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Bayesian Evaluation Method For Energy Efficiency Of Manufacturing System Based On Combined Weights, Dongfeng Cao, Wang Yan Jan 2019

Bayesian Evaluation Method For Energy Efficiency Of Manufacturing System Based On Combined Weights, Dongfeng Cao, Wang Yan

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The energy consumption of discrete manufacturing system presents many complex characteristics such as multi-source, multi-level and dynamic uncertainty, which make energy efficiency analysis and evaluation very difficult. The evaluation index system of energy efficiency of discrete manufacturing system is constructed from three aspects: manufacturing equipment, processing tasks and products. The improved Bayesian probability evaluation model is adopted for energy efficiency evaluation. In determining the weight link, the dynamic modified AHM method is combined with entropy weight method to make up the uncertainty of the structure and parameters of the Bayesian model, and to synthesize the subjective and objective two …


Multi-Frame Fusion Method For Point Cloud Of Lidar Based On Imu, Yanguo Zhang, Li Qing Jan 2019

Multi-Frame Fusion Method For Point Cloud Of Lidar Based On Imu, Yanguo Zhang, Li Qing

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the problem that in the process of using 16-line laser radar to realize environment perception, the point cloud data is sparse, which leads to the difficulty of target detection and tracking, a new method of LiDAR point cloud fusion based on inertial measurement unit (IMU) is proposed. The method establishes a multi-frame LiDAR point cloud data fusion model, which can effectively use historical point cloud data and detection results to obtain more environmental information, and improve the detection accuracy and tracking ability of target objects. 16-line laser radar and the self-developed IMU sensor are used to conduct …


Modeling And Simulation Of C2 System For Intercepting Lss Targets, Zhipeng Zhang, Su Zhong Jan 2019

Modeling And Simulation Of C2 System For Intercepting Lss Targets, Zhipeng Zhang, Su Zhong

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: For analyzing the characteristics of low slow small (LSS) targets, a model of command and control (C2) system is established, the corresponding strategy is designed, and the designed scenario is simulated, which can improve the interception effect of the system on LSS targets. In the part of modeling, the trajectory of the target is plotted, the radar information is analyzed, the coordinate transformation between the parts is designed, and the track fusion is designed, which can improve discovery process. As the different characteristics of LSS targets, combined with the limited resources for intercepting weapons, the threat assessment strategies and …


Collaborative Optimal Scheduling Method For Production And Energy Consumption In Discrete Manufacturing Process, Wenjie Chen, Wang Yan Jan 2019

Collaborative Optimal Scheduling Method For Production And Energy Consumption In Discrete Manufacturing Process, Wenjie Chen, Wang Yan

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The collaborative optimization of manufacturing process and energy consumption is one of the hot research issues in intelligent optimization manufacturing. To solve the scheduling optimization problem of discrete manufacturing process, a coordinated scheduling optimization of production and energy consumption with the shortest processing time and lowest energy consumption is established. The model proposes an improved differential evolution algorithm based on adaptive mutation and crossover probability factor to solve the optimal scheduling problem. By establishing the operation-based coding method, the application of continuous algorithm in discrete optimization scheduling problem is realized by using ascending ordering rules. The effectiveness of …


Simulation Study On Control Performance Of Pmsm-Dtc Under Different Switching Tables, Haoyuan Luo, Dengke Yuan, Zongjie Hu Jan 2019

Simulation Study On Control Performance Of Pmsm-Dtc Under Different Switching Tables, Haoyuan Luo, Dengke Yuan, Zongjie Hu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In the motion system of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) under direct torque control (DTC), the inverter produces high-frequency common-mode voltage (CMV) based on the switching table when outputting voltage vectors, and its double-closed-loop Bang-Bang control structure also causes current harmonic distortion and high-frequency ripple of the torque. A simulation model is established for PMSM motion system under DTC based on Matlab/Simulink using different switching tables, where performance and CMV between 7 vectors and 6 vectors switching tables are compared respectively. The results demonstrate that both have similar dynamic performance; relative to 6 vectors switching table, 7 vectors switching …


Simulation Study Of Ev Sharing Service In Huadu District, Guangzhou, Tingting Li, Jianping Wu Jan 2019

Simulation Study Of Ev Sharing Service In Huadu District, Guangzhou, Tingting Li, Jianping Wu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Electric vehicle (EV) sharing service plays an important role in the construction of the intelligent city, which can reduce the traffic emissions and cut down the ownership of private cars. In order to explore the traffic and environment effectiveness of the car sharing service, this paper builds a microscopic simulation model of EV sharing service. Based on the survey data, a simulation model containing 51 intersections and 107 roads is conducted. Considering 5 different traffic scenes, the paper evaluates the service from various viewpoints. The results demonstrate that there is no distinct influence on the traffic efficiency. However, …


Simulation Of Wind Power Prediction Based On Improved Elm, Wang Hao, Wang Yan, Zhicheng Ji Jan 2019

Simulation Of Wind Power Prediction Based On Improved Elm, Wang Hao, Wang Yan, Zhicheng Ji

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To predict the range of ultra-short-term wind power fluctuation effectively, a combined forecasting model based on fuzzy information granulation (FIG) and genetic algorithm optimization extreme learning machine (GA-ELM) is proposed. The parameters of wind power are granulated by fuzzy information, and the corresponding valid information including the maximal value, the minimum value, and the general average value in time series window is further extracted. By integrating the effective components of each parameter as training samples, the GA-ELM-based prediction model is established. The range of wind power fluctuation in next time series is forecasted through using the optimized model. The …


Target Tracking Simulation For Unmarked Augmented Reality System Based On Kcf, Zhili Zhang, Wang Chao, Long Yong, Shaodi Wang Jan 2019

Target Tracking Simulation For Unmarked Augmented Reality System Based On Kcf, Zhili Zhang, Wang Chao, Long Yong, Shaodi Wang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: An AR system based on the kernelized correlation filter (KCF) target tracking is designed for solving the problem of the insufficiency of tracking in the unmarked augmented reality (AR). The KCF is used to identify and track the targets. The relevant parameters of the camera position are imported. The openGL graphical program interface is called to load the precast object onto the target. The KCF simulation experiment is carried out to track the target with visual studio. The results show that the AR application system based on KCF method can effectively improve the real-time performance of target tracking, and …


Key Points Analysis And Simulation For System Design Of Airborne Was-Gmti Radar, Yan He, Daiyin Zhu Jan 2019

Key Points Analysis And Simulation For System Design Of Airborne Was-Gmti Radar, Yan He, Daiyin Zhu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Wide area surveillance-ground moving target detection (WAS-GMTI) mode is one of the important modes for most multi-functional airborne radar. System design of the WAS-GMTI mode can affect the final moving targets detection and tracking abilities to a great extent. Therefore, research focuses on the system design of multi-channel WAS-GMTI radar system. The expression of WAS-GMTI radar echo (including the crab angle) is derived. Signal to noise ratio (SNR) and clutter to noise ratio (CNR) are presented. These are the preparations and foundations for the further discussion. Four key points are detailedly analyzed in the process of system design of …


Collision Avoidance Performance Improvement For Tcas In Multi-Aircraft Situations Based On State Prediction, Tang Jun, Fen Zhu, Wan Yu, Songyang Lao Jan 2019

Collision Avoidance Performance Improvement For Tcas In Multi-Aircraft Situations Based On State Prediction, Tang Jun, Fen Zhu, Wan Yu, Songyang Lao

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Currently the density of the airspace increases with the air traffic flow increasing significantly, and therefore the conflict occurrence possibility of two or multiple aircraft raises. However, the traffic collision avoidance system (TCAS) may not be able to resolve all the collision problems of multi-threat situation. There is an active demand to improve its performance in multi-threat situation. This paper mathematically describes the traditional TCAS anti-collision mechanism, and achieves its expansion in the horizontal direction, thus proposes the improvement algorithm of collision avoidance performance for TCAS in multi-aircraft situations based on the state prediction. Adjusting the height and vertical …


Evaluation Model On The Vulnerability Of Mining Area Ecosystem Based On Object-Function Petri Net, Su Jia, Guangqiu Huang Jan 2019

Evaluation Model On The Vulnerability Of Mining Area Ecosystem Based On Object-Function Petri Net, Su Jia, Guangqiu Huang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Introducing the concept of function into traditional object Petri net, a new evaluation model of ecosystem vulnerability named object-function Petri net model (OFPNEM) was put forward. The facilitating and suppressing factors of the ecosystem degradation were analyzed in this evaluation model. Trigger conditions of vulnerability were depicted as transitions and the state of ecosystem in the process of change were depicted as object places. Logical causality of environmental degradation could be represented directly. Furthermore, evaluation model on the vulnerability of mining area ecosystem based on object-function Petri net was proposed. Through object-function Petri net, combining the rules of model, …


Numerical Study On Energy Absorption Mechanism Of Sandwich Plates Under Blast Loading, Jinlei Mu, Shaosong Min, Peng Fei Jan 2019

Numerical Study On Energy Absorption Mechanism Of Sandwich Plates Under Blast Loading, Jinlei Mu, Shaosong Min, Peng Fei

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to study the anti-explosion ability and energy absorption mechanism of the sandwich plates under blast loading, the FEM software Abaqus/Explict is used to simulate the response process of the solid plate and the sandwich plate. The solid plate is modeled with shell elements and continuum elements respectively. The results show the elements type has little effect on the results. During the same condition the deformation of the front plate is bigger than the solid plate, while the deformation of the back plate is smaller than the solid plate. The external force work mainly converses the kinetic energy …


A Practical Approach For Building The Model Family’S Framework Of A Simulation System, Xiaocheng Liu, Bin Chen, Xiaogang Qiu Jan 2019

A Practical Approach For Building The Model Family’S Framework Of A Simulation System, Xiaocheng Liu, Bin Chen, Xiaogang Qiu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The model architecture of a simulation system is derived from its family’s framework, and the building approach is the first issue to be tackled to build a simulation system. Considering the experience for building model family’s framework of some typical simulation systems and the recent development of modeling technology, this paper gives a measure-centred guidable procedure for building the model family’s framework of a simulation system, summarizes its basic rules, as well as lists some key technologies and supporting tools. The approach describes step-by-step the process of framework building by two phases (eight steps). Our proposed approach has been …


Edge-Side Simulation Method And Framework Based On Micro-Services, Yanlong Zhai, Wenxin Sun, Tianhong Bao, Yang Kai, Duzheng Qing Jan 2019

Edge-Side Simulation Method And Framework Based On Micro-Services, Yanlong Zhai, Wenxin Sun, Tianhong Bao, Yang Kai, Duzheng Qing

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the multi-devices, big data and low-latency simulation requirements in the Internet of Things, we define a concept of edge-side simulation and a simulation mode based on micro-services referring to the computational characteristics and architecture of edge computing and fog computing. For the link constraint and high-latency processing defects of "cloud simulation", a lightweight edge-side simulation platform framework combining edge computing and fog computing is designed, and the simulation speed is further accelerated by real-time simulation with LVC simulation system. Compared with the existing simulation frameworks, the edge-side simulation framework has the remarkable features of lightweight, high real-time, …


Research On Battle Damage Assessment Method Of Aggregating Target In Theater-Level, Qihao Hou, Yiping Yao, Cao Xiang Jan 2019

Research On Battle Damage Assessment Method Of Aggregating Target In Theater-Level, Qihao Hou, Yiping Yao, Cao Xiang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The damage adjudication model in the theater-level combat simulation is the key to judge the target damage status and evaluate the attack process. The current research mainly focuses on the abstract modeling of single ground target, and the needs of the damage assessment of ground aggregation targets in large-scale joint operations cannot be met. The ground aggregation target is decomposed into different sub-targets through the structure tree, and the sub-target value is given to determine the main attacked target. Standard sub-targets are created based on the sub-target's shape and presence or absence of protection. The mapping relationship between …


Volume Rendering Viewpoint Selection Based On Adaptive Scaleable Chaotic Particle Swarm Optimization, Yanyang Zeng, Zehao Zhang, Yunxia Feng Jan 2019

Volume Rendering Viewpoint Selection Based On Adaptive Scaleable Chaotic Particle Swarm Optimization, Yanyang Zeng, Zehao Zhang, Yunxia Feng

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: People often perform volume rendering viewpoint selection by means of manual exploration. However, when the volume data is large, it often takes a lot of time to reduce the efficiency. An adaptive scaling chaotic particle swarm optimization algorithm is proposed for the automatic selection of viewpoints in volume rendering. The algorithm introduces image information entropy to evaluate the quality of images corresponding at different viewpoints. The entropy value is used as the basis for optimizing the viewpoint and the fitness value of the particle swarm optimization, so as to realize the intelligent and automatic choice, and finally obtain the …


Research Of Analysis Method Of Presenters’ Reputation Record, Zhiyong Yu, Wang Na, Niu Kan, Jindong Wang Jan 2019

Research Of Analysis Method Of Presenters’ Reputation Record, Zhiyong Yu, Wang Na, Niu Kan, Jindong Wang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to satisfy the requirement of service presenters’ credibility from recommendation system, this paper put forward a method based on the analysis of reputation record to find the most credible presenters. The preference similarity between different users is calculated with users’ preference vectors. The relevance of the fields, recommendation response rate and recommendation satisfaction rate are then calculated to filter the presenters. The presenters’ current reputation is calculated by introducing the penalty factor. We filter the presenters’ reputation record with localized changes and tendentious changes and calculate the skewness coefficient and kurtosis coefficient of the reputation records …


Visualized Parameter-Tuned Algorithm For Control Loading System, Xie Chen, Shuchu Zhang, Zhenyu Sun Jan 2019

Visualized Parameter-Tuned Algorithm For Control Loading System, Xie Chen, Shuchu Zhang, Zhenyu Sun

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To improve the fidelity of flight simulators, a control loading system is introduced in this paper which has the most direct effect on the pilot's intuitive perception. The overall design, hardware construction and digital simulation results of the system are given. In the process of system realization, the visual displacement-force loading configuration scheme is adopted to solve such problems as requirement changes or parameter excursions in hardware. The algorithm of output waveform curve adjustment based on cubic spline interpolation is proposed and the parameters are adjusted according to demand through graphical operation interface by maintenance personnel. The traditional method …


Development History And Case Study Of Interoperability Between Us Combat Simulation And C2 Systems, Xiangzhong Xu, Zaijiang Tang, Yaxin Tan Jan 2019

Development History And Case Study Of Interoperability Between Us Combat Simulation And C2 Systems, Xiangzhong Xu, Zaijiang Tang, Yaxin Tan

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The analysis of heterogeneity between U.S. combat simulation and command & control (C2) systems is carried out. The roadmap, its main development stage and main tendency of interoperability between US combat simulation and C2 systems are also analyzed. Two case studies, Viz., the Naval Simulation System/the Global Command and Control - Maritime (NSS/GCCS-M) Federation and C4I Team Training System (CTTS) are conducted, which are representatives of bidirectional interfaces and embedded interoperability respectively. The main measures such as ensuring interoperability which is a shared responsibility between the M&S and C2 communities, long-term plan and coordination are beneficial to the promotion …


Research On Assessment Of Operation System‘S Resilience Based On Test Bed, Rong Ming, Xiaofeng Hu, Jingyu Yang Jan 2019

Research On Assessment Of Operation System‘S Resilience Based On Test Bed, Rong Ming, Xiaofeng Hu, Jingyu Yang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The warfare under the information condition is the System of Systems (SOS) combat. The resilience of SOS is the ability to support the functions necessary for mission success with higher probability, shorter periods of reduced capability, and across a wider range of scenarios, conditions, and threats, in spite of hostile action or adverse conditions. It has gradually become a focus in developed countries. The problems of SOS resilience evaluation are analyzed and a analysis method under test bed simulation is constructed. By meaning of integrity,dynamic and confrontation, we propose resilience assessment models to evaluate resilience by competitive game and …


Multi-Stage Filtering Method For Pedestrian Navigation And Location, Zhidan Gu, Li Qing, Zhao Hui Jan 2019

Multi-Stage Filtering Method For Pedestrian Navigation And Location, Zhidan Gu, Li Qing, Zhao Hui

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In the process of navigation and location of a pedestrian for a wearable IMU, the inertial device generates an accumulated drift error affecting the navigation and location accuracy of pedestrian navigation. A multi-stage filtering method is studied: after the zero-speed detection and the zero-speed correction based on Extended Kalman Filter are carried out, the vector domain is divided by the indoor geometric layout features, and the projected matching model is used to determine the optimal coordinates of the nodes to get the trajectory. Using the self-developed MIMU pedestrian navigation module, a field experiment was conducted. The experimental results show …


Numerical Simulation Of Shock Wave Effect On Damaged Upper And Lower Adjacent Structures Of Ships, Run Miao, Weili Wang, Hongjie Liu, Shiyong Wu, Zeng Liang Jan 2019

Numerical Simulation Of Shock Wave Effect On Damaged Upper And Lower Adjacent Structures Of Ships, Run Miao, Weili Wang, Hongjie Liu, Shiyong Wu, Zeng Liang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The damage effect of shock wave on the upper and lower adjacent cabin structure of small warship is studied. LS-DYNA finite element analysis software is used. Damage modes of upper and lower adjacent cabin structures under dynamic and static explosion are analyzed. Cabin damage under different charging speeds is calculated. The results show that in the dynamic explosion state, there is a big difference between the shock wave field and the static explosion, which causes different modes of bulkhead damage. When the explosive happens in the lower cabin, the upper cabin bulkhead is extruded by the deformation of the …


Penetrating Capability Of Different Annular Shaped Charge Warhead, Tan Bo, Hongjie Liu, Run Miao, Zeng Liang Jan 2019

Penetrating Capability Of Different Annular Shaped Charge Warhead, Tan Bo, Hongjie Liu, Run Miao, Zeng Liang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: On the basis of the existing missile warhead, an annular shaped charge is added in the front of warhead without changing the size and increasing the weight of the warhead. ANSYS/LS-DYNA is used to simulate the whole process of the formation of annular jet and penetration of a double target and analyze the movement characteristics of two kinds of different annular jet in the air. The target damage effect is acquired. The calculation results show that the difference of the penetration ability on the double layer target of jet between center -ball shaped charge and that of the hollow …


Research On Construction Method Of Data-Driven Equipment Effectiveness Evaluation Model, Yingbo Lu, Xiaochao Qian, Chen Wei, He Shu, Zhifeng Lu Jan 2019

Research On Construction Method Of Data-Driven Equipment Effectiveness Evaluation Model, Yingbo Lu, Xiaochao Qian, Chen Wei, He Shu, Zhifeng Lu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The problem of weapon equipment effectiveness evaluation is complex and nonlinear. However, the analytical method cannot empower evaluation index objectively or establish the mathematical model accurately. This paper proposes a data-driven evaluation model construction method. We introduce meta-model technology like GA-BP algorithm to construct effectiveness evaluation model, which can mine relationships and weights between indicators objectively. We take the interception effectiveness evaluation of a certain type of air defense missile weapon system as an example to verify the feasibility of this method. The method is helpful to optimize technical indicators and predict effectiveness rapidly.


Simulation Of Influence Of Coal-Based Industry On Water Resources Bearing System, Yalin Chen, Wangsheng Gui, Qianjin Dong, Ye Chun, Haotian Wu Jan 2019

Simulation Of Influence Of Coal-Based Industry On Water Resources Bearing System, Yalin Chen, Wangsheng Gui, Qianjin Dong, Ye Chun, Haotian Wu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The contradictory spatial distribution between China's coal resources and water resources has become the stress to sustainable development of regional ecological environment and social economy. The paper presents interactive simulation model of regional water resources bearing system based on System Dynamics; and then Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region is used as an example, the dynamic process of local water bearing system was simulated under different scenarios of planning. The simulation results show that regional sustainable development of water resources would be achieved if the resources are allocated based on the market, while the gap between supply and demand of regional …


Multi-Algorithm And Multi-Population Co-Optimization Differential Evolution Algorithm, Jinghua Zhang, Han Pu Jan 2019

Multi-Algorithm And Multi-Population Co-Optimization Differential Evolution Algorithm, Jinghua Zhang, Han Pu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Algorithm fusion or co-evolutionary with multi populations are the solutions for complex engineering application. A multi-algorithm and multi-population collaborative optimization algorithm is proposed by differential evolution (DE) algorithm, which pays emphasis on algorithm selection and combination. The algorithm designs a parameter-adaptive DE algorithm and selects three different DE algorithm variants which is complementary for each other and provides a multi-population co-optimization scheme according to four algorithms characters. Stimulation results show that the proposed algorithm could make four different algorithms remedy for each other, gets a better result, and raises the precision, reliability and suitability, which reduces algorithm selection difficulty …


Detailed Enhancement Of Forward Vehicle Video Images Based On Structured Forest, Weidong Jin, Yanhua Hu, Tang Peng, Li Wei Jan 2019

Detailed Enhancement Of Forward Vehicle Video Images Based On Structured Forest, Weidong Jin, Yanhua Hu, Tang Peng, Li Wei

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In view of the complexity of existing image enhancement methods, which cannot highlight the detection target, this paper proposes a method for detail enhancement of forward vehicle video based on structured forest. This method is mainly divided into two parts: structured forest edge detection and visual enhancement. This paper implements the detail edge extraction and enhancement of the patrolling image of the catenary. The gray histogram distribution after processing is more balanced, and the difference between the average values of gray levels in the detail area and background area of the enhanced patrol image is the standard deviation. The …


Prediction Model For Breakdown Voltage Of Transformer Oil Based On Relative Transformation And Kernel Principal Component Analysis, Yinguo Xiong Jan 2019

Prediction Model For Breakdown Voltage Of Transformer Oil Based On Relative Transformation And Kernel Principal Component Analysis, Yinguo Xiong

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the difficulty of measuring the breakdown voltage of transformer oil on line, a new prediction model for breakdown voltage of transformer oil is proposed based on relative transformation (RT) and kernel principal component analysis (KPCA). By analyzing the factors that are closely related to the breakdown voltage, the original data space is converted to the relative data space by relative transformation to improve the distinguishability between data. KPCA is employed in the relative space for the purpose of data dimension reduction, denoising and extracting nonlinear features. Kernel principal components extracted by KPCA are used as the input …


Simulation And Analysis Of Blasting Effect For Multi-Core Tube-Hollow-High-Rise Building, Tiejun Cui, Shasha Li, Laigui Wang Jan 2019

Simulation And Analysis Of Blasting Effect For Multi-Core Tube-Hollow-High-Rise Building, Tiejun Cui, Shasha Li, Laigui Wang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to study the complex high-rise building structure collapse process and effect of blasting, the blasting simulation of building containing multi-core tube and hollow structure are performed. Simulation building has hollow-four core tube-frame structure and the core tube throughout the whole building. Particle flow method is used to model the building, and blasting simulation is implemented using the blast algorithm based on particle flow. According to the structure characteristics and the distance of core tube and architecture center, the implementation of blasting is three groups design. The processes of blasting and the blasting results are analyzed. Results show …


Simulation Of Transient Temperature Field Of Current-Carrying Sliding Friction Pair, Fengyi Guo, Hongxin Gao, Liu Shuai, Zhiyong Wang, Zhang Kai, Aijun Wang Jan 2019

Simulation Of Transient Temperature Field Of Current-Carrying Sliding Friction Pair, Fengyi Guo, Hongxin Gao, Liu Shuai, Zhiyong Wang, Zhang Kai, Aijun Wang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The transient temperature rise of pantograph and catenary system could affect material properties of the friction pair, which accelerates the wear of system. In order to reduce the wear caused by temperature, transient temperature and distribution of copper/copper-carbon friction pair are studied. A simulation model is established by using COMSOL Multiphysics software. Model effectiveness is verified with temperature experiments. The transient process of temperature field is studied by simulation. The results show that the temperature rise of carbon plate has small cyclical peaks. The highest temperature appears on the contact region in the initial stage of running. Temperature gradient …