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Validity Of Four-Compartment Model Body Fat Using Single- Or Multi-Frequency Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis To Estimate Body Water, M. Lane Moore, Marqui L. Benavides, Jacob R. Dellinger, Brian T. Adamson, Claire P. Underwood, Tyler C. Dierolf, Grant M. Tinsley

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Most common body composition assessment techniques make assumptions about the body, including the density and hydration of fat-free mass (FFM). An advantage of the four-compartment (4C) model is the ability to take these FFM characteristics into account when assessing body composition, thus reducing potential error. The total body water (TBW) estimate utilized in 4C models is particularly important due to the large contribution of water to an adult human’s total body mass (~40 - 70%) and FFM (~68 - 81%); however, the impact of utilizing different estimates of TBW within 4C model has not been fully explored. PURPOSE: The …

Comparison Of Regional Body Composition Estimates Obtained From Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry And Single-Frequency Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis, Jacob Dellinger, M. Lane Moore, Marqui L. Benavides, Tyler C. Dierolf, Brian T. Adamson, Claire P. Underwood, Grant M. Tinsley

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The anatomical distribution of fat mass (FM) and lean mass (LM) is significant for health and athletic performance. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is often used for regional body composition analysis but is not portable, often inaccessible, and costly, while single-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (SFBIA) is a more affordable and accessible alternative. PURPOSE: The purpose of this analysis was to compare regional body composition estimates obtained via DXA and SFBIA. METHODS: After an overnight food and fluid fast, 102 adults (64 F, 38 M; age: 29.2 ± 13.4 y; BMI: 24.3 ± 3.9 kg/m²; BF%: 24.6 ± …

Validity Of Infrared 3-Dimensional Scanning For Estimation Of Body Composition: A 4-Compartment Model Comparison, Brian T. Adamson, Jacob R. Dellinger, Marqui L. Benavides, M. Lane Moore, Claire P. Underwood, Tyler C. Dierolf, Grant M. Tinsley

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Multiple infrared 3-dimensional (3D) scanning technologies exist, including time of flight (ToF) scanners and structured light scanners with static (SL-S) and dynamic (SL-D) configurations. ToF scanners measure depth by using the round-trip time of reflected photons, whereas SL scanners measure deformations in light patterns and allow for creation of a depth image using geometric triangulation. Recently, 3D scanning technologies have been proposed as novel methods of body composition assessment. PURPOSE: The purpose of this analysis was to examine the validity of four different commercially-available 3D scanners for estimation of body fat percentage (BF%) as compared to a 4-compartment (4C) …

Validity Of A Linear Velocity Transducer For Measuring Peak Ground Reaction Force During A Countermovement Vertical Jump Test, Ethan Mitchell, Chinonye C. Agu-Udemba, Ahalee C. Cathey, Ty B. Palmer

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

ABSTRACT

Linear velocity transducers offera portable and cost-effective means for quantifying peak ground reaction force (GRF) during a countermovement vertical jump (CMJ) test; however, their ability to provide valid vertical jump GRF measurements similar to those of a force plate (“gold standard”) remains unclear. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the differences and relationship between force plate and linear velocity transducer measurements of peak GRF during a CMJ test. METHODS: Seventeen healthy, young females (age = 22 ± 3 years; mass = 61 ± 8 kg; height = 163 ± 7 cm) performed three CMJ …

Reliability And Relationship Between Ballistic Push-Up And Vertical Jump Peak Ground Reaction Force, Chinonye C. Agu-Udemba, Ethan Mitchell, Ahalee C. Cathey, Ty B. Palmer

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Ballistic push-up (BPU) assessments are commonly used to evaluate athletic ability in young adults. It has been hypothesized that the peak ground reaction force (GRF) produced during a BPU may be an important predictor of upper-body strength and explosive performance capacities. However, limited data exist regarding the reliability of BPU GRF and how it relates to peak force values during a countermovement vertical jump (CMJ) test. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability of BPU GRF and its relationship with vertical jump GRF values. METHODS: Seventeen young, healthy females (age = 22 ± 3 …

Validity Of Four-Compartment Models When Estimating Bone Mineral Content And Total Body Water With Single-Frequency Bioimpedance, Kassandra A. Jaramillo, Alexandra Loredo, Grant M. Tinsley, Brett S. Nickerson

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Bone mineral content (BMC) and total body water (TBW) are commonly assessed via dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS), respectively, for a criterion 4-compartment body composition model (4C_CRITERION). However, single-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (SF-BIA) has been proposed as an alternative for calculating BMC and TBW. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare 4C models for body fat percent (BF%), fat-free mass (FFM), and fat mass (FM) when using SF-BIA individually for the estimation of BMC (4C_BMC) and TBW (4C_TBW) or in combination (4C_BMC+TBW). METHODS: Seventy-one men and …

Associations Between Leg Lean Mass And Arterial Function In Pre-Menopausal And Post-Menopausal Women., Stephen M. Fischer

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Vascular dysfunction has been associated to sarcopenia, the age-related impairment in skeletal muscle mass, strength, and performance, in postmenopausal women. Previous research has shown inverse relationships between leg lean mass (LM) and arterial stiffness (measured as carotid to femoral pulse wave velocity, cfPWV) or pressure wave reflection (augmentation index, AIx) in men and women. AIx is an appropriate vascular marker in young but not middle-age/older adults, especially in women.

Purpose: To examine the associations between leg LM and arterial function (cfPWV and aortic AIx adjusted to 75bpm (AIx@75)) in pre-menopausal (PRE-M) and post-menopausal (POST-M) women. Methods: 47 women (24 PRE-M, …

Skeletal Muscle Oxygenation During Plantarflexion Exercise In Young-Old And Older-Old Adults, Arun Maharaj, Salvador J. Jaime, Justin Mason, Patrick Saracino, Arturo Figueroa

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The aging process is associated with a gradual decrease in exercise performance, leg muscle blood flow and oxygenation, and endothelial vascular reactivity. Purpose: To examine potential differences in femoral artery flow-mediated dilation (fa-FMD) and calf muscle oxygenation (HbO₂) during low-intensity plantarflexion exercise in older adults. Methods: 43 young-old (YO; n=24, 67 ± 1 years) and older-old (OO: n=19, 70 ± 1 years) individuals were included in this study. We measured body fat % and leg lean mass (LLM) by DEXA and handgrip maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) using a dynamometer. VO_2max was estimated using a submaximal treadmill test. …

Relationship Between Vertical Jump Height And Pennation Angle Of The Rectus Femoris And Vastus Lateralis, Ahalee C. Cathey, Chinonye C. Agu-Udemba, Ty B. Palmer

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Ultrasound assessments of pennation angle (PA) are commonly used to examine muscle architecture in young adults. Pennation of the lower-body musculature has been suggested to be an important predictor of functional performances for strength-related activities. However, limited data exist regarding how PA is associated with performance during a vertical jump test. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between vertical jump height and PA of the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles in healthy, young females. METHODS: Seventeen healthy, young females (age = 22 ± 3 years; mass = 61 ± 8 …

Relationship Between Vertical Jump Height And Muscle Size And Quality Of The Rectus Femoris And Vastus Lateralis, Chinonye C. Agu-Udemba, Ahalee C. Cathey, Ty B. Palmer

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Ultrasound assessments of muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and echo intensity (EI) are commonly used to examine muscle size and quality in younger adults. Greater muscle CSA and lower EI values of the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL) have been associated with improvements in lower-body muscle power and consequently, may play a significant role in the maximum height achieved during a vertical jump test. PURPOSE: To examine the relationships between vertical jump height and CSA and EI of the RF and VL muscles in healthy, young females. METHODS: Seventeen young females (age = 22 ± 3 years; …

Impact Of Acute Dietary Manipulations On Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Estimates Of Visceral Adipose Tissue, Jeffrey S. Forsse, Grant M. Tinsley, Flor E. Morales Marroquín, Peter W. Grandjean

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is viewed as a superior method of body composition assessment, but whole-body DXA scans are impacted by variation in pre-assessment activities, such as eating and drinking. DXA software now allows for estimation of visceral adipose tissue (VAT), which has been implicated in a number of diseases. It is unknown to what extent food and fluid intake affect VAT estimates. PURPOSE: determine the effects of acute high-carbohydrate (HC) and very low-carbohydrate (VLC) diets on DXA estimates of VAT. METHODS: Male and female adults completed two one-day dietary conditions in random order: a VLC diet (1 – …

Reliability And Relationships Between Rectus Femoris Muscle Size And Hip Flexion Maximal And Explosive Strength, Megan R. Cruz, Jose G. Pineda, Ty B. Palmer

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Ultrasound assessments of muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) are commonly used to evaluate muscle size in young adults. It has been hypothesized that the CSA of the rectus femoris (RF) may be an important contributor to hip flexion maximal and explosive strength capacities. However, limited data exist regarding the reliability of RF CSA and how it relates to maximal and explosive strength of the hip flexors in young adults. PURPOSE: To examine the reliability of RF CSA and its relationships with hip flexion isometric maximal and explosive strength. METHODS: Nineteen young, healthy females (age = 21±2 years; mass = …

Effects Of Pre-Workout Supplements On Maximal Concentric And Eccentric Force Production During Lower Body Resistance Exercise, Austin Martin, Matt Hamm, Jose G. Pineda, Victor Uribe, Amy Hurtado, Austin Cross, Ty B. Palmer, Grant M. Tinsley

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Due to claims of increased sport performance and decreased fatigue, “pre-workouts” are some of the most popular dietary supplements being sold today. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine if two commercially available pre-workout supplements are effective at increasing peak concentric and eccentric force production during lower-body resistance exercise on a mechanized squat device.

METHODS: Three conditions were implemented: caffeinated pre-workout (C; Pre-Jym), non-caffeinated pre-workout (NC; Carbon Prep), and placebo (P). Participants served as their own control in a counterbalanced fashion, and the study was double blind (i.e. the participants and researchers were blind to the supplement …

Effects Of Multi-Ingredient Pre-Workout Supplements On Repetitions-In-Reserve And Subjective Measures Of Energy, Fatigue, And Focus During Lower-Body Resistance Exercise, Amy Hurtado, Matthew Hamm, Jose G. Pineda, Austin Martin, Austin Cross, Victor Uribe, Ty B. Palmer, Grant Tinsley

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Approximately 50% of the U.S. population regularly consumes dietary supplements to enhance their health and well-being. One popular category of dietary supplements is called “pre-workout” supplements, which claims to increase subjective feelings of energy and exercise performance. PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to examine whether two commercially available pre-workout supplements could beneficially modify resistance exercise-specific perceived exertion and subjective measures of energy, focus, and fatigue during an acute bout of lower-body resistance exercise. METHODS: This was a counterbalanced, double blind, placebo-controlled trial. Resistance-trained (i.e. 2+ hours per week of weight training over the past 6 months) females and …

Effects Of Practical Durations Of Stretching On Hamstrings Range Of Motion And Strength, Jose G. Pineda, Megan R. Cruz, Ty B. Palmer

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

ABSTRACT

Stretching is often performed prior to exercise with the intent to improve range of motion (ROM) and athletic performance. However, stretching-induced strength loss has been extensively reported and is believed to be influenced by several factors, including the time under stretch. The majority of previous studies showing stretching-induced strength declines have used stretching routines for durations (8-30 min) considerably longer than those commonly applied in the field. Fewer studies have examined the effects of shorter, more practical durations (≤2 min) of stretching on ROM and muscle strength. PURPOSE: To examine the acute effects of practical stretching durations on …

Effects Of High Fat Diet And Exercise On The Metabolism Of Maternal Hearts During Pregnancy, Katherine A. Grue, Hayli E. Joiner, Eunhee Chung

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Obesity has become a major concern for developed nations across the world, and the United States is the country which is most affected by this pandemic. Excess adiposity is known to cause chronic inflammation, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease: the leading cause of death for over a decade. With many women of reproductive age considered overweight or obese, the association between obesity and metabolic disorder is concerning. Positive metabolic health outcomes of offspring due to maternal exercise have been documented; however, little is known about how maternal exercise modifies high fat diet associated metabolic dysregulation upon mothers during gestation. The …

Exercise Before And During Pregnancy Does Not Alter Myosin Heavy Chain Isoforms In Pregnant Mice, A. Unique Jacobo, Katherine A. Grue, Haylie Joiner, Eunhee Chung

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The myosin heavy chain isoforms (β-MHC and α-MHC) determine shortening velocity and power output properties of the heart. There are two types of cardiac hypertrophy, pathological and physiological. Pathological cardiac hypertrophy is often accompanied by re-expression of β-MHC with decreases in kinetic properties of the heart. High fat diet is known to lead to cardiac dysfunction seen through the expression of β-MHC in the heart. However, little is known about the effects of high fat diet and exercises during pregnancy on MHC isoform content. The purpose of this study is to determine whether exercise in combination with high fat diet …

Maternal Exercise Activates Genes Associated With Mitochondrial Biogenesis In Fetal Myocardium Of Mouse, Hayli E. Joiner, Tracer Skelton, Kalli D. Looten, Eunhee Chung

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Maternal exercise during pregnancy has been shown to improve long-term metabolic health on offspring in later life. Mitochondria are the critical site of metabolism, and are inherited by maternal origin. However, the effects of maternal exercise during pregnancy on fetal mitochondrial biogenesis are not well understood. PURPOSE: To test whether maternal exercise can activate genes associate with mitochondrial biogenesis in the fetal heart. METHODS: Female C57BL/6 mice were divided into sedentary and exercise groups. The mice in the exercise group were exposed to voluntary cage-wheel from gestational day 1 through 17, at which time they were sacrificed. Litter size …

Age-Related Differences In Vastus Lateralis Muscle Thickness Versus Echo Intensity, Jennah Hernandez, Matt S. Stock, Jacob A. Mota

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Ultrasonography is frequently used in neuromuscular research to examine muscle architecture and function. In particular, measures of muscle thickness and echo intensity are often utilized to assess muscle quantity and quality, respectively. The purpose of this study was to examine differences in vastus lateralis muscle thickness versus echo intensity across the lifespan. Ultrasound images were taken of eight boys (mean ± SD age = 12 ± 2 years), eight young men (age = 26 ± 3 years), and seven old men (age = 71 ± 4 years). Muscle thickness (cm) was defined as the distance between the deep and superficial …

The Effectiveness Of A Community Based High Intensity Interval Training Program On Markers Of Physical Health, Jose G. Pineda, Eric Sobolewski, Marc Lochbaum

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Community outreach programs targets at low Social Economic Status (SES) have been established to improve living conditions and educational programs in hopes of improving SES status. Despite community outreach programs targeting low SES, there has been no research looking at the efficacy of a High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) exercise intervention program to improve wellbeing. The primary purpose of this study is to examine how 8 weeks of HIIT will affect markers of physical health. The secondary purpose of this study is to determine if HIIT is sufficient enough to benefit low SES or if other interventions are needed to …

Homogeneity Of The Inverse Relationship Between Motor Unit Recruitment Threshold And Firing Rate Across The Lifespan, Jacob A. Mota, Matt S. Stock

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

It is well understood that there is an inverse relationship between the recruitment thresholds and firing rates for a group of motor units. In other words, at any given force level, earlier-recruited, low-threshold motor units have higher firing rates than later-recruited ones. The majority of previous investigations that have examined this relationship have done so in healthy, young adults. While some evidence suggests that aging may result in decreased maximal firing rates, it is unclear if the control scheme which governs the recruitment and firing behavior of motor units is consistent across the lifespan. Therefore, the purpose of this study …

Aerobic Training Vs. Resistance Training In Young Non-Athlete Women With Hypertension Independent Of Diet., Veronica Castillo, Brittany Boyett

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Cardiovascular disease, the number one killer of women, is often a result of hypertension and/or a sedentary lifestyle. The objective of this study was to measure the effect(s) of two types of exercise programs, resistance training and aerobic training, independent of diet, on reducing blood pressure for hypertensive women. Voluntary, hypertensive female participants (N=6, M age=20 years) were recruited from the students, faculty and staff who attended Schreiner University’s Fall 2013 health fair. In accordance with the American College of Sport Medicine (ACSM) exercise guidelines for hypertensives, one group (N=3) participated in a 2-3 days/week full-body …