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Managing Grassy Woodlands: Balancing Production And Conservation Of Resources, John G. Mcivor, Neil D. Macleod, S. Mcintyre

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Eastern Australian eucalypt woodlands are important agricultural areas that have been widely modified during two centuries of European-style use. Despite this they contain important natural resources including significant biodiversity. Long term sustainability of production depends on maintaining resources and management must be for both production and conservation. A research program on four properties in south east Queensland showed the properties were in generally good condition although all had some problems, and has highlighted a number of significant costs and barriers to adopting a more balanced approach to production and conservation.

Influence Of Grassland Management And Grazing By Different Farm Animals On Animal Performance And Flora Alterations, W. Jentsch, H.-D. Matthes, A. Admasu, H. Möhring

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The objectives of this study were to test the possibilities of using different farm animals for landscape care on extensive pasture, taking into account their particular performance, and to analyse alterations of the flora in consequence of grazing by different animals and various pasture management. Salers had the highest (836g/d) and Galloways (584g/d) the lowest live weight gain as compared with the other breeds (771g/d). Lambs had higher live weight when grazing together with cattle and horses (mixed grazing) than under one species grazing. The number of legume increased and that of grass decreased. Following 3 years the grazing animals …

Animal Production From Tropical Pastures Renovated By Subsoiling And Fertilization In The Cerrados Of Brazil, Valéria P. B. Euclides, Manuel C. M. Macedo, M. P. Oliveira

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A grazing trial was conducted, to study the effects of fertilization on the maintenance of the productivity of four tropical grasses. The paddocks were subsoiled, and dived into halves: one (LF1) received 400 kg/ha of a fertilizer formula 0-20-20.and the other (LF2) 800 kg/ha of the same fertilizers, in January 1995. Annually, 50 kg/ha of N was applied. The productivity on LF2 pastures was greater than that on FL1 pastures, averaging 520 and 410 kg of liveweight gain/ha/year. A double strategy should be followed to sustain animal production in the savanna: maintain soil P over a critical value of 3.0 …

Performance Of Nellore Cattle Under Two Grazing Management Systems, L. De A. Corrêa, Maurício M. De Alencar, Rogério T. Barbosa, P. F. Barbosa, Geraldo M. Da Cruz, I. U. Packer, C. A. Cordeiro

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of grazing intensification on birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW, standartized to 205 days), average daily gain from birth to weaning (ADG), and gestation length (GL) of calves, cow weight at calving (CWC) and at weaning (CWW), cow condition score at calving (CCC) and at weaning (CCW), and BW/CWC (BWR), WW/CWC (WWRC) and WW/CWW (WWRW) ratios. One hundred and sixty eight Nellore calves born in 1998 and 1999, out of dams maintained in two grazing management systems were evaluated: an extensive 1.0 animal unity (AU). ha^-1 system on unfertilized …

Orchardgrass Pastures For Early-Weaned Beef Calves, J. C. Waller, H. A. Fribourg, C. Dixon, A. E. Fisher, B. V. Conger

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) grown alone or with ladino white (Trifolium repens) and red (T. pratense) clovers, provides a high quality March to June pasture. However, many beef producers have their cows calving in January-March, thus producing offspring that are too young to utilize spring forage well. As an alternative, some producers have their cows bred so that calves are born in autumn (September-November). By spring, these calves are old enough to consume pasture forage. The few earlier studies on early weaning of fall-born calves consist of drylot feeding of high quality hay or concentrates. …

Management Of Meadow Fescue Pasture For High-Producing Dairy Cows In Northern Japan, K. Sudo, K. Ochiai, T. Ikeda

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The objective of this study was to establish an intensive grazing system of meadow fescue (Festuca elatior L.) pasture for high-producing dairy cows in some areas of Japan where soil freezes in winter. Plant succession of meadow fescue pastures that had been grazed at different plant heights and milk production from cows grazed on meadow fescue pasture compared to that from cows grazed on perennial ryegrass pasture were surveyed over a five year period. Succession of meadow fescue pasture depended on the management of plant height before grazing use. Milk production from cows grazed on meadow fescue pasture was …

Leaf Blade Selection By Sheep In Kleingrass (Panicum Coloratum L.) Pastures With Different Deferment Periods, P. Sierra, M. S. Cid, M. A. Brizuela, C. M. Ferri

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The winter use of standing dead biomass produced by warm season grasses during the previous growing season may be an alternative to grazing systems in the semi-arid Pampean Region of Argentina. This study evaluated: 1) the effect of different deferment periods on the leaf blade percentage and quality of ‘kleingrass’ (Panicum coloratum L.), a warm season specie recently introduced to that region, and 2) whether rams grazing the vegetation accumulated during these different periods are able to select leaf blades to maintain the quality of their diets. It was generated three treatments by deferment of the forage produced after …

Microhistological Estimation Of Leaf Blade Percentage In Diets From Monoespecific Pastures, P. Sierra, M. S. Cid, M. A. Brizuela, C. M. Ferri

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Although a decrease in the leaf-stem ratio affects the nutritive value of pastures, herbivores can reinforce selection for leaf blades to maintain the quality of their diets. This study evaluated whether the percentage of fragments with furrows in blades could be used to estimate the relative intake of this part of the leaves by herbivores grazing monoespecific pastures. It was worked with vegetation of kleingrass (Panicum coloratum L.) from paddocks with three deferment periods. Blade samples, and different plant part mixtures hand compounded were in vitro digested. The digestion residues were microhistological analyzed determining the number of fragment with …

Evaluation Of Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa Pratensis L.) For Creating Sustainable Grazing Swards In Hokkaido, T. Saigusa, S. Tejima, Y. Ogawa, S. Takahashi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) is generally considered to be a weed in the meadows of Hokkaido. However, a revaluation of this species should be undertaken in terms of its useful characteristics for labor-saving management on farms in marginal areas. The performance of steers (Holstein-Friesian) and botanical composition of Kentucky bluegrass swards were investigated under the stocking methods of set and rotational grazing and compared with timothy (Phleum pratense L.) swards. Kentucky bluegrass was stable over the grazing season under both methods, although timothy decreased rapidly. The average daily gain of steers raised on Kentucky bluegrass swards was …

Structural Stability Of Short Latency Alfalfa-Based Pastures In The Humid Pampa, Argentina, R. O. Refi, B. Martín

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The aim of this study was to search the effects of grazing intensity and nitrogen fertilization on the structural stability of a mixed pasture composed by alfalfa (latency group 9), brome grass, tall fescue and white clover, sown in April 1997. Rotational grazing was carried out with dairy cattle with high intensity (HI: up to 3-4 cm) or moderate intensity (LI: up to 8-10 cm), whenever the alfalfa showed basal regrowth. According to a split-plot design, grazing intensities were subdivided to assign three levels of nitrogen fertilization: N0, without fertilization; N1 with 50 kg N/ha per year; and N2 with …

Late Winter Dietary Overlap Among Greater Rheas And Domestic Herbivores On The Argentinean Flooding Pampa, G. Vacarezza, M. S. Cid, F. Milano

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This study evaluates the dietary overlap among greater rheas (Rhea americana L.) sheep and cattle in the Flooding Pampa, Buenos Aires, Argentina during late winter, when is observed the lowest forage availability. The work was carried out with the following forage classes (FC): warm and cool season grasses and forbs (legumes and no-legumes). Diet botanical composition was estimated by microanalysis of faeces. Principal Component Analysis and Kulcyznsky´s index of similarity were used for data analysis. Rhea populations selected diets with higher forb percentages. On the contrary, vegetation structure and their own morpho-physiology conditioned cattle to diets almost exclusively gramineous. …

Beef Calf Production Using Year-Round Grazing On Tropical Grass Pasture In Summer Combined With Cool Temperate Grass Pasture In Winter, Y. Nakanishi, K. Shindou, S. Watanabe, K. Yamamoto, K. Hagino

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Fluegge) showed a poor quality with low crude protein in summer but blood biochemical levels of grazing beef cows were similar to drylot feeding cows except of concentration of urea nitrogen. Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam) showed very good quality with high crude protein (about 20 percentage) in winter. And so, suckler cows gained live weight in winter and suckling calves were showed very high growth rate (daily gain was about 1.0 kg). Total live weight gains of grazing cows were higher than those of drylot feeding cows. Postpartum reproductive performances of grazing cows were …

Winter Grazing And Feeding Systems In Western Canada, Duane H. Mccartney, V. Baron, J. Basarab, E. Okine, G. Lastiwka, A. Depalme, D. Young

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Beef cow calf producers in Western Canada are looking for methods of extending the grazing season into the winter in order to lower winter feed costs. Dry beef cows were early or late weaned and grazed during the early months of winter on late seeded barley swaths (Hardlum vulgare L.) and compared to cows fed barley silage and free choice barley straw in a feeding yard. The swath grazed barley was late seeded in June and swathed in the silage stage in mid September. Cows successfully swath grazed for three winters from mid November until mid to late February …

Forage Management For Extending The Grazing Season, David W. Koch, C. M. Lux, J. W. Flake

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Studies were conducted to determine ways to extend grazing season with forages adequate to meet the needs of grazing animals and to reduce the cost of livestock production. Perennial grasses were swathed, windrowed and left in the field until they were winter-grazed with bred heifers. Corn (Zea mays L.) was stockpiled for winter grazing with lambs and ewes. Windrowed grasses increased in acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) compared with stored hay, but crude protein content, heifer weight gain and body condition change was similar for both forages. An economic value of $218 ha^-1 from …

Mechanization: Planning And Selection Of Equipment, C. A. Rotz

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The planning and selection of equipment for harvest and handling of forage crops can greatly impact the performance and profitability of a farm. The type and size of equipment used affects the harvested yield and nutritive value of the forage crop as well as production costs. Through interactions with other parts of the farm, these effects can impact market value of the forage, animal intake and performance, delays in other farm operations, other production costs, and ultimately farm profit. Standard procedures and relationships have been developed for determining the most appropriate equipment for a given production system. Because of the …

Conserved Forage (Silage And Hay): Progress And Priorities, R. E. Muck, K. J. Shinners

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Forage conservation permits a better supply of quality feed when forage production is low. While haymaking and ensiling have been practiced for generations, research is still needed to 1) understand the processes affecting quality during harvesting and storage and 2) develop practical means to minimize losses and enhance quality.

Several trends in harvesting forages for silage are notable. Kernel processing of maize, once confined to Europe, has become popular in North America. Self-propelled forage harvesters have a larger share of the market due to more contract harvesting and larger farms. Larger harvesters, rakes and mergers help improve productivity and forage …

Comparison Of Quality And Production By Different Silage Making Methods Of Barley Cultivated In The Paddy After Rice Harvest, J. S. Shin, E. B. Yoon, M. S. Park

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The objective of this study was to compare whether the productivity and production cost of whole crop barley was affected by silage making methods at early bloom stage in the rice field. In nutritive value, quality and palatability of silage, baled silage making method was a little higher than that of crushed silage making. On the other hand, in terms of dry matter and total digestible nutrient (TDN) production cost, proper work capacity at about 15 ha or more was desirable when making baled silage. In this case, the estimated dry matter production cost and TDN cost per ha was …

Yield, Feeding Value And Ensiling Characteristics Of Clone-13 (Pennisetum Purpureum), Sujatha Premaratne, G. G. C. Premalal, S. M. S. Setunga, J. M. S. Jayawardana

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A study was carried out to find out the effect of frequency of defoliation on yield and feeding value of clone-13 (Pennisetum purpureum) in Sri Lanka. Three frequency of harvesting, namely 45, 60 and 75 days were used and, fresh yield per plot was measured. Sub samples were taken for dry matter determination and proximate analysis. According to results, frequency of harvesting of 60 days can be recommended for clone-13 under no fertilizer regime. In addition, effect of growth stage on ensiling characteristics of clone-13 was also studied. Clone-13 was harvested at 45, 60, 75 or 90 days …

Survival Of Escherichia Coli 0157:H7 Added To Grass At Ensiling And Its Influence On Silage Fermentation, P. O’Kiely, C. Byrne, D. Bolton

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Escherichia coli can cause health problems in humans and livestock. It is frequently found in faeces and soil, both of which can contaminate grass harvested for silage-making. To determine the survival of E. coli 0157:H7 during ensilage, and its influence on ensilage, unwilted precision-chop grass was ensiled in laboratory silos with the following additive treatments: (a) no additive, (b) E. coli 0157:H7 (Ec - non-infectious strain, at log₁₀ 4.5 colony forming units (cfu) g^-1), formic acid (FA), and (d) Ec + FA. Silos were stored at 15^oC. Three silos per treatment were opened on days …

Effects Of Dry Matter Content And Microbial Additive On Tifton 85 (Cynodon Dactylon Ssp.) Wilted Silage Fermentation Parameters, Luiz Gustavo Nussio, F. G. Castro, J. M. Simas, C. M. Haddad, P. Toledo, A. L. Merchan

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the wilting and the addition of a bacterial-enzymatic additive effects on the fermentation parameters of Tifton 85 (Cynodon dactylon spp.) silage. Forage was stored as 326 kg bales wrapped with a plastic film. Treatments consisted of 5 forage dry matter levels (20-30%, 30-40%, 40-50%, 50 -60% e 60 a 70%) without additive and 3 dry matter levels (20-30%, 40-50%, e 60-70%) with additive. Buffered propionic acid solution was sprayed onto 60-70% dry matter bales, prior to wrapping, determining an additional treatment. Core samples were taken at 0, 6, 12 hours …

Dry Matter Losses In Tanzânia Grass (Panicum Maximum, Jacq, Cv. Tanzânia) Silage, M. A. A. Balsalobre, Luiz Gustavo Nussio, P. M. Santos, R. F. Crestana, R. N. S. Aguiar, M. Corsi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A spring cut of Tanzânia grass (Panicum maximum, Schum, cv. Tanzânia) was harvested (20% DM), in a 60-day regrowth sward. Laboratory silos (20 L) were filled with chopped forage. Nine treatments, in a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement with four replication each. Treatments consisted on the addition of 3 levels of dehydrated and pellet citrus pulp (CP) (0, 5 and 10%- fresh basis) combined with 3 particle sizes (Larger (1), medium (2) and smaller (3)). After 60 days silos were opened, effluent and gas yield was calculated. Reduction in particle size lowered gas losses in silage. Major benefit …

Possibilities To Avoid Growth Of Clostridia And/Or Fungi In Wilted Silage By Use Of Organic And Inorganic Salts, Martin Knický, P. Lingvall

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The hygienic quality of silage will be of great importance in the future as poor quality not only influences the animal production but also the animal health and the food quality. This study examined the impact of mixtures of sodium benzoate (NaB), sodium nitrite (NaN), hexamine (HMTA), sodium propionate (NaP), sodium bisulphite, and propionic acid on low and high wilted clover/grass. The silage (crop wilted to 300 or 600 g DM kg^-1 of fresh weight) consisted of about 50% red clover (Trifolium pratense) and 50% timothy (Phleum pratense) and the study covered 7 additive treatments. …

Assessment Of Ensilability Of Six Tropical Grasses Using Three Different Approaches, B. Zierenberg, K. Friedel, A. Glatzle, A. Chudy

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The preparation of well-preserved silages is considered increasingly important in the tropics and subtropics. In these regions silage production played a minor role in the past, as ensilability of tropical grasses is generally considered poor. In this study ensilability of six tropical grasses grown in the Paraguayan Chaco Boreal (Panicum maximum cv. Gatton, Cynodon plectostachyus, Cynodon sp. cv. Tifton 85, Digitaria eriantha var. pentzii, Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania and Digitaria milanjiana) was assessed in three different ways: (1) The chemical determination of the ratio between water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and buffer capacity (BC), (2) the biological …

Improving The Feeding Value Of Cotton Stalk, Wheat Straw And Rice Straw With Ozonation, Meiji Okamoto, Masaaki Hanada, R. Aoyama, R. Kim, N. Kaiga

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The experiment was conducted to study the effect of ozone treatment on the feed value of cotton stalk, wheat straw and rice straw. These feeds were cut into 2 cm and 4 cm lengths, and rolled before ozonizing. The ozonizing periods were 30 min. 60min and. 120 min. The Acid Detergent Lignin (ADL) concentration of the feeds decreased with ozone treatment. Except for rice straw, the short cutting treatment (2cm) decreased the concentration of ADL and Cellulose of the ozonized cotton stalk and wheat straw. Rolling and ozone treatment were effective in decreasing the ADL concentration of cotton stalk. IVDMD …

Fermentation Quality Of Phasey Bean And Guineagrass Silages, Y. Imura, T. Namihira, Yasuhiro Kawamoto

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Silages were made from guineagrass (Panicum maximum Jacq. var. maximum) and phasey bean (Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urb.) at three-growth stages. The silages were investigated in relation fermentation quality. Phasey bean silage showed a better fermentation quality than guineagrass silage. The latic acid to total acid ratio of phasey bean silage was higher than 500g/kg DM, and the volatile basic nitrogen to total nitrogen ratio was lower than 100g/kg. It is concluded that phasey bean is an unique legume suitable for good silage fermentation.

Nitrogen Flow To Duodenum Of Steers Grazing On Orchardgrass And Meadowfescue Pastures, Masaaki Hanada, Y. Aibibula, Meiji Okamoto

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This experiment was conducted to evaluate nitrogen flow to the duodenum of steers grazing on orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L., OG) or meadowfescue (Festuca elatior L., MF) pasture. Holstein steers fitted with cannulas in the rumen and duodenum were used. Nitrogen content and in vitro dry matter digestibility of herbage did not differ between OG and MF pastures. Herbage nitrogen intake of steers grazing on OG and MF pastures averaged 229 and 271 g/day, respectively. Nitrogen flows to the duodenum of steers grazing on orchardgrass and meadowfescue pastures averaged 187 and 195g/d, respectively. Microbial nitrogen flow to the duodenum …

The Effects Of Post-Grazing Sward Conditions On Herbage Accumulation In Winter And Spring, F. P. Hughes, P. N. P. Matthews, C. Matthew

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Two on-farm experiments were conducted in the winter and spring of 1998 on a New Zealand seasonal production dairy farm to determine the effect of herbage mass present after grazing on subsequent pasture growth rates. Experiments involved a range of post-grazing levels of herbage mass (870, 1140, 1390, 1640, 1920 kg DM/ha in winter, and 1100, 1420, 1700 and 1910 kg DM/ha in spring) representing a range in cow intakes of 6.1-20.0 and 7.6-18.5 kg DM/cow/day in winter and spring, respectively. In both experiments there was a range of postgrazing herbage mass (1200-1600 kg DM/ha in winter and 1400-1800 kg …

Spring Regrowth And Steer Performance On Tifton 85 And Coastal Bermudagrass Pastures Following Sod-Seeding With Ryegrass, G. M. Hill, R. N. Gates

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Effects of autumn sod-seeded ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum; cv. Passerel; 37.7 kg/ha) in bermudagrass pastures (Cynodon spp.; cv. Coastal and cv. Tifton 85) on grazing steer performance were determined. Ryegrass was sod-seeded in three of six .81 ha pastures of each bermudagrass. Forage height was adjusted to10 cm during spring. Stocking rates were unaffected by ryegrass in Tifton 85 pastures, but they were higher (P < .05) for Tifton 85 than Coastal. Ryegrass increased tester steer average daily gains by 34% (.86 vs .64 kg/day; P < .01), and gain/ha by 26% (387 vs 306 kg/ha; P < .05). Higher stocking rates resulted in 22% more grazing days (515 vs 421 days/ha; P < .01), and 30% higher gain/ha (391 vs 301 kg/ha; P < .05) for Tifton 85 than Coastal pastures. Ryegrass did not affect stocking rates or steer performance on Tifton 85, but it depressed both on Coastal pastures.

Intensive Grazing Systems For Beef Cattle Production, F. P. Fontenot, V. G. Allen, M. A. Cochran, N. B. Frank

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The objective of this study was to compare grazing systems that used rotational and continuous stocking for beef cows-calves and stocker cattle grazing fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and clover (Trifolium repens). For each system seven cows/calves and seven stocker steers were used within each of two replicates. The cows and stockers grazed stockpiled forage and were fed hay in winter, and grazed growing forage during spring and summer. Cows in the rotational system gained at a faster rate (P< . 05) from October to April than those in the continuous system. Daily gains of calves were higher (P< . 05) for the continuous system. Rate of gain during the last 28 days was higher (P< . 05) for the stockers in the rotational system. Average hay yields were not different for the two stocking systems, but more (P< . 05) hay was fed to the cattle in the continuous system. The system that used continuous stocking was more easily managed and required less labor and facilities.

Intake Estimation Of Rams Under Grazing Condition In A Deferred Pastures Of Panicum Coloratum By Two Techniques, C. M. Ferri, M. A. Brizuela, N. P. Stritzler, H. J. Petruzzi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The goal of this study was to quantify the organic matter intake (OMI) of Pampinta rams grazing in a Panicum coloratum cv Verde differed pasture. The OMI was compared by two methods: a) the difference between the forage measured in pre and post-grazing condition, and b) the faecal production:digestibility ratio of the diet, estimated by total faecal gathering, and from the quantity of total faecal N in g per 100 g^-1 of OMI and the concentration of total faecal N, respectively. The OMI estimated by difference between the forage measured in pre and post-grazing was 9 % higher (P …