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Assessment Of The Nitrogen Nutrition Index (Nni) By The Nitrogen Concentration Of The Upper Part Of The Sward, B. Deprez, R. Lambert, A. Peeters Aug 2023

Assessment Of The Nitrogen Nutrition Index (Nni) By The Nitrogen Concentration Of The Upper Part Of The Sward, B. Deprez, R. Lambert, A. Peeters

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The Nitrogen Nutrition Index (NNI) is based on the concept of a critical nitrogen concentration, defined as the minimum N concentration in the aerial biomass necessary to obtain maximum yield. Values of Ncrit are high at the start of the growing period and decline during growth, in relation to dry matter accumulation (t DM/ha) according to the equation of Lemaire & Salette (1984): Ncrit(%) = 4.8(DM)-0.32. The NNI is calculated as the ratio of the actual N concentration of the sward to the N concentration required at a similar biomass to sustain non-limiting growth and biomass …


Modelling The Effect Of Breakeven Date In Spring Rotation Planner On Production And Profit Of A Pasture-Based Dairy System, P. C. Beukes, B. S. Thorrold, M. E. Wastney, C. C. Palliser, G. Levy, X. Chardon Aug 2023

Modelling The Effect Of Breakeven Date In Spring Rotation Planner On Production And Profit Of A Pasture-Based Dairy System, P. C. Beukes, B. S. Thorrold, M. E. Wastney, C. C. Palliser, G. Levy, X. Chardon

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The breakeven date is the expected date when pasture supply exceeds cow demand. This date is used to plan the rotation rates, slow during the winter, when pasture growth is low and cows are dry, to a fast rotation in spring, when growth is accelerating and most cows lactating. This date is influenced by regional climate, mainly rainfall and soil temperature, which affects timing and rate of growth acceleration. The objective of this modeling exercise was to explore the effect of the breakeven date on milksolids (MS), grass silage, farm cover and economic farm surplus (EFS) over different climate years …


Development Of A Model Simulating The Impact Of Management Strategies On Production From Beef Cattle Farming Systems Based On Permanent Pasture, M. Jouven, R. Baumont Aug 2023

Development Of A Model Simulating The Impact Of Management Strategies On Production From Beef Cattle Farming Systems Based On Permanent Pasture, M. Jouven, R. Baumont

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Grazing systems in Europe increasingly have to meet environmental objectives, which influence management strategies. A deterministic model describing farming system dynamics is being developed in order to elucidate interactions between nature-friendly management practices, as for example late (after flowering) hay harvest or moderate stocking rate, and agricultural output.


On-Farm Information: A Valuable Tool For The Sustainable Management Of Mountain Pastures In Protected Natural Areas, N. Mandaluniz, A. Bernués, A. Igarzabal, I. J. L. Riedel, R. Ruiz, A. Sanz, I. Casasús, L. M. Oregui Aug 2023

On-Farm Information: A Valuable Tool For The Sustainable Management Of Mountain Pastures In Protected Natural Areas, N. Mandaluniz, A. Bernués, A. Igarzabal, I. J. L. Riedel, R. Ruiz, A. Sanz, I. Casasús, L. M. Oregui

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Mountain pastures have traditionally been maintained by livestock. The analysis of data concerning farms' characteristics, productive-reproductive management and land use of commercial farms can constitute a real approach to study these systems and the changes that are occurring. This information is necessary to develop new utilisation guidelines, making compatible livestock production and conservation of natural resources. This paper describes a methodological framework to study the issues described above through some examples taken out from a wider research project (Mandaluniz et al., 2003).


The Impact Of Concentrate Price On The Utilization Of Grazed And Conserved Grass, P. Crosson, P. O'Kiely, F. P. O'Mara, M. J. Drennan, M. Wallace Aug 2023

The Impact Of Concentrate Price On The Utilization Of Grazed And Conserved Grass, P. Crosson, P. O'Kiely, F. P. O'Mara, M. J. Drennan, M. Wallace

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A linear programming model was designed and constructed to facilitate the identification of optimal beef production systems under varying technical and policy scenarios. The model operates at a systems level and most activities that could occur in Irish spring-calving, suckler beef production systems are included. In this paper, the components of the model are described together with a simple application of the model involving changing concentrate prices.


Pâtur’In: A User-Friendly Software Tool To Assist Dairy Cow Grazing Management, Luc Delaby, J. L. Peyraud, P. Faverdin Aug 2023

Pâtur’In: A User-Friendly Software Tool To Assist Dairy Cow Grazing Management, Luc Delaby, J. L. Peyraud, P. Faverdin

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The feeding of dairy cows at pasture presents many technical, economic and environmental advantages, while benefiting from a very favourable image. However, the management of grazed land is a complex game of strategy in which the farmer applies decisions in order to manage two unstable and uncertain fluxes of change: growth of grass and intake of the herd. Many tools (platemeter, etc.) and overall methods (local stocking rate references, farm cover, etc.) have been developed as aids to grazing management. Nevertheless, few decision-support systems are currently available that make it possible to anticipate and assess the consequences of a given …


Enhancing Grasslands Education With Decision Support Tools, Helen G. Daily, J. M. Scott, J. M. Reid Aug 2023

Enhancing Grasslands Education With Decision Support Tools, Helen G. Daily, J. M. Scott, J. M. Reid

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

We have successfully used Decision Support Tools (DST) relevant to the management of grazing enterprises to enhance problem solving skills of undergraduates in Australia. Tools such as GrassGrotm (Moore et al., 1997) and GrazFeedtm (Freer et al., 1997) are accessed from a central server by authorised users at many widely dispersed Universities across Australia using remote access to thin-client technology via an Internet portal. This has been supplemented with training for lecturers. Experience in developing appropriate teaching and learning materials and the reliable delivery of simulation software to many clients has enhanced learning outcomes at tertiary …


Canasta - Crop Niche Selection For Tropical Agriculture, A Spatial Decision Support System, R. O'Brien, M. Peters, R. Corner, S. Cook Aug 2023

Canasta - Crop Niche Selection For Tropical Agriculture, A Spatial Decision Support System, R. O'Brien, M. Peters, R. Corner, S. Cook

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Farmers in the developing world frequently find themselves in uncertain and risky environments, often having to make decisions based on very little information. Risks for smallholder farmers are often critical because of their poverty. In addition, in the tropics and subtropics, the natural environment is spatially and temporally variable and often harsh, thereby increasing the uncertainty faced by these farmers. This research aims to improve forage adoption decisions in the developing world, thereby increasing sustainable intensification and ultimately contributing to increased sustainable world food production and the alleviation of under-nutrition.


Artturi Assists Finnish Advisers And Farmers To Succeed In Grass-Based Dairy Production, Marketta Rinne, Pekka Huhtanen, Kaisa Kuoppala, H. Nikander, J. Nousiainen, M. Hellämäki, L. Nyholm, J. Helminen, K. Lampinen, M. Maisi, M. Korhonen Aug 2023

Artturi Assists Finnish Advisers And Farmers To Succeed In Grass-Based Dairy Production, Marketta Rinne, Pekka Huhtanen, Kaisa Kuoppala, H. Nikander, J. Nousiainen, M. Hellämäki, L. Nyholm, J. Helminen, K. Lampinen, M. Maisi, M. Korhonen

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Artturi is a collective name for a wide range of services. It is a common tool for different bodies who share an interest in strengthening grass-based dairy production in Finland: research, advisory service and industries. The Service is named after A. I. (Artturi Ilmari) Virtanen, the Finnish scientist who was awarded the Nobel prize in 1945, partly based on his work in developing the ensiling process of grass. The Artturi web site is available in Internet at: http://www.agronet.fi/artturi. Access to Artturi Services is free and no registration is required. The language used is Finnish. During summer 2003, 15,000 visits were …


A Decision Support System For Monitoring Livestock Diet Quality And Performance: Verification Study On Cattle, Adami Tulu, Ethiopia, A. A. Jama, G. Tolleson, J. W. Stuth, Abule Ebro, K. Zander, Robert J. Kaitho Aug 2023

A Decision Support System For Monitoring Livestock Diet Quality And Performance: Verification Study On Cattle, Adami Tulu, Ethiopia, A. A. Jama, G. Tolleson, J. W. Stuth, Abule Ebro, K. Zander, Robert J. Kaitho

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Fecal profiling technology based on near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been widely used in the U.S. to predict the diet quality and performance of free-ranging animals (e.g. Leite & Stuth 1995, Lyons & Stuth 1992, Lyons et al., 1993, Stuth et al., 1999, Tolleson et al., 2001). This technology is linked with the Nutritional Balance Analyzer (NUTBAL-PRO) model to form the core of a nutritional advisory system for livestock producers in the United States. This model predicts changes in body weight and condition for a broad range of livestock classes for cattle, sheep and goats. To test …


Irish Grassland Association: Delivering The Benefits From Grassland, S. Flanagan Aug 2023

Irish Grassland Association: Delivering The Benefits From Grassland, S. Flanagan

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The Irish Grassland Association (IGA) is Ireland's leading forum for discussing the science of grass and animal production, the economics and finances of dairy, beef cattle and sheep farm enterprises. Membership is 800 and is a lively mix of progressive farmers (70%), research scientists, advisers and agribusiness personnel. The IGA is a member of the European Grassland Federation and has close ties with the Ulster Grassland Society, Fermanagh Grassland Club and the British Grassland Society.


The Role Of The New Zealand Grassland Association In Technology Interaction And Policy Evolution, M. W. Calder Jul 2023

The Role Of The New Zealand Grassland Association In Technology Interaction And Policy Evolution, M. W. Calder

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The New Zealand Grassland Association (NZGA) aims for a two-way communication between grassland researchers and pastoral farmers on research findings and farming trends and opportunities. Annual conferences, special symposia, print and electronic publications as well as the web site are used to further these aims. Policy evolution is indirect, using the relationship with agribusiness sponsors and members to promote research objectives.


Activity Of Japanese Society Of Grassland Science, K. Sugawara, S. Saiga, K. Tateno, Y. Cai, N. Yoshida, T. Takamizo, M. Goto Jul 2023

Activity Of Japanese Society Of Grassland Science, K. Sugawara, S. Saiga, K. Tateno, Y. Cai, N. Yoshida, T. Takamizo, M. Goto

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The Japanese Society of Grassland Science (JSGS) was founded in 1954 for the purposes of progressing grassland and forage crop sciences and fostering grassland agriculture and better management of grassland for animal production in Japan. From the first, the members of JSGS have included interdisciplinary scientists from forage crop science, forestry, animal science, agribusiness and many related fields. In the 50 years since its foundation, JSGS has made large contributions to the progress of both science and industry in Japan. The number of JSGS members is now declining slightly, but there are still about 950 including 800 individual members and …


Comments On The Present Activity Of Czech Specialists In Grassland Cultivation, B. Cagaš Jul 2023

Comments On The Present Activity Of Czech Specialists In Grassland Cultivation, B. Cagaš

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Unlike some other countries, there is no officially established forage crop or grassland society in the Czech Republic. This, however, does not mean that activity in this field is lacking. Several institutions are involved in the development of grassland research. These are predominantly: Grassland Commission of the Section of Plant Production of the Czech Academy of Agricultural Science, Forage Crop Commission of the Bohemian-Moravian Union of Plant Breeders, Bohemian-Moravian Association of Plant Breeding and Seed Production and Association of Grass and Clover Seed Growers. Members of these institutions are researchers and breeders of grasses and legumes, university lecturers from departments …


The Role Of Grassland Societies In The West Of Scotland, G. E. D. Tiley Jul 2023

The Role Of Grassland Societies In The West Of Scotland, G. E. D. Tiley

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Local grassland societies were first established in the United Kingdom in the 1950s, under the guiding hand of the national, British Grassland Society, itself founded in 1946. In the west of Scotland two local societies were formed: 1) the South West Scotland Grassland Society in 1962, covering the former counties of Ayrshire, Dumfries, Kirkcudbright and Wigtown; and 2) the Central Scotland Grassland Society for Lanark, Stirling, Renfrew, Dumbarton and Clackmannan. The declared aim of these two societies was to promote good grassland farming in all its aspects amongst members and to identify opportunities for improved grassland management, all to the …


The Leucaena Network: A Grazier Advocacy Organisation Ensuring The Future Of A Valuable Forage Resource For Northern Australia, K. Mclaughlin, B. F. Mullen, H. M. Shelton Jul 2023

The Leucaena Network: A Grazier Advocacy Organisation Ensuring The Future Of A Valuable Forage Resource For Northern Australia, K. Mclaughlin, B. F. Mullen, H. M. Shelton

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Leucaena leucocephala is a productive and sustainable forage tree legume for beef cattle production in northern Australia. Following a protracted period of research and development to overcome agronomic and social constraints, substantial adoption by graziers is now occurring (Mullen, these proceedings). However, a recent challenge has threatened future development, viz. the perception by some environmentalists that leucaena is an environmental weed. In addition, production-oriented support from public research and development organisations has diminished significantly over the past 20 years. The Leucaena Network (TLN) was formed in July 2000, primarily to counter the anti-leucaena movement, but has since developed as an …


Lactating Ewes Were Strongly Attracted To Salt When Spread On Sodium-Deficient Undergrazed Hill Pastures, N. Mandaluniz, J. C. Ruiz, R. J. Lucas Jun 2023

Lactating Ewes Were Strongly Attracted To Salt When Spread On Sodium-Deficient Undergrazed Hill Pastures, N. Mandaluniz, J. C. Ruiz, R. J. Lucas

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

New Zealand hill and high country pastures for sheep and cattle cover very variable topography. Shady south face hill country pastures on steeper slopes are grazed inefficiently because of their mature state and low nutritive value. Flatter more fertile areas reflect more frequent defoliation and stock camping behaviour. These inland pastures are deficient in sodium (Na) (Aspinall et al., 2004) because they are distant from coastal sea spray. Management alternatives are sought to improve pasture quality on steep, shady aspects. The provision of different nutrients such as Na or nitrogen (N), which are deficient in these under-grazed areas of …


Intake By Lactating Goats Browsing On Mediterranean Shrubland, M. Decandia, G. Pinna, A. Cabiddu, G. Molle Jun 2023

Intake By Lactating Goats Browsing On Mediterranean Shrubland, M. Decandia, G. Pinna, A. Cabiddu, G. Molle

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In Mediterranean regions goat feeding systems are mainly based on shrubland that contain a wide variety of species. There are only a few equations for predicting feed intake of stall-fed goats (Luo et al., 2004). The objective of this study was to develop a model for predicting the intake of lactating goats browsing on Mediterranean shrubland.


The Effect Of Stocking Rate And Lamb Grazing System On Sward Performance Of Trifolium Repens And Lotus Corniculatus In Uruguay, F. Montossi, R. San Julián, M. Nolla, M. Camesasca, F. Preve Jun 2023

The Effect Of Stocking Rate And Lamb Grazing System On Sward Performance Of Trifolium Repens And Lotus Corniculatus In Uruguay, F. Montossi, R. San Julián, M. Nolla, M. Camesasca, F. Preve

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Lambs have a great potential to diversify and stimulate meat and wool production and economical returns within the industry. The main objective of this study was to evaluate different feeding and management alternatives for the production of high quality wool and meat as well as their effects on sward characteristics in the Basaltic region of Uruguay.


Effect Of Forage Legume Species And Stocking Rate Of Lambs On Sward Characteristics In Uruguay, F. Montossi, D. F. Risso, R. San Julián, M. Iglesias, N. Ramos, I. De Barbieri, R. Cuadro, A. Zarza Jun 2023

Effect Of Forage Legume Species And Stocking Rate Of Lambs On Sward Characteristics In Uruguay, F. Montossi, D. F. Risso, R. San Julián, M. Iglesias, N. Ramos, I. De Barbieri, R. Cuadro, A. Zarza

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The sheep industry is a mayor component of the pastoral industries, given its importance for the Uruguayan economy. In the last decade, sheep farmers have been more interested in low cost technologies to enhance productivity and profit. The objective of this study, conducted in the Basaltic region of Uruguay, was to evaluate the effect of legume species and stocking rate of lambs on sward structure, production, composition and nutritive value.


Effect Of Stocking Rate And Grazing System On Fine And Superfine Merino Wool Production And Quality On Native Swards Of Uruguay, I. De Barbieri, Fabio Montossi, E. J. Berretta, A. Dighiero, A. Mederos Jun 2023

Effect Of Stocking Rate And Grazing System On Fine And Superfine Merino Wool Production And Quality On Native Swards Of Uruguay, I. De Barbieri, Fabio Montossi, E. J. Berretta, A. Dighiero, A. Mederos

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Modern textile tendencies show that consumers prefer light, soft, resistant, natural, and comfortable clothes, for which fine and superfine wools are in great demand, particularly at the high value markets (Whiteley, 2003). The main objective of the present study was to define sustainable stocking rates and grazing systems on native swards for fine and superfine wool production in the Basaltic region of Uruguay.


Productivity And Grazing Capacity Of Five Typical Natural Rangelands For Yaks In The Alpine Region Of China, Xuebing Yan, Yuxia Guo, Z. He, W. Kun Jun 2023

Productivity And Grazing Capacity Of Five Typical Natural Rangelands For Yaks In The Alpine Region Of China, Xuebing Yan, Yuxia Guo, Z. He, W. Kun

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The Qinghai-Tibet plateau has greatly aroused the interest of scientists as an uncommon rangeland resource of great agro-ecological importance. Yak (Bos grunniens) is a unique, vulnerable ungulate. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the productivity and feed value of five natural rangelands.


Metabolic Profiling Of Heathland Plants In The Diet Of Sheep, Gordon G. Allison, Mariecia D. Fraser, J. M. Moorby, J. Kopka, A. Erban, Vince J. Theobald Jun 2023

Metabolic Profiling Of Heathland Plants In The Diet Of Sheep, Gordon G. Allison, Mariecia D. Fraser, J. M. Moorby, J. Kopka, A. Erban, Vince J. Theobald

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Little is known about how plant biochemistry influences the grazing behaviour of animals grazing heterogeneous vegetation communities. Furthermore, most biochemical profiles of grassland species are restricted to major nutritional characteristics. Recent developments in analytical techniques have made possible the detailed analysis of minor components, which can potentially affect animal feeding preferences, performance and health. Gas chromatography/time of flight mass spectroscopy (GC/TOF-MS) coupled with automated library annotation is ideally suited to the acquisition of detailed metabolite profiles of plant extracts (Wagner et al., 2003) and can be applied to other matrices such as blood and faeces. In this study GC/TOF-MS …


Grazing Behaviour And Selection Of Browse Species By Cattle, Sheep And Goats On Natural Pasture In The Sahelian Zone Of Burkina Faso, H. O. Sanon, C. Zoungrana-Kabore, I. Ledin Jun 2023

Grazing Behaviour And Selection Of Browse Species By Cattle, Sheep And Goats On Natural Pasture In The Sahelian Zone Of Burkina Faso, H. O. Sanon, C. Zoungrana-Kabore, I. Ledin

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Pastures in semi-arid countries, are subject to seasonal variability. Browse species that are less dependent on rainfall, are highly valued. Goats are browsers, while cattle and sheep are grazers. However, faced with a scarcity of feed resources, especially in the late dry season, all animal species fall back on browse species. The objective of this study was to estimate feeding behaviour and browse species utilisation by cattle, sheep and goats on natural pasture in different seasons, and concurrently appreciate the indigenous knowledge on browse species in the study area.


Grazing Preference, Herbage Production And Quality Of Diploid And Tetraploid Lolium Perenne Cultivars In Southern Chile, Oscar A. Balocchi, Ignacio F. López Jun 2023

Grazing Preference, Herbage Production And Quality Of Diploid And Tetraploid Lolium Perenne Cultivars In Southern Chile, Oscar A. Balocchi, Ignacio F. López

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Lolium perenne is the most important plant species used in sown pasture in Southern Chile. Cultivars used are mainly diploid. However, in recent years some tetraploid cultivars have been introduced into the country. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of the ploidy of the cultivars on herbage production, nutritive value, grazing preference and utilisation of the herbage.


Effect Of Dairy Effluent On Turnip Nutritive Characteristics, Joe L. Jacobs, G. N. Ward, Frank R. Mckenzie Jun 2023

Effect Of Dairy Effluent On Turnip Nutritive Characteristics, Joe L. Jacobs, G. N. Ward, Frank R. Mckenzie

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In southern Victoria, high summer temperatures and low rainfall lead to low pasture growth and a decline in nutritional value until rainfall commences in autumn. Annual forage crops such as turnips often are used to fill the summer feed gap. Jacobs & Ward (2003) observed that dairy effluent applied at low rates could improve turnip DM yields and crude protein content. Results from the first two years of a 3-year study comparing a range of effluent application rates on turnip leaf and root nutritive characteristics are reported.


Estilosantes Campo Grande In Brazil: A Tropical Forage Legume Success Story, Celso D. Fernandes, Bela Grof, S. Chakraborty, Jaqueline R. Verzignassi Jun 2023

Estilosantes Campo Grande In Brazil: A Tropical Forage Legume Success Story, Celso D. Fernandes, Bela Grof, S. Chakraborty, Jaqueline R. Verzignassi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Estilosantes Campo Grande (ECG) is a mixture (80/20 by weight) of Stylosanthes capitata and S. macrocephala, derived through genetic combination of selected accessions by open crossing over 6 generations (Grof et al., 2001). The cultivar is the result of >10 years of research on a collection of >1000 ecotypes of Stylosanthes species collected and maintained by Embrapa. The main use of ECG in Brazil is to improve grass-dominant pastures. It has good persistence with Brachiaria spp., Panicum maximum (Tanzania-1 and Mombaça) and Andropogon gayanus. It has excellent adaptation to low fertility sandy soils and is persistent under …


Rumen Degradation Characteristics Of Four Species Of Native Pastures From Central Mexico In Three Growing Periods, A. A. Rayas, A. M. J. Espinoza‐Ortega, J. G. Estrada‐Flores, C. Arriagal, F. Mould, O. A. Castelán-Ortega Jun 2023

Rumen Degradation Characteristics Of Four Species Of Native Pastures From Central Mexico In Three Growing Periods, A. A. Rayas, A. M. J. Espinoza‐Ortega, J. G. Estrada‐Flores, C. Arriagal, F. Mould, O. A. Castelán-Ortega

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The smallholder cattle systems of the Toluca valley in central Mexico are based on the use of maize and native grasses. Research has been devoted to nutritional characterisation of improved pastures, but native species of grasses have not been studied, despite their importance. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the in vitro rumen degradation kinetics of four species of native pastures.


The Impact Of Continuous Grazing By Free Ranging Sheep On The Structure And Botanical Composition Of Grassland As Determined By Multivariate Analysis, G. A. Heshmati Jun 2023

The Impact Of Continuous Grazing By Free Ranging Sheep On The Structure And Botanical Composition Of Grassland As Determined By Multivariate Analysis, G. A. Heshmati

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Grazing shapes the botanical composition of vegetation at the landscape level (Oksanen et al., 1995). Sheep seek spatially scattered plants of nearly constant and high nutritional value. There is strong interaction between the grazing behaviour of the sheep and the structure of the plant community that it grazes (Squires, 1981). This paper examines the situation in a grassland vegetation grazed by free-ranging sheep in a semi arid region of North Eastern Iran.


Effects Of Vegetation Structure And Plant Height When Grazed On Persistency Of Meadow Fescue Pasture, K. Sudo, Y. Ogawa, K. Umemura Jun 2023

Effects Of Vegetation Structure And Plant Height When Grazed On Persistency Of Meadow Fescue Pasture, K. Sudo, Y. Ogawa, K. Umemura

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

An intensive grazing technique using meadow fescue (Mf) pasture has been developed in northern Japan, where soil freezes in winter. It has been shown that the appropriate plant height of Mf pasture when grazed for persistency is about 27 cm. When Mf and perennial ryegrass (Pr) pastures were grazed at the same plant height of 20 cm, vegetation of Mf pasture declined and plant length of Mf pasture was longer than that of Pr pasture (Sudo et al., 2002). These phenomena might be due to the effects of differences in grass species and plant height when grazed on vegetation …