within the context of new policies instituted by welfare reform. It uses quantitative data from a panel survey, and qualitative narratives from respondents who reported current domestic abuse. Multivariate analysis of welfare outcomes finds that domestic violence affects welfare outcomes indirectly through its effect on depression. Depression is associated with unemployment, continuing on TANF, and being sanctioned off welfare. Domestic violence is one of the strongest predictors of the level of reported depression. Abuse is not directly …

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Perceptions Of Work Ethic Among College Seniors., Patricia Nolen Pierson Jan 2001

Perceptions Of Work Ethic Among College Seniors., Patricia Nolen Pierson

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Orientation and attitudes toward work are important issues in the workforce where fierce global competition and demands for increased productivity threaten virtually every business and industry. Managers and executives perceive an erosion of work ethic by America's young people and claim that today's college students have no realistic concept of "a day's work for a day's pay". The purpose of this study, therefore, was to determine the perceptions of work ethic among university seniors and further, to determine if differences in work ethic exist based on the variables gender, ethnic group, marital status, number of children, age, planned occupation, current …

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Girls Who Would Be Gods: The Poetry Of Emily Dickinson, Elizabeth Bishop, And Sylvia Plath., Anna Lynn Priddy Jan 2001

Girls Who Would Be Gods: The Poetry Of Emily Dickinson, Elizabeth Bishop, And Sylvia Plath., Anna Lynn Priddy

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Girls Who Would Be Gods: The Poetry of Emily Dickinson, Elizabeth Bishop, and Sylvia Plath charts the development of these three American poets, from concerns with ambition and competition that appear in their early poetry, letters and journals, to their later creation of myths surrounding themselves and the secondary worlds of their creation. With Plath's explicit wish that she might be God, Bishop's Crusoe-like exile that allows her to create imaginary realms and homes, and Dickinson's not entirely tentative proposal that she might well be the Biblical Eve, these poets indulged in imaginative re-creations of their worlds and their selves. …

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Learning To Teach In A Virtual Environment: A Case Study Of The Louisiana Virtual Classroom Teachers., Rachel Geralyn Sellers Jan 2001

Learning To Teach In A Virtual Environment: A Case Study Of The Louisiana Virtual Classroom Teachers., Rachel Geralyn Sellers

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

In the 2000 school year the Louisiana Department of Education commissioned a Distance Learning Task Force Committee to establish State Standards for Distance Education. These Standards supported the core beliefs set forth by the state's educational technology goal: "All educators and learners will have access to technologies that are effective in improving student achievement" (State Standards, p. 1). Emerging technologies, such as web-based instruction, were implemented to support these standards. These new technologies prompted the Louisiana Center for Educational Technology to establish the Louisiana Virtual Classroom. This project was a program that included a consortium of high school teachers for …

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Writing The Beloved Community: Integrated Narratives In Six Contemporary American Novels About The Civil Rights Movement., Paul Tewkesbury Iii Jan 2001

Writing The Beloved Community: Integrated Narratives In Six Contemporary American Novels About The Civil Rights Movement., Paul Tewkesbury Iii

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, black southerners in the United States engaged in the series of nonviolent social protests known collectively as the Civil Rights Movement. Martin Luther King, Jr., spoke often of the integrated "Beloved Community" that would result from this nonviolent direct action. This dissertation examines the ways in which six contemporary American novelists have created fictional narratives about the Civil Rights Movement, narratives that employ "integrationist" literary devices whereby form reflects the theme of the search for the Beloved Community across race, gender, and class lines. That is, each novelist chooses to tell his or her story …

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Bringing The Community Back In: The Mediating Role Of Civic Community In The Socioeconomic Disadvantage And Homicide Relationship In Rural And Urban Counties, 1980--1990., Troy Christopher Blanchard Jan 2001

Bringing The Community Back In: The Mediating Role Of Civic Community In The Socioeconomic Disadvantage And Homicide Relationship In Rural And Urban Counties, 1980--1990., Troy Christopher Blanchard

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

One key explanation of aggregate rates of homicide in localities across the U.S. is social disorganization theory. This theory posits that disadvantaged neighborhoods lack the social and economic resources to exert social control on community residents. One shortcoming of this approach is that it cannot adequately explain urban-rural differences in African American homicide victimization. While African Americans in rural areas experience similar or even more extreme levels of disadvantage than their urban counterparts, the risk of homicide for rural African Americans is significantly lower. To address this shortcoming, I develop a conceptually different, although complimentary, explanation of violence grounded in …

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Pathobiology Of Streptococcus Iniae Infections In Cultured Tilapia., Alvin Cyril Camus Jan 2001

Pathobiology Of Streptococcus Iniae Infections In Cultured Tilapia., Alvin Cyril Camus

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Streptococcus iniae was first isolated in 1972 from an Amazon River dolphin. It reappeared as a fish pathogen in Japan several years later. Since then it has steadily increased in incidence and host range worldwide, and is a known zoonotic agent. In the United States it is the most significant pathogen affecting growth of tilapia aquaculture. Histopathologic descriptions are incomplete and little is known concerning pathogenesis of the disease or virulence mechanisms of the organism. A composite of lesions was compiled from diseased tilapia evaluated by the Aquatic Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Louisiana State University from 1995--2001. In common with …

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A Study Of The Applicability Of Intrusion Technology For Evaluating Resilient Modulus Of Subgrade Soil., Ananda H. M. P. J Herath Jan 2001

A Study Of The Applicability Of Intrusion Technology For Evaluating Resilient Modulus Of Subgrade Soil., Ananda H. M. P. J Herath

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

The cone penetration test may be applied for estimation of the resilient modulus of subgrade soil. The main objectives of this study were to assess the applicability of the intrusion technology in evaluating the resilient characteristics of subgrade soil, develop models among the cone penetration test parameters, resilient modulus, soil properties, and stresses of subgrade soil, and to validate these models. Field cone penetration and laboratory tests were performed on different soil types. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were obtained close to the cone penetration test locations. Laboratory tests were also performed to obtain the resilient modulus, strength parameters, compaction …

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Debussy And The Fragment., Linda Page Cummins Jan 2001

Debussy And The Fragment., Linda Page Cummins

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

The dissertation identifies and studies fragmentary structures---structures that give the impression of incompletion or interruption---in the music of Claude Debussy. Although fragments---which play a decisive role in nineteenth- and twentieth-century aethetics---have been discussed extensively in literature and the visual arts, relatively little critical attention was paid to them by musicologists until Daverio and Rosen, in the 1990s, investigated the romantic musical fragment. The dissertation traces the history of the literary fragment from the late middle ages through the nineteenth century. With this history as background, it places Debussy's fragmentary musical structures in relation to those of composers like Schumann and …

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Analytical Method Development And The Study Of Inhibitors For The Gdp -Mannose 4,6 -Dehydratase Enzyme Involved In Gdp -Fucose Synthesis Pathway., Marianne Lynette Mckee Jan 2001

Analytical Method Development And The Study Of Inhibitors For The Gdp -Mannose 4,6 -Dehydratase Enzyme Involved In Gdp -Fucose Synthesis Pathway., Marianne Lynette Mckee

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

The goal of this research is to identify compounds which act as inhibitors for the synthesis of guanosine 5'-diphospho-L -fucose (GDP-fucose). The enzymes involved in this pathway are guanosine 5'-diphospho-D-mannose 4,6-dehydratase (GDP-D-mannose 4,6-dehydratase) and guanosine 5' -diphospho-4-keto-6-D-deoxymannose epimerase/guanosine 5'-diphospho-4-keto-6-L-galactose reductase (also known as FX protein and GDP-fucose synthetase). In this research project, GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratse, the first enzyme in this pathway was studied. The plasmid DNA that contained the gene for GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase was transformed into E. coli bacteria; the enzyme was expressed and purified for use in this research. Before assaying the enzyme, a method of analysis for the products …

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Sources And Types Of Formal And Informal Assistance: Patterns Among Louisiana's Welfare Population., Alison Kay Neustrom Jan 2001

Sources And Types Of Formal And Informal Assistance: Patterns Among Louisiana's Welfare Population., Alison Kay Neustrom

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

My purpose in this dissertation is to examine the extent to which recipients report social capital in the form of social support and what I call informal assistance. I define informal assistance as those assets that assist in the daily lives of welfare recipients. This dissertation examines the role of residence, human capital, family of origin, and current household structure on informal assistance. I also compare the forms of assistance and instrumental resources of non-metropolitan and metropolitan welfare recipients to determine whether geographic context mediates the use of informal assistance. Data for this study were from the Louisiana State University …

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Differential Modes Of External Change Agent Support In Diffusion Of Innovation., Janet Gibson Stevens Jan 2001

Differential Modes Of External Change Agent Support In Diffusion Of Innovation., Janet Gibson Stevens

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

The main goal of this multiple-case exploratory study was to examine and describe the processes, perceptions and changes that occurred at the school level in ten south Louisiana middle schools, as the result of external change agent assistance given through the Louisiana School and District Accountability Program. Within this primary goal, the perception of external change agent influence on: (1) school effectiveness processes (i.e., discipline, teacher collaboration, expectations and quality of instruction); and (2) Fullan's school improvement processes were examined. This multiple case study involved five middle schools in Louisiana with two types of external change agents [i.e., the Distinguished …

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Social Support And The Prevalence Of Depressive And Anxiety Disorders In Low -Income Adults With Type 2 Diabetes And Other Chronic Illnesses., Janet Leigh Thomas Jan 2001

Social Support And The Prevalence Of Depressive And Anxiety Disorders In Low -Income Adults With Type 2 Diabetes And Other Chronic Illnesses., Janet Leigh Thomas

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

The present study used a cross-sectional design to answer the following questions: (a) what is the prevalence of DSM-IV depressive and anxiety disorders in a population of low-income primary care patients with type 2 DM, and does a diagnosis of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) contribute to an increased prevalence of affective disorders above the rate identified in other chronic illness groups and those suffering from no medical diagnoses, (b) does perceived social support, as measured by the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (ISEL) have a direct and/or buffering effect on the association between chronic disease and affective disorder diagnoses, and …

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The Russian Orthodox Church As A Symbol Of Right Order: A Voegelinian Analysis., Lee David Trepanier Jan 2001

The Russian Orthodox Church As A Symbol Of Right Order: A Voegelinian Analysis., Lee David Trepanier

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

I will use Eric Voegelin's "new science" of politics to examine whether the Russian Orthodox Church is a symbol of right order. By investigating symbols of order and disorder in Russia, we will be able to uncover the structures of consciousness of the Russian Orthodox Church leadership. The examination of the experiences of man's consciousness will in turn reveal whether he and his society are ordered correctly or incorrectly. The explanation of symbols of order and disorder and the experiences behind these symbols is presented thoroughly in the first chapter of this dissertation. The chapter will conclude with an explanation …

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The Early Identification Of Business Leaders: The Development And Validation Of A Leadership Potential Instrument., Robert Leroy Zehner Jan 2001

The Early Identification Of Business Leaders: The Development And Validation Of A Leadership Potential Instrument., Robert Leroy Zehner

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Business organizations spend a great of resources identifying and developing high potential leaders to ensure the continuity of their enterprises. Much of the time and money spent identifying potential leaders is applied inappropriately to employees who are not potential leaders. Many of these valuable employees enter the leadership stream seeking recognition only to find frustration and disappointment. The purpose of this study was to develop a cost effective tool that accurately identifies potential leaders from new professional employees entering a midsize specialty chemical company. By identifying potential leaders early in their employment career, time and energy could be devoted to …

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Faculty Perceptions Of Communication Effectiveness In The Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service., Sally Maureen Soileau Jan 2001

Faculty Perceptions Of Communication Effectiveness In The Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service., Sally Maureen Soileau

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

The purpose of the study was to determine communication patterns and effectiveness as perceived by specialists and agents of the Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service, and relate communication effectiveness with selected demographic characteristics. A qualitative component of the study focused on personal communication experiences of the faculty. A total of 210 agents and 106 specialists participated in the study. The survey instrument was validated by an expert panel and administered via a web site with an initial electronic mail contact and personal and electronic mail follow-ups. From a choice of 11 different methods of communication, specialists and agents used email and …

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The Impact Of Individuals On Foreign Policy Decision Making., Robert Scott Crichlow Jan 2001

The Impact Of Individuals On Foreign Policy Decision Making., Robert Scott Crichlow

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

In this project I investigate how the psychological characteristics of key political leaders, their beliefs and personality traits, affect foreign policy. I use a multi-method approach. This includes both statistical analyses involving quantitative measures of leaders' psychological characteristics and policy preferences, as well as qualitative case studies of foreign policy decision making. I investigate two primary questions. First, what relationships exist between the psychological characteristics of political leaders and their policy preferences in times of international conflict? Second, how are the views of presidents and prime ministers reconciled with those of their key advisors in the creation of a national …

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Predicting Short -Term Violence Among Forensic Inpatients., Mac Marcantel Martin Jan 2001

Predicting Short -Term Violence Among Forensic Inpatients., Mac Marcantel Martin

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Legal reforms initiated in 1975 led to an increasing reliance upon mental health professionals to make predictions concerning violent behavior among the mentally ill, giving way to a series of violence prediction studies. However, these studies were noted to have major limitations, including unacceptably low rates of correct classification, high rates of misclassification, use of static, unavailable, or impractical predictors, and failure to cross-validate findings. Further, the bulk of these studies focused on predicting post-hospitalization violence, as opposed to inpatient violence, which can have important ramifications in treatment settings. The current study therefore examined the ability of forensic patients' current …

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Neuropsychological Effects Of Acute Mustard Gas Exposure., James Bryon Pinkston Jan 2001

Neuropsychological Effects Of Acute Mustard Gas Exposure., James Bryon Pinkston

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Introduction. Approximately 600 industrial workers reported exposure to sub-lethal levels of sulfur mustard gas and nitrogen mustard gas. A sample of 203 of these workers were administered standardized measures of perceptual, motor, intellectual, academic, attentional, memory, abstract reasoning, and psychological functioning, as well as level of effort during testing. Mean time from exposure to testing was 1.18(SD = .35) years. Males comprised 97.5% of the participants and 79.3% were Caucasian. Mean education was 11.67(SD = 1.73) years and mean age at exposure was 36.74( SD = 10.31) years. Method. Mustard gas exposure severity was defined by the presence of obvious …

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The Effect Of Psychotropic Medications On Social Skills In Persons With Profound Mental Retardation., Jerald Wayne Bamburg Jr Jan 2001

The Effect Of Psychotropic Medications On Social Skills In Persons With Profound Mental Retardation., Jerald Wayne Bamburg Jr

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

People with mental retardation exhibit a large number of behavioral excesses and deficits and the full range of psychopathology. As a result, interventions involving psychotropic medications are widely used in the population. However, few conducted studies have examined the effect of psychotropic interventions on the total behavioral repertoire. Most studies examine only the suppression of symptoms or maladaptive behaviors without considering the manner in which medications may alter the positive behavioral repertoire or cause deleterious side effects. This study aimed to address medication effects on the positive behavioral spectrum by examining the effects of these interventions on social skills, adaptive …

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Examination Of A Method For Increasing Adjustment To And Compliance With Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (Cpap) In Persons With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome., Jack Allen Johnson Jr Jan 2001

Examination Of A Method For Increasing Adjustment To And Compliance With Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (Cpap) In Persons With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome., Jack Allen Johnson Jr

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a serious medical condition that occurs during sleep and consists of episodes of complete (respiratory pauses) or partial obstruction (hypoventilation) of the upper airway. Approximately 80% of persons diagnosed with OSAS are prescribed nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) treatment, which has proven to be the treatment of choice for OSAS. However, noncompliance with CPAP treatment in OSAS patients is a widely recognized problem, and many persons refuse CPAP as a treatment option or fail to use it reliably. Investigations of CPAP use in OSAS patients have generally found that nightly use averages less …

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Parenting Practices As A Moderator Of Exposure To Community Violence., Nicole Francingues Lanclos Jan 2001

Parenting Practices As A Moderator Of Exposure To Community Violence., Nicole Francingues Lanclos

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Numerous studies evidence that urban youth are exposed to epidemic proportions of community violence. Exposure to community violence has been associated with significant levels of distress including aggression, academic difficulties, anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Although it is clear that children who experience chronic levels of violence exposure are at increased risk for poor developmental outcome, the consequences of exposure are not the same for all children. Parenting factors found to buffer the effects of community violence exposure include family size, parental presence in the home, family support, parenting resources, family cohesion, and strong parental monitoring. It is less …

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Show Me The Money: An Analysis Of The Impact Of Voter Recognition On The Campaign Spending Effects Of House And Senate Candidates., Nicholas Chad Long Jan 2001

Show Me The Money: An Analysis Of The Impact Of Voter Recognition On The Campaign Spending Effects Of House And Senate Candidates., Nicholas Chad Long

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

The focus of this dissertation is campaign spending in congressional elections. I examine the benefits that candidates receive from campaign expenditures. I think that challengers receive greater benefits from spending than incumbents, but that the extent of these benefits depends on the type of challenger. High-quality challengers are those that have previous experience in an important elective office, while low-quality challengers lack this experience. Because of this experience, high-quality challengers enjoy a higher level of recognition among the electorate than low-quality challengers. I think that the benefits that challengers receive from expenditures are inversely related to the level of recognition …

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Voluntary Accounting Policy Choices Of Lower -Level Firms In Multi -Firm Organizations., Allen Kenneth Hunt Jan 2001

Voluntary Accounting Policy Choices Of Lower -Level Firms In Multi -Firm Organizations., Allen Kenneth Hunt

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

This study investigates the determinants of accounting choices for subsidiary firms in multi-firm organizations. A "subsidiary" is defined as either a company that is controlled (i.e., more than 50 percent ownership) by another corporation (its "parent") or is a firm under the parent company's influence (i.e., between 20 and 50 percent ownership). Previous studies focus exclusively on the parent company; hence little is known about making accounting procedure choices for subsidiaries. As a separate legal entity, a subsidiary's accounting policies should be of interest to its creditors, regulators, and noncontrolling minority-interest shareholders. The accounting procedure choices investigated are depreciation and …

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A World Of Deference: Paradoxes Of Victorian Paternalism In John Ruskin, Charles Dickens, And John Stuart Mill., Peter Mitchell O'Neill Jan 2001

A World Of Deference: Paradoxes Of Victorian Paternalism In John Ruskin, Charles Dickens, And John Stuart Mill., Peter Mitchell O'Neill

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

This study examines the residual paternalist ideology in three canonical Victorian texts: namely, John Ruskin's The Nature of Gothic, Charles Dickens's Hard Times, and John Stuart Mill's Autobiography. In exposing an epistemological tension between paternalist and liberal beliefs---especially a putative concern for the working class---that exists in these texts, this discussion concludes that not only are the cultural forces of benevolent authority insidious in Victorian culture, but that the paradoxes that emerge in these texts may reflect a public ambiguity toward the prevalent structures sustaining Victorian paternalism. The three texts examined inscribe hierarchical principles---while ironically exposing them---in generally similar ways: …

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