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Cattle Performance On Tall Fescue Cultivars Varying In Forage Quality And Levels Of Endophyte Infestation, R C. Buckner, R W. Hemken, J A. Boling, P B. Burrus Jr, L P. Bush, J A. Jackson Jr, M R. Siegel, G D. Lacefield

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A fungal endophyte, Acremonium coenophialum, and alkaloids of tall fescue may prevent the realization of improved performance of animals consuming cultivars bred for superior forage quality. Beef and dairy cattle performance was studied using tall fescue cultivars varying in forage quality, in potential to produce alkaloids, and in levels of A. coenophialum infestaion. Comparative performance of growing beef and mid-lactation Holstein cattle was evaluated using forage from a seed lot of Kentucky 31 with ca. 75% endophyte infestation and from another seed lot without infestation and Kenhy and G 1-320 cultivars with improved forage quality and low levels of …

Productivity Of Morphologically Different Sown Tropical Grass Pastures Grown Under Similar Conditions, B G. Robbins, J J. Bushell

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A reduction in animal production as sown grass pastures age has been identified as a serious problem on clay soils in south-east Queenland. To determine if this decline in productivity varied between sown grasses or mainly depended on some aspect of soilfertility, such as soil available nitrogen (N), a three year experiment was conducted at Gayndah (730 mm average annual rainfall). In this replicated grazing trial, six morphologically different grass pastures (native grasses (Heteropo­gon/Bothriochloa); angleton grass (Dichanthium aristatum); creeping bluegrass (Bothriochloainsculpta); purple pigeon grass ( Setaria porphyran tha); green panic (Panicum maximum) …

Composition And Nutritive Value Of Diets Selected By Sheep And Goats On Four Pasture Types, E C. Prigge, D B. Mpiri, W B. Bryan

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Esophageally fistulated sheep (Ovis aries) and goats (Capra hircus) were compared in relation to the composition and nutritive value of ingesta collected by grazing four pasture types. The pasture types are described as Improved Pasture, Unimproved Pasture, Unimproved Pasture with Low Scrub and High Scrub. The scrub consisted mainly of hawthorne (Crataegus sp.) and blackberry (Rubus sp.). Samples of herbage and esophageal extrusa were visually separated into four forage classes (legumes, grass, forbs/browse and dead material). A significant (P < .01) animal species x type of pasture interaction was evident in regard to the preference for the various forage classes. The goats consumed much larger proportions of browse than the sheep on the pastures containing scrub. Few differences were evident between goats and sheep in nutritive value of the ingesta within pasture type.

The Effect Of Silage Quality And Level Of Concentrate On The Dry Matter Intake And Milk Production Of British Friesian Heifers, R H. Phipps, J A. Bines, J Thomas, A Cooper, R J. Wilkins

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Trials have shown that both silage quality and level of concentrate are major factors influencing dry matter (DM) intake and milk production with adult dairy cows but there are few data relating to heifers.Seventy-two British Friesian heifers were divided into two groups during weeks 3-12 of lactation and received ad Iibitum either good quality (G) or poor quality (P) grass silage. The in vitro digestible organic matter in the dry matter was 68 and 60 for silages G and P, respectively. In addition, the heifers in each group consumed concentrate at either a low (4.3 kg DM/day), medium (6.4 kg …

Intake Of Grassland - Hay By Dairy Cows And Its Potential Meet Requirements Of Maintenance And Milk Production, J P. Dulphy, C Beranger, D Micol

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

There have been few recent studies on the use of grass-hays by dairy cows, probably as a result of the importance given to studies on silage. Therefore 9 grass-hays, harvested in good conditions, were prepared and fed to dairy cows. With a CP content of 133 g/kg DM and an O.M. digestibility of 64.4%, the intake of these hays was 2.07 % of live weight (12.65 kgDM/animal/day). Their energy supply was sufficient to cover the maintenance needs of the cows, and a mean theoretical daily production of 8.1 kg of milk. The real production was 20.1 kg, and the difference …

An Expert Nirs Forage System, John S. Shenk, M O. Westerhaus

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has become an accepted technique to analyze the nutritive value of forage and feedstuffs. Recent advancements have been made in developing universal calibration equations that can be transferred from instrument to instrument. This advancement has made it possible to use NIRS as the analytical component of expert system software in conjunction with livestock feeding models. The software is flexible to provide information for research, extension, and industry applications. The incorporation of NIRS into an expert system promises to make possible new advancements in efficiency of livestock production.

Research For Selection Criteria For Grass Quality, Based Upon Animal References, M Gillet, J Scehovic, M Lila

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In an effort to find selection criteria for intake and digestibility, based on correlations with the same characters measured on animals, we have compared 4 to 6 grasses of similar heading dates for intake, palatability, digestibility by sheep, intake by goats and many laboratory tests. 1979 results were published for Lexington Congress. Results of 1980 and 1981 springs bear them out in several points :

- palatability was a very precise and stable test

- palatability, digestibility and goat intake were stable and correlated with each other

- soluble phenols were able to predict palatability and part of digestibility

-sheep …

The Effect Of The Species, Stage Of Maturity And Level Of Intake Of Grass On The Efficiency Of Microbial Protein Synthesis In The Rumen Of Cattle, F J. Hart, Jane Leibholz

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This study was undertaken because there is a paucity of information in the literature on the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis in the rumen of cattle when grass is fed as the sole diet. There is also little experimental data available on the factors which affect the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis. The work involved feeding six rumen fistulated Friesian steers with three species of grass which were harvested at various tages of maturity. In addition each maturity of forage was fed at three 15levels of orp5 nic matter ( OM) intake.

as sampled at the omasum and microbial protein …

Increasing Flora Diversity In Grassland Swards, R J. Haggar, D Jones

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Europe's farmers are being encouraged to take land out of agriculture in order to reduce surplus cereal production. There is therefore, increasing scope for creating new species-rich swards, although guidelines for this purpose are lacking. Several reasons are advanced for encouraging species diver­sity and conservation, including recreational, ethical, education and resource utilisation. As leisure time increases, so public interest in conservation matters increases. Scientifically, there is a need to preserve genetic diversity and to understand the com­plex plant and animal relationship leading to a rich and varied community. This paper describes two experiments aimed at achieving a . highly diverse …

Multiple Of The Intermountain Region, Forest Service, United States Department Of Agriculture, J S. Tixier, A H. Winward

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Initial custodians of the National Forests of the United States were primarily concerned about protecting what were perceived as deteriorating timber stands and watersheds. Con­siderable progress was made in correcting these problems in the first half of this Century. As the population of the United States grew, more people became interested in management of all resources on these public lands. Forest Officers gradually became stewards managing a broad array of lands and resources for which there were often conflicting interests and uses. A primary use of National Forests in the Western United States has been livestock grazing. Here, animals are …

Fringed Sagebrush, Ming Chang Wang

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Fringed sagebruch (Artemisia frigida will) is one of the common plants in inner mongolia plateau. It was recognized as an excellent perennial herbaceous plants accunting for a large proportion in wild vegetation. Fringed sagebruch belongs to composites, Semi-frutex, tomentellate in whole plant, tap root may be 100 cm deep in the soil. Fringed sagebrush distributed to the north of the Yellow River in China, Fareast and Caucasus in USSR, Mongolia and Canada. Fringed sagebruch is an excellent forage for horses, cattle, sheep, goats and Camels. The animals will get gain if fringed sagebruch is fed.

Assessment Of Agronomic Performance Of Large Numbers Of Plant Accessions Using A Computerized Data Management System, D A. Ivory, A Ella, J Nulik, R Salam, M E. Siregar, S Yuhaeni

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A major research effort has been directed to finding suitable forage species for animal production in various regions of Indonesia. The two difficulties common to most preliminary evaluation studies of large numbers of diverse groups of forage plants is in deciding firstly what plant attributes should be assessed and secondly, the methods to be used in the management and analysis of large masses of data. A set of minimum plant attributes has been used for both grasses, herbaceous legumes and tree legumes in experiments at a number of key testing sites in Indonesia. A computerized system of data management from …

Forage Attributes Of The Perennial Groundnut Arachis Pintoi In A Tropical Savanna Environment In Colombia, B Grof

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In the continuing search for superior germplasm of tropical legumes adapted to Oxisol savanna conditions, a study of the perennial wild species of groundnut (peanut), Arachis pintoi, was initiated at Carimagua Research Station on the eastern plains (Llanos Orientales) of Colombia. A pintoiis an agronomically little-known legume pasture species indigenous to South America. Its performance in grazed association with four different Brachiaria spp. was evaluated in terms of dry matter yield and animal weight gain. A. pintoi was successful under conditions of heavy grazing (2.4 animal units/ha) employed on a year-round basis. Total grass and legume dry matter (DM) yields …

The Effect Of Previous Experience Of Animals On Subsequent Preference In A Palatability Grazing Trial, C Lascano, P Hoyos, R Schultze-Kraft, M C. Amexquita

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Previous experience of test animals has been mentioned as a factor which may affect grazing preference of cattle. Palatability trials have usually been conducted without allowing animals to previously graze individual forage species under evaluation. A cafeteria trial was designed to study the effect of previous grazing of individual species in the palatability ranking of six tropical legumes. Results indicated that short-term previous experience of the test animals affected the magnitude of the palatability index of the most palatable legume on the first days of the trial, but did not affect the overall palatability ranking of species. Therefore, it would …

Aeschynomeme - A Legume Genus With Potential For The Australian Tropics, H G. Bishop, B Walker, D H. Ludke, M T. Rutherford

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Aeschynomene spp. have been identified as a promising group of legumes adapted to seasonally waterlogged soils on the central Queensland wet coast. Near Mackay (1470 mm M.A.R.) the legume component of Macroptilium atropurpureum cv. Siratro/Setaria sphacelala var. sericea cv. Kazungula pastures on adequately fertilized solodic soils, did not persist under heavy grazing (2.5 and 2.0 steers/ha), whereas the native legume Aeschynomene indica persisted and gave yields up to 1401 kg/ha. At light stocking rates siratro persisted, whereas frequency and yields of A indica were negligible. After an introduction and evaluation programme, A. americana CPI 58491 was released in 1983 …

Summer Forage Legume Introduction In Louisiana, A M. Thro, C C. Shock

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Climate in Louisiana is influenced by tropical air masses in summer and alternately by tropical and continental air masses in winter. From northwest to southeast, the number of frost-free growing days increases from 230 to 350. Rainfall increase from 1200 mm to 1500 mm and is evenly distributed winter through summer with a generally drier fall. Livestock production is an important economic activity throughout the state. Animal performance declines from July through November in spite of adequate availability of perennial grass forage. A summer-growing forage legume is sought that will persist in perennial grass pastures and provide a more easily …

A Study Of Phenology, Herbage Yield And Crude Protein Content Of Native Ecotypes Of Red Bromegrasses (Bromus Tomentellus Boiss.) Of Iran, B Peymani-Fard

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This research was conducted on ten ecotypes of red bromegrasses of Iran at Homand Range Experiment Station, near Damavand, Iran to asses: (a) the differences in phenological characteristics, (b) to evaluate differences in herbage yield, and (c) determine the crude protein percentage Parameters measured include duration of vegetative, heading, maturity stages, herbage yields, and crude protein. Variation in vegetative growth, heading and seed maturity stages among the ecotypes under study was very small

Therefore, there are no prefences in selection of a specific ecotype from the standpoint of utilization and harvesting time. There was a great fluctuation in annual herbage …

The Dynamics Of Daily Area And Depth Of Grazing And Herbage Intake Of Cows In A Five Day Paddock System, M H. Wade, J L. Peyraud, G Lemaire, E A. Comeron

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Optimisation of animal production per unit area results in a penalty to individual animal production and herbage intake. The objective of the present study was to examine the dynamic changes in a grass sward in relation to declining production and herbage intake in five day paddocks grazed by dairy cows. The study formed part of a larger project to examine the effects of stocking rate and grazing method upon milk production and herbage intake that is reported by Peyraud et al. (1989).

The Relationship Of Herbage Intake Of Cattle To Herbage Mass, And Its Utilization On Rotationally Grazed Pasture, T Okajima, K Sawada, H Noriike, H Yokota

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In the central part of Honshu island in Japan, seasonal vari­ation of herbage mass is also large (Okajima et al., 1985). So, when the grazing managements, i.e. stocking rate, grazing intensity etc., were not appropriate, part of herbage produced was lost through standing dead and litter, or grazing cattle lose their body weight. Sward characteristics affect the grazing behaviour of cattle (Jamieson and Hodgson, 1979), and then affect the herbage production and utilization. Relative herbage intake of cows was related to sward height (Baker et al., 1981). So, sward height was used as the indicator of the grazing management in …

The Effect Of Daily Herbage Allowance On The Ingestive Behavior Of Dairy Cows, M Rogalski, J Kryszak, Z Karzoun

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In conditions of pasture feeding sward selection and con­sumption by grazing animals is strongly influenced by char­acters of herbage (Forbes, 1986). Quantitative and qualitative state of the sward affects its consumption primarily through changes of such elements in animal behaviour as grazing time and number and size of bites (Hodgson, 1982, 1985). Rela­tivelyt much research has been done to investigate the response to the grazed sward of such ruminants as sheep, while the response of cattle, and particularly of dairy cows, has received much less attention (Arnold, 1981 ; Holmes, 1980). This paper presents results of investigations on the effect …

Effect Of Grazing On Pasture Production In South-West Western Australia, K.M S. Curtis, A C. Dunlop, T O. Albertson

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

INTRODUCTION With a mediterranean climate in the south-west of Western Australia, pastures are composed of annual species from the genera Trifolium, Hordeum, Lolium, Bromus, Vulpia, Erodium and Artotheca. The length of the growing season ranges from 9 months near the coast to less than 5 months in the eastern wheatbelt. Seven million hectares of pastures are grazed predominantly by Merino sheep (about 33 millions). Stoking rate is the major factor affecting wool production on farm. An increase in stocking rate reduces wool production per sheep.Increasing the stocking rate reduces total pasture growth (Dunlop, et al., 1984) and changes the botanic …

Development Of A General Relationship Between Stocking Rate And Animal Production, J.M Van Heerden, N M. Tainton

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

One of the best known mathematical representations of the relationship between stocking rate and individual animal pro­duction, that of Mot (1960), postulated a modified exponential relationship. Subsequent workers, however, derived a linear relationship between stocking rate and production per animal unit, at least at stocking rates beyond a certain minimum value. One of these relationships, that of Jones & Sandland (1974), is widely used in South Africa. The results of grazing trials with sheep on complex grass/legume mixtures in the winter rainfall region of South Africa (van Heerden & Tainton, 1987-1988), however, suggested a degree of non-linearity in this relation­ship. …

Mixed Animal Species Grazing Under Temperate And Semi-Arid Conditions, T Nolan, J Connolly, L M. Guillon, C Sall, K Dieye, K Dieye, H Guerin

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Mixed grazing has been practiced for a long time, under a variety of climatic conditions, combinations of animal species and grazing managements (Nolan and Connolly, 1977). They suggested that although mixed grazing research progress was impeded by difficulties associated with the increased number of variables involved it offered greater opportunity to improve resource use. The purpose of this paper is to present results from recent research carried out under temperate and semi-arid conditions related to individual animal and per unit area outputs, animal/vegetation relationships and complemetary patterns of grazing behavious in relation to more efficient and balanced use of vegetation …

The Influence Of Clothes On The Thermoregulatory Behavior And The Protection Against External Parasites Of Grazing Cattle, M Sakurai, A Yamada

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Under the monsoon climate, maximum temperature showed 34 °C in August and minimum temperature showed - 15 °C in February, total rainfall amounting to 1.700 mm. Through the welfare of the grazing cattle, both hot, rain and frosty environ­ment influence the animal production (Bennett et al., 1984; Done-Currie Jr et al., 1984; Fraser, 1983). In order to improve the welfare of grazing cattle under hot, cold, rain and attacks of the external parasites, the efficiency of cattle clothes were studied.

Comparison Of Energy Budget In Pastures By System Model: Intensively Managed Pasture Vs. Extensively Managed Pasture, M Shiyomi, N Koyama, M Tsuiki, K Ochiai, H Kobayashi, S Shioya, T Ami

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

An annual gain of 1 ton cattle body weight per ha was attained in an intensively managed pasture (IMP) of the National Grassland research Institute, NGRI, in 1986. In this experiment the efficiency of solar energy converted into herbage and cattle body was not directly determined although seasonal changes in herbage and animal biomasses were measured. In current report, the energy budget for herbage and cattle body in this pasture was estimated and compared with that in an extensively managed pasture (EMP) using a system model.

Cattle Grazing Of Bahiagrass (Paspalum Notatum Flugge) Sward Canopy As Influenced By Dung Deposition, M Hirata, Y Sugimoto, M Ueno

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

It is commonly observed in a grazed pasture that the grazing animal rejects the herbage on and near the dung pat (Marsh and Campling, 1970). However, quantitative information on the dung-induced changes in herbage consumption is very limited. In this study, cattle grazing of the dung-deposited sward canopy is compared with that of the dung-free sward canopy in order to clear the cattle dung effect on the herbage consumption in a bahiagrass pasture.

Estimation Of Pasture Intake In Grazing Ewes, Using The Alkanes Of Plant Cuticular Waxes, H Dove, J Z. Foot, M Freer

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Herbage intake in grazing animals is commonly estimated from faecal dry matter output, calculated from the dilution of orally-administered chromium sesquioxide (Cr203), and an in�� vitro estimate of herbage digestibility (e.g., Freer et al. 1988). A major disadvantage of this approach is that a single digesti­bility value is ultimately applied to all the animals in a group, despite the fact that both the level of intake of individual ani­mals and the consumption of supplement can alter herbage digestibility (Waite et al. 1964). More recently, Mayes et al.(1986) obtained accrurate estimates of known herbage, from a combination of the faecal levels …

A Modified Linear Programming Method For Assesing The Effects Of Mixed Grazing In The Heterogenous Environments, J Connolly, T Nolan, L M. Guillon, C Sall, K Dieye, H Guerin

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The aim of the programme of which this work is part is to investigate the role of mixed grazing in preservation of range vegetation and sustaining or improving animal production in the Senegalese Sahel. In this paper we apply the linear pro­gramming method of Connolly (1974) modified to allow for missing information, to data on animal preferences for plant species.

Intensive Continuous Dairy Cows Grazing Of An Heterogeneous Grassland: Botanical Evolution In Relation With The Animal Behavior, Anne Mathieu, B Leclerc, J L. Fiorelli, B Jeannin, B Hubert, E De Vaubernier

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Intensive continuous grazing is now well established in tem­perate climate countries (Parker, 1987). In semi-continental cli­mate, the adjustment of stocking rate to herbage growth is more complex (Mathieu and Jeannin, 1986). Moreover parcels are very often an assemblage of different types of permanent meadows. The question of animal behaviour in relation to this spatial heterogeneity, and the subsequent evolution of the pas­ture was posed. The perenniality of this grazing system is dependent on the trend of this evolution. An experimentation was carried out in the northeastern France (Mirecourt, Vosges) by INRA, in order to analyse spa­tial choices made by dairy …

Human And Animal Impacts On Vegetation And Forage Plants In The Southern Guinea Savanna Of Nigeria, L C. Nwaigbo

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Human beings and animals interact with their habitat. This interaction changes the structure of the organization of com­munities of plants. The region that has been changed for worst with tress being replaced by grasses as a result of burning is the Savanna region of Nigeria. Annual fire is a common occurence in Nigerian Savanna and this ecological factor has altered the original vegetation of these areas. Burning is usually undertaken for clearing land for culti­vation and also for production of a flush of fresh palatable grass for grazing by the nomadic cattle herdsmen. Forage plants like Afzelia africana, Pterocarpus erinaceus …