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Microphytobenthos Of The Northern Gulf Of Mexico Hypoxic Area And Their Role In Oxygen Dynamics, Melissa Millman Baustian
Microphytobenthos Of The Northern Gulf Of Mexico Hypoxic Area And Their Role In Oxygen Dynamics, Melissa Millman Baustian
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The presence or absence of microphytobenthos on the seafloor provides clues about whether benthic oxygen evolution contributes significantly to the oxygen budget of the hypoxic area in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Hypoxia (oxygen < 2 mg l-1) creates inadequate concentrations of dissolved oxygen to support most organisms, such as fish, shrimp and crabs, and occurs over large areas of the Louisiana continental shelf from spring through summer in most years. Oxygen production by benthic autotrophs may offset a decline in oxygen concentrations if there is a functioning community and sufficient light. I sampled three stations (14, 20 and 23 m depths) ~ 100 km west of the Mississippi River over three hypoxic annual cycles (2006 – 2008), and 11 stations along a 14 - 20 m contour on the shelf in late-July in 2006, 2007 and 2008. I used microscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography to estimate the biomass and composition of phytoplankton and microphytobenthos. The potential seasonal oxygen production was estimated in 2007 and 2008 by incubating coupled light/dark sediment cores and bottom water from two stations. The sediment community (cells > 3 um) differed from those in the water column and were frequently benthic pennate diatoms and filamentous cyanobacteria (58-88% seasonally and 1-99% in mid-summer). The concentration of microphytobenthic biomass was usually < 2.0 ug g dry sed-1, and various biotic parameters were influenced by light at the seafloor. Declines in dissolved oxygen over a seasonal cycle in 2007 and 2008 were affected more by the initial dissolved oxygen concentration than by the presence of microphytobenthos that could generate oxygen. The sediment (1.2 - 27.3 mmol O2 m-2 d-1, n = 97) and bottom-water (1.1 - 17.5 mmol m-2 d-1, n = 23) oxygen consumption rates were within the range of the few previously-reported data. This work adds to these data and also provides the only sediment oxygen consumption rates at fixed sites over seasonal time scales. These results provide critical input to three-dimensional, physical-biological models of oxygen dynamics for this hypoxic area.
Preparation And Studies Of Ratiometric Fluorescent Chemosensors Based On The Attenuation Of Excitation Energy Transfer, Jiba Raj Acharya
Preparation And Studies Of Ratiometric Fluorescent Chemosensors Based On The Attenuation Of Excitation Energy Transfer, Jiba Raj Acharya
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Molecular devices possessing pi-electron conjugated scaffold demonstrate unique capabilities as fluorescent chemosensors for the trace detection of analytes in a variety of environments. Important properties of these compounds such as charge transport and exciton migration, emission intensity etc. can be simply attenuated by external stimuli or analyte binding, leading to considerable changes in observable signals. The main goal of this Ph.D. dissertation was to study the possibility to control excitation energy migration in conjugated systems. Towards this goal, we designed surface-immobilized monodispersed oligo(p-phenylene ethynylene)s (OPEs) as a general basis for thin-film ratiometric fluorescent chemosensors. The sensor molecules have been functionalized …
A General Approach For Vitrification Of Fish Sperm, Rafael Cuevas Uribe
A General Approach For Vitrification Of Fish Sperm, Rafael Cuevas Uribe
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The goal of this project was to develop streamlined protocols that could be integrated into a standardized approach for vitrification of germplasm for all aquatic species. Vitrification (freezing by formation of “glass” rather than crystalline ice) is simple, fast, inexpensive, can be potentially used to preserve samples in the field, and offers new options for germplasm management especially appropriate for small fishes. Sperm were studied from freshwater fish (channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus), viviparous freshwater fish (green swordtail Xiphophorus hellerii), and marine fishes (spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus, red snapper Lutjanus campechanus, red drum Sciaenops ocellatus, and southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma). To …
On The Thermodynamics Of Degradation, Mehdi Amir Darehbidi
On The Thermodynamics Of Degradation, Mehdi Amir Darehbidi
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
All materials when subjected to fatigue loading are prone to failure if the number of cycles exceeds a certain level. Prediction of the number of cycles to failure is, therefore, of utmost importance in nearly all engineering applications. The existing methods for evaluating the fatigue life are tedious, expensive, and extremely time consuming as fatigue often takes many thousands to millions of cycles until failure occurs. Therefore, methods that can readily estimate the number of cycles to failure are highly desirable. In this work, innovative solutions to fatigue problems are presented and their practical significance is discussed. The premise of …
Improving Intelligence In A Counterinsurgency Or Counterterrorism Environment Through The Application Of A Critical Thinking-Based Framework, James Henry Hess
Improving Intelligence In A Counterinsurgency Or Counterterrorism Environment Through The Application Of A Critical Thinking-Based Framework, James Henry Hess
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The intelligence community is responsible for providing competent analysis and assessments pertaining to the many significant geo-political situations that may potentially or do effect the nation’s interests. The intelligence community has always experienced challenges living up to that charge, and while it may merely be a case of the nature of the profession, there are always lessons that can be learned and processes that may improve the analytical processes. Critical thinking is a cognitive process that may be able to provide that improvement to the analytical processes, and when an analytical framework is built by applying these cognitive skills, the …
Homodyne Detection For Laser-Interferometric Gravitational Wave Detectors, Tobin Thomas Fricke
Homodyne Detection For Laser-Interferometric Gravitational Wave Detectors, Tobin Thomas Fricke
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Gravitational waves are ripples of space-time predicted by Einstein's theory of General Relativity. The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO), part of a global network of gravitational wave detectors, seeks to detect these waves and study their sources. The LIGO detectors were upgraded in 2008 with the dual goals of increasing the sensitivity (and likelihood of detection) and proving techniques for Advanced LIGO, a major upgrade currently underway. As part of this upgrade, the signal extraction technique was changed from a heterodyne scheme to a form of homodyne detection called DC readout. The DC readout system includes a new optical filter …
The Mentoring Role Of Louisiana High School Girls' Basketball Coaches In The Recruiting Process, Charles Anthony Owen
The Mentoring Role Of Louisiana High School Girls' Basketball Coaches In The Recruiting Process, Charles Anthony Owen
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The primary purpose of this study was to determine coaches’ perceptions of their roles as mentors, the impact that high school coaches have on choices female athletes make regarding attendance in post-secondary education, the type of information possessed by the coaches to assist in these decisions and whether or not the coaches in the state believed in the necessity for additional training for themselves, their peers and whether or not additional training would benefit the athletes under their tutelage. Two hundred twenty four girls’ basketball coaches from throughout the state were surveyed and one hundred twenty eight participated in the …
Understanding The Selective Detection Of Homocysteine And Studies Toward The Synthesis Of Vinigrol, Dong Wang
Understanding The Selective Detection Of Homocysteine And Studies Toward The Synthesis Of Vinigrol, Dong Wang
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The first part of the work is dedicated to the selective detection of Homocysteine (Hcy). In order to better understand this colorimetric detection method, a thermodynamic model for the pH dependence of the effective reduction potential of Hcy derived á-carbon radicals has been proposed. And using viologen indicators of varying reduction potentials, we demonstrate that colorimetric changes occur at experimental pH values consistent with the model. The one-carbon bridge stereochemistry of bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane framework is critical to make the third ring of the tricyclic precursor of vinigrol. We studied this stereochemistry carefully and found that the major diastereomer formed from Robinson …
The Biological Activity Of Rare Carbohydrates And Cyclitols In Coptotermes Formosanus, Lucas James Veillon
The Biological Activity Of Rare Carbohydrates And Cyclitols In Coptotermes Formosanus, Lucas James Veillon
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
In the interest of developing environmentally friendly interventions to infestations by Formosan subterranean termites, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, a number of carbohydrates were tested for effects on termites and symbionts. Among these, the D-galactose analog, 2-deoxy-D-galactose, myo-inositol and its fully phosphorylated derivative, phytate, showed promise as potential control chemicals. Feeding bioassays with 20 termite workers, where compounds were applied (concentrations ranged from 160.2-1281.7 µg/mm3) to 5 cm filter paper in water, indicated all three compounds significantly impact termite mortality in a dose dependent fashion over a 2 wk period. Interestingly, when myo-inositol was administered to termites in agar (40 mg/mL), in …
Oblivious Buy-At-Bulk Network Design Algorithms, Srivathsan Srinivasagopalan
Oblivious Buy-At-Bulk Network Design Algorithms, Srivathsan Srinivasagopalan
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Large-scale networks such as the Internet has emerged as arguably the most complex distributed communication network system. The mere size of such networks and all the various applications that run on it brings a large variety of challenging problems. Similar problems lie in any network - transportation, logistics, oil/gas pipeline etc where efficient paths are needed to route the flow of demands. This dissertation studies the computation of efficient paths from the demand sources to their respective destination(s). We consider the buy-at-bulk network design problem in which we wish to compute efficient paths for carrying demands from a set of …
An Agent-Based Simulation Model For Business Reopenings In New Orleans Post Hurricane Katrina, Helbert Arenas
An Agent-Based Simulation Model For Business Reopenings In New Orleans Post Hurricane Katrina, Helbert Arenas
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The empirical study of business responses to disasters is relatively scarce, despite that they are a fundamental part of the cities, providing services, jobs and, taxes that are essential for urban sustainability. This dissertation develops an agent-based simulation model to represent and understand the businesses reopening process in a dynamic environment in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina. The objectives are two-fold: 1) To identify the main reopening predictors involved and estimate their relative importance through time, using an empirical data set collected from another study; 2) To represent the business reopening process through a computer simulation model, using the parameters …
Crystal Growth Of Complex Intermetallics In Search For Heavy Electron Systems, Brenton L. Drake
Crystal Growth Of Complex Intermetallics In Search For Heavy Electron Systems, Brenton L. Drake
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The structural solution and physical property characterization of several Ln-T-Al/Ga and Ln-T-Al-Si contain phases, which include Ln(Cu,Al)12 (Ln = Y, Ce, Pr, Sm, and Yb), Ln(Ag,Al,Si)2 (Ln = Ce and Gd), LnCu2(Al,Si)5 (Ln = La and Ce), Ln(Cu,Al,Ga)13-x (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, and Eu), α and β LnNiGa4 (α Ln = Y and Gd – Yb; β Ln = (Tb – Er)), and Ln4FeGa12 (Ln = Tb – Er) will be presented in this work with an emphasis on crystal growth. The systems cover a large breadth of phase space and serve to illustrate the new and rich chemistry …
Studies Of Inhomogeneous Superconducting States In Novel Materials, Robert Pearson Beaird
Studies Of Inhomogeneous Superconducting States In Novel Materials, Robert Pearson Beaird
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
I provide detailed studies of two types of novel superconducting systems. In the first, I examine the effect of thermal (Gaussian) magnetic fluctuations on the superconducting transition of paramagnetically-limited superconductors under a Zeeman magnetic field. I consider transitions into both the uniform and the modulated (Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov) superconducting states. I derive the Landau free energy expansion in powers of the superconducting order parameter, allowing for competition between the magnetic fluctuations and the superconducting order. I determine the order of the transition at the upper critical field and find that the fluctuations drive the transition, usually second-order, to first order at intermediate …
Excluded-Minor Characterization Of Apex-Outerplanar Graphs, Stanislaw Dziobiak
Excluded-Minor Characterization Of Apex-Outerplanar Graphs, Stanislaw Dziobiak
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
It is well known that the class of outerplanar graphs is minor-closed and can be characterized by two excluded minors: K_4 and K_{2,3}. The class of graphs that contain a vertex whose removal leaves an outerplanar graph is also minor-closed. We provide the complete list of 57 excluded minors for this class.
Advanced Semantics For Accelerated Graph Processing, Dylan Thomas Stark
Advanced Semantics For Accelerated Graph Processing, Dylan Thomas Stark
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Large-scale graph applications are of great national, commercial, and societal importance, with direct use in fields such as counter-intelligence, proteomics, and data mining. Unfortunately, graph-based problems exhibit certain basic characteristics that make them a poor match for conventional computing systems in terms of structure, scale, and semantics. Graph processing kernels emphasize sparse data structures and computations with irregular memory access patterns that destroy the temporal and spatial locality upon which modern processors rely for performance. Furthermore, applications in this area utilize large data sets, and have been shown to be more data intensive than typical floating-point applications, two properties that …
Making Transitions: A Multiple Case Study Of Mathematics Classroom Teaching Reform In China, Lianfang Lu
Making Transitions: A Multiple Case Study Of Mathematics Classroom Teaching Reform In China, Lianfang Lu
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The main purpose of this study is to investigate how teachers implemented teaching reform in secondary mathematics classrooms in China, and to understand the context of teaching transformation in general. Two groups of mathematics teachers were included in this study. One group was involved in a leadership project led by university-based mathematics teacher educators, and the other was engaged in a school teaching experiment led by teacher educators from local education department. In this study, classrooms are viewed as social systems in which the teacher and students are interrelated through communication networks. This study examines the structures, patterns of social …
Arbovirus Phenotype Alters Transmission Potential, Rebecca C. Christofferson
Arbovirus Phenotype Alters Transmission Potential, Rebecca C. Christofferson
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Extrinsic and environmental factors are known to affect the transmission of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), including variations in the arthropod vector populations. Differences among these factors have been associated with differential transmission and are sometimes used to control the spread of an arbovirus through a vertebrate population in an effort to prevent or disrupt an outbreak. However, diversity in intrinsic viral populations, such as genetic and phenotypic variability, is not often accounted for when considering alterations in transmission. Presented in this dissertation are four experimental studies that explore the contribution of viral intrinsic factors, especially phenotypic variability, to the transmission potential …
Evolution Of Structural And Physical Properties Of Transition Metal Oxide Sr₃(Ru₁₋Xmnx)₂O₇ (0 <̲ X >̲ 0.7) With Mn Concentration, Biao Hu
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Correlated Electron Materials (CEMs) have attracted the attention of the materials community because the strong coupling between charge, lattice, orbital, and spin degrees of freedom produces exotic phenomena. Transition metal oxide series Srn+1RunO3n+1 (n = 1 to ∞) is a prototype of CEMs. The n = 2 member of this family Sr3Ru2O7 is the subject of this dissertation. It has a paramagnetic (PM) metallic ground state, which can be driven into an antiferromagnetic (AFM) insulator with a partial substitution of Ru by Mn. The focus of this research is to understand the role of chemical doping as the driving force …
Using Curriculum-Based Measures To Predict Math Performance On A Statewide Assessment, Keri F. Menesses
Using Curriculum-Based Measures To Predict Math Performance On A Statewide Assessment, Keri F. Menesses
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
One hundred forty-six students in third, fourth, and fifth grades completed two types of curriculum-based measurement (CBM) math probes, math computation and math concepts/ applications, in the winter and spring. The relationship between scores on the math probes and scores on the math portion of the Louisiana statewide assessments were analyzed by computing correlation coefficients and conducting multiple regression analyses. Both types of probes were significantly correlated with test outcomes, yet the concepts/applications probes were stronger predictors of test performance. The diagnostic accuracy of the probes was determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses, which established cut scores that …
Paley-Wiener Theorems With Respect To The Spectral Parameter, Susanna Dann
Paley-Wiener Theorems With Respect To The Spectral Parameter, Susanna Dann
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
One of the important questions related to any integral transform on a manifold M or on a homogeneous space G/K is the description of the image of a given space of functions. If M=G/K, where (G,K) is a Gelfand pair, then harmonic analysis on M is closely related to the representations of G and the direct integral decomposition of L^2(M) into irreducible representations of G. R^n can be realized as the quotient R^n=E(n)/SO(n), where E(n) is the orientation preserving Euclidean motion group. The pair (E(n), SO(n)) is a Gelfand pair. Hence this realization of R^n comes with its own natural …
In-Wheel Motors: Express Comparative Method For Pmbl Motors, Pavani Gottipati
In-Wheel Motors: Express Comparative Method For Pmbl Motors, Pavani Gottipati
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
One of the challenges facing the electric vehicle industry today is the selection and design of a suitable in-wheel motor. Permanent Magnet Brushless (PMBL) motor is a good choice for the in-wheel motor because of its lossless excitation, improved efficiency, reduced weight and low maintenance. The PMBL motors can be further classified as Axial-Flux Twin-Rotor (AFTR) and Radial-Flux Twin-Rotor (RFTR) machines.
The objective of this dissertation is to develop a fast method for the selection of appropriate in-wheel motor depending on wheel size. To achieve this, torque equations are developed for a conventional single-rotor cylindrical, twin-rotor axial-flux and twin-rotor radial-flux …
Numerical Methods For The Study Of Super-Eddington Mass Transfer In Double White Dwarf Binaries, Dominic Carlo Marcello
Numerical Methods For The Study Of Super-Eddington Mass Transfer In Double White Dwarf Binaries, Dominic Carlo Marcello
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
We present a numerical method for the study of double white dwarf (DWD) binary systems at the onset of super-Eddington mass transfer. We incorporate the physics of ideal inviscid hydrodynamical flow, Newtonian self-gravity, and radiation transport on a three-dimensional uniformly rotating cylindrical Eulerian grid. Our new method conserves total energy to a higher degree of accuracy than recent smoothed particle hydrodynamics methods and our previous Eulerian grid based method. We present the results of verification tests and we simulate the first 20+ orbits of a binary system of mass ratio q=0.7 at the onset of dynamically unstable direct impact mass …
Effects Of Student Mobility On The Academic Achievement Of Mobile And Nonmobile Students, Rosa Maria Knox
Effects Of Student Mobility On The Academic Achievement Of Mobile And Nonmobile Students, Rosa Maria Knox
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Students who move between schools often have more social, psychological, and academic problems than their peers whose enrollment is stable. However, the negative effects may also be felt among classrooms and schools. To date, much of the student mobility research do not control for demographics or prior achievement, and utilized a sample size of one school or district. The current study examined a statewide database to determine which student variables predict mobile status. Analyses also investigated the relationship between mobility and academic achievement for mobile students, as well as classrooms and schools, while controlling for demographics and prior achievement. The …
Advanced Linear Identification Techniques For Signal Processing And Digital Video Broadcasting, Xiaoyu Feng
Advanced Linear Identification Techniques For Signal Processing And Digital Video Broadcasting, Xiaoyu Feng
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Linear identification technique is to linearly embed a piece of unique information into digital media data for the purpose of satisfying specific demands such as identification, annotation, and copyright, etc. We need to consider the quantity and the quality of identification data to be embedded as well as the corresponding interference to the original subject signal. However, there exist no generalized computationally-efficient optimization techniques for linear identification up to now. Therefore, in this dissertation work, we try to theoretically investigate the advanced linear identification techniques and combat the tradeoff problems between the quality of the embedded identification data and the …
Data-Aware Workflow Scheduling In Heterogeneous Distributed Systems, Dengpan Yin
Data-Aware Workflow Scheduling In Heterogeneous Distributed Systems, Dengpan Yin
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Data transferring in scientific workflows gradually attracts more attention due to large amounts of data generated by complex scientific workflows will significantly increase the turnaround time of the whole workflow. It is almost impossible to make an optimal or approximate optimal scheduling for the end-to-end workflow without considering the intermediate data movement. In order to reduce the complexity of the workflow-scheduling problem, most researches done so far are constrained by many unrealistic assumptions, which result in non-optimal scheduling in practice. A constraint imposed by most researchers in their algorithms is that a computation site can only start the execution of …
Quantitative Mapping Of Cyanobacterial Blooms Using Oceansat-1 Ocm Satellite Data, Padmanava Dash
Quantitative Mapping Of Cyanobacterial Blooms Using Oceansat-1 Ocm Satellite Data, Padmanava Dash
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Cyanobacteria represent a major harmful algal group in fresh to brackish water environments. Lac des Allemands, a freshwater lake of 49 km2 southwest of New Orleans, Louisiana, provides a natural laboratory for remote characterization of cyanobacteria blooms because of their seasonal occurrence. This dissertation makes a contribution to research methodology pertaining to atmospheric correction of satellite data and development of remote sensing algorithms to quantify cyanobacterial pigments. The Ocean Color Monitor (OCM) sensor provides radiance measurements similar to Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS) but with higher spatial resolution. However, OCM does not have a standard atmospheric correction procedure and …
Analysis Of Amyloid Beta (A [Beta]) Peptides By Capillary Electrophoresis And Laser-Induced Fluorescence Anisotropy Detection, Ryan Andrew Picou
Analysis Of Amyloid Beta (A [Beta]) Peptides By Capillary Electrophoresis And Laser-Induced Fluorescence Anisotropy Detection, Ryan Andrew Picou
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The goal of the research presented in this dissertation is to develop laser-induced fluorescence anisotropy (LIFA) detection for detecting and characterizing amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide aggregates separated by capillary electrophoresis (CE). Senile plaques composed primarily of aggregated Aβ (1-40) and Aβ (1-42) peptides have been found in the brains of Alzheimer’s disease patients. These peptides are thought to be responsible for the disease pathology. A CE method using UV absorbance detection was developed for the quantification of Aβ (1-40) monomer and testing of Aβ monomer preparations for undesired aggregates (Chapter 2). Analyses of both Aβ (1-40) and Aβ (1-42) monomer …
An Historical Study Of Teaching Biology To Science-Illiterate Students In Eighteenth-Century France: Instructional Strategies Employed By Madame Du Coudray - Royal Midwifery Educator, Trudy Lynn Gammill Witt
An Historical Study Of Teaching Biology To Science-Illiterate Students In Eighteenth-Century France: Instructional Strategies Employed By Madame Du Coudray - Royal Midwifery Educator, Trudy Lynn Gammill Witt
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
In August 1767 King Louis XV of France appointed Madame du Coudray, a 52-year-old midwife, to teach midwifery “throughout the whole extent of the Realm.” In so doing he acknowledged the “science and experience” and “high degree of perfection” that she had obtained in midwifery. Over the next 20 years Madame du Coudray traveled throughout France teaching midwifery to illiterate peasant women. It is estimated that she taught over 4,000 students. How did she teach midwifery to these women who had no previous experience with science? Could modern biology educators learn from her methods? This case study addressed these questions …
Fabrication Of Organosilane Nanostructures As Selective Sites For Surface Chemical Reactions, Kathie Lee Lusker
Fabrication Of Organosilane Nanostructures As Selective Sites For Surface Chemical Reactions, Kathie Lee Lusker
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Naturally self-assembled mesospheres provide a practical route for controlling the arrangement of materials on surfaces at the nanoscale. Periodic arrays of well-defined nanostructures can be produced with different nanomaterials and interpattern spacings. Results presented in this dissertation demonstrate particle lithography methods developed for fabricating arrays of organosilane nanostructures. Surfaces were designed for the selective deposition of polymers and nanoparticles to produce multicomponent nanopatterns. The approaches for surface patterning provide new directions for studying surface chemistry at the molecular-level, and have practical application for emerging photovoltaic thin film technologies. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) provides unique capabilities for molecular visualization and ultrasensitive …
Communication-Constrained Feedback Stability And Multi-Agent System Consensusability In Networked Control Systems, Laurentiu Dan Marinovici
Communication-Constrained Feedback Stability And Multi-Agent System Consensusability In Networked Control Systems, Laurentiu Dan Marinovici
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
With the advances in wireless communication, the topic of Networked Control Systems (NCSs) has become an interesting research subject. Moreover, the advantages they offer convinced companies to implement and use data networks for remote industrial control and process automation. Data networks prove to be very efficient for controlling distributed systems, which would otherwise require complex wiring connections on large or inaccessible areas. In addition, they are easier to maintain and more cost efficient. Unfortunately, stability and performance control is always going to be affected by network and communication issues, such as band-limited channels, quantization errors, sampling, delays, packet dropouts or …