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Review Of Forage/Livestock Production On Mixed Farms In Sahel West Africa, James R. Dickey
Review Of Forage/Livestock Production On Mixed Farms In Sahel West Africa, James R. Dickey
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
This is a review of forage and livestock production as they interact with farming in Sahel West Africa. Because of the complementarity of livestock and farming, as well as the abundant production of native forage in the higher rainfall southern farming areas, there is considerable hope among the donor community and host governments that both livestock and crop production can be substantially increased in the Sudan zone of West Africa. According to Winrock (1978) crop residue provides 24 % of the world supply of ruminant nutrients .. On the other hand, livestock manure supplies a large part of the agricultural …
Forage Research In Morocco And Approach To Face Constraints In A Developing Country, G Jaritz, M Bounejmate
Forage Research In Morocco And Approach To Face Constraints In A Developing Country, G Jaritz, M Bounejmate
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Forage production is of a iow level in Morocco because of socio-economic and technical constraints in spite of its potential functions to integrate animal husbandry into cropping systems and to prevent soil degradation. An approach to applied forage research is described which takes into account the existing constraints including the suboptimal functioning of the present extension service. It combines small plot experimentation with commercial field testing on livestock farms owned by a number of development organizations and influential farmers in different edapho-climatic regions. In this way, pilot units for demonstration, economic analysis and convincing of decision makers are created and …
Economics Of Producing Corn (Maize) And Sorghum As Feeds For Animal Production In China, Bingxing Zhang
Economics Of Producing Corn (Maize) And Sorghum As Feeds For Animal Production In China, Bingxing Zhang
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Due to insufficient production of animal products the Chinese people have eaten too much grain and too little meat and milk. Now, as a result of burriper harvests for several years in succession, it is time for the Chinese peasants to convert their surplus grain into feeds for the development of animal production to meet the growing needs of the Chinese people for meat and milk on the one hand and for wool and leather on the other. At the same time more forage sorghum and corn should be grown, especially on unused or misused poor lands and wide hillsides …
Loss Of Nutrients In Surface Runoff From Grassland Treated With Pig Slurry, M Sherwood
Loss Of Nutrients In Surface Runoff From Grassland Treated With Pig Slurry, M Sherwood
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Soil physical limitations and climatic conditions in some countries make landspreading of manures a potential environmental hazard due to the danger of surface runoff to waterways. Pig slurry at two application rates was spread on sloped grassland plots at three sites with different soil drainage properties. All surface runoff water was collected and analysed after each significant rainfall. At Sites 1 and 2 where the first runoff event occurred within 48 hours of spreading, the runoff water contained very high concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), which were related to the rate of …
Yield And Regrowth Characteristics Of Alfalfa Grazed By Sheep In Spring And Summer, V G. Allen, D D. Wolf, J P. Fontenot
Yield And Regrowth Characteristics Of Alfalfa Grazed By Sheep In Spring And Summer, V G. Allen, D D. Wolf, J P. Fontenot
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Grazing alfalfa (Medicago sativa, L.) would provide high quality pasture in animal production systems. The influence of grazing alfalfa with sheep in early spring or in summer on regrowth characteristics, weed encroachment, and subsequent yields was investigated during two years and on hay yields during year 3 with no grazing imposed. Alfalfa was grazed in spring for 0, 2, 4, and 6 weeks at two grazing pressures: light (LAI of 1.0) and heavy (LAI< 0.5). Non-grazed alfalfa was harvested at late bud stage. Regrowth on all systems was harvested at 1/10 bloom. Grazing for 6 weeks reduced subsequent hay yield only in year 2. Heavy grazing pressure increased weed encroachment but weeds were effectively controlled with herbicides. Few residual effects were measurable in year 3. Another planting of alfalfa was grazed in summer following two hay cuts by five systems: 1), 2), and 3) grazed about 14 days after second hay cut for 2, 4, and 6 weeks, respectively; 4) grazed at early bud stage for 7-10 days; 5) grazed at early bloom for 7 days. For system 6, alfalfa was not grazed and hay was cut at 1/10 bloom. Following grazing, hay was cutif regrowth reached 1/10 bloom stage. Grazing for 2, 4, and 6 weeks linearly decreased fall regrowth and increased weed encroachment. In year 3, yield was reduced by grazing except at early bloom but differences were slight by August. Weed encroachment tended to increase with grazing duration. These data indicate that alfalfa is more tolerant of grazing in spring than summer. If weeds are controlled, extended grazing durations appear possible.
Seasonal Distribution Of A Fungal Endophyte In Tall Fescue Pastures, D P. Belesky, O J. Devine, S R. Wilkinson, J A. Stuedemann, D M. Hildreth
Seasonal Distribution Of A Fungal Endophyte In Tall Fescue Pastures, D P. Belesky, O J. Devine, S R. Wilkinson, J A. Stuedemann, D M. Hildreth
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The presence of a fungal endophyte (Acremonium coenophialum) in tall fescue (Festuca arondinacea) and high nitrogen (N) fertilizer input, has been associated with tall fescue toxicosis symptoms in beef cattle. Expression of toxicosis symptoms vary with season, however the dynamics of endophyte levels in a tall fescue over a growing season have not been described. Our study characterizes seasonal distribution of the endophyte in grazed fescue swards as influenced by cultivar and N fertilizer over two years (1983 and 1984). Three replicate 0.7 ha paddocks of 'Johnstons', 'Triumph' and 'KY-31' (low and high endophyte status; and 134 …
Preliminary Report On Experiment Of Winter Rotational Grazing Of Local Cattle, Lu Wengao, Lai Zhiqiang
Preliminary Report On Experiment Of Winter Rotational Grazing Of Local Cattle, Lu Wengao, Lai Zhiqiang
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
In winter, grass growth declines sharply and animal's demand increases with the passage of time. In Dec., affected by frostbite and low temperatures, pasture output drops greatly and cannot meet the needs of cattle. For this reason, in Nanning, late Dec. is considered the winter grazing in a critical period (WGCP). Huts and shelters should be put up in the areas where animals should continue to graze throughout the winter. It is relatively economical to give animal supplementary feeding started in late Dec.
Behavioral And Physiological Characteristics Of Misaki Horses As Adapted To Their Winter Habitats, Y Kaseda, E Yamaguchi
Behavioral And Physiological Characteristics Of Misaki Horses As Adapted To Their Winter Habitats, Y Kaseda, E Yamaguchi
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Few informations have been found on the metabolic adaptation of domestic animals to their winter circumstances. The present study was conducted to make clear the behavioral and physiological characteristics of Misaki horses living under semi-wild condition as adapted to their winter habitats. Nine 24 hour consecutive observations were made from 1983 to 1984, and simultaneously heart rate (beatd per min.), rectal temperature and ambient temperature were recorded at the intervals of 30 min .. Horses were frequently found to graze and rest in the forests or on south-facing weedy grasslands in winter. Time budget of a day changed seasonally and …
Alternative For Managing Beef Yearlings After Intensive Early Stocking Of Kansas Flint Hills Range, G L. Posler, G M. Ward, J G. Riley, C E. Owensby, E F. Smith, K K. Bolsen, R M. Helsel, N S. Hill
Alternative For Managing Beef Yearlings After Intensive Early Stocking Of Kansas Flint Hills Range, G L. Posler, G M. Ward, J G. Riley, C E. Owensby, E F. Smith, K K. Bolsen, R M. Helsel, N S. Hill
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Intensive early stocking of Kansas Flint Hills tall grass prairie (2X normal rate during the first half of the grazing season) has produced greater beef/ha than season -long stocking because of low animal gains during the last half season. Alternatives for animals removed from native range in mid-July include grazing seeded forages such as alfalfa or hybrid sudangrass or direct placement to the feedlot. During 3 years, we compared grazing alfalfa or hybrid sudangrass during the last half season and subsequentfeedlot placement for finishing with placement directly to the feedlot in mid-July. In our studies, animal gains were better for …
The Effect Of Stocking Rate And Grazing Management Upon Ewe Liveweight, Ewe Fertility, Lamb Growth And Pasture Production On Subterranean Clover Based Pasture In Western Australia, H Lloyd Davies, I N. Southey
The Effect Of Stocking Rate And Grazing Management Upon Ewe Liveweight, Ewe Fertility, Lamb Growth And Pasture Production On Subterranean Clover Based Pasture In Western Australia, H Lloyd Davies, I N. Southey
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Border Leicester x Merino ewes joined to Dorset Hom rams were run at 3 stocking rates (S.R.) and 2 systems of pasture management, viz Continuous grazing (C.G.) or a 4 sub-plot Deferred grazing system (D.G.) designed to meet the needs of the breeding ewe on subterranean clover based pastures at Bakers Hill (32°S l17°E), Western Australia for three years. Stocking rate affected ewe liveweight at joining and lambing, the growth of single lambs in the first year and tended to reduce the growth rate of twin lambs. It profoundly affected the amount of dry matter of pasture on offer. The …
The Preliminary Study On Optimum Stocking Rate In Alpine Meadow, Nanlin Pi, Xingmin Zhou, Xinquan Zhao
The Preliminary Study On Optimum Stocking Rate In Alpine Meadow, Nanlin Pi, Xingmin Zhou, Xinquan Zhao
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
In a grazing trial with Tibetan sheep at Haibei Research Station of Ecosystem, the relationships between stocking rate, live-weight gain per animal and live-weight gain per ha were studied in a Kobresia humilis meadow pasture. Stocking rates were 2.14 (A), 3.12 (B), and 6.07 (C) animal/ha. Grazing was rotated in a summer-autumn pasture (from July to October) and in a winter-spring pasture (from November to June of next year). Under different stocking rates, changes in horizontal and vertical plant community composition have taken place. The decreases of live-weight gain per animal and of herbage yield with increased stocking rate were …
Relating Profit To Quantity Of Standing Herbage In Grazing Intensity Studies, David I. Bransby, B E. Conrad
Relating Profit To Quantity Of Standing Herbage In Grazing Intensity Studies, David I. Bransby, B E. Conrad
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Previous economic analyses of grazing intensity studies have related profit to stocking rate. However, no information is available on the relationship between profit and kg standing herbage ha-1. In this paper the objective is to relate profit ha-1 to standing herbage. Coastal bermudagrass continuously grazed with beef steers at four grazing pressures is used as an example. Average daily gain and animal grazing days ha-1 were linearly related to standing herbage (r = 0.95 and 0.99). The resultant regression equations were used to relate beef gain ha-1 to standing herbage. This function in tum was used to relate profit ha-1 …
Influence Of Stocking Rate On The Plant-Animal Interface In Rotational Grazed Mixed Swards, J W. Stuth, J R. Brown, P D. Olson, M R. Araujo
Influence Of Stocking Rate On The Plant-Animal Interface In Rotational Grazed Mixed Swards, J W. Stuth, J R. Brown, P D. Olson, M R. Araujo
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The impacts of brief periods of intense grazing in multipasture-single herd grazing systems on critical plant and animal parameters in natural mixed swards are not well understood. It was our objective to determine the interrelationship and nutritional consequence of tiller defoliation intensity, selection ratio and diet composition of two codominant species with contrasting phenology and growth habit as stocking rate was increased. A 16-pasture, 1-herd short-duration grazing regime was simulated at four stocking rates on a little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium)-brownseed paspalum (Paspalum plicatulum) savannah. Variables measured included morphology and defoliation intensity of marked tillers, diet composition …
Modeling Of Beef-Forage Grazing Interactions, O J. Loewer, K L. Taul, L W. Turner, N Gay, R Muntifering
Modeling Of Beef-Forage Grazing Interactions, O J. Loewer, K L. Taul, L W. Turner, N Gay, R Muntifering
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The key to more efficient production of beef from forages is in matching animal intake and plant growth. One method of evaluating the interaction of grating animals and growing forages is through dynamic computer simulation models. A model called GRAZE has been developed to evaluate this interaction. GRAZE incorporates previously developed plant and animal models with selective grazing logic based on the premise that beef animals maximize their digestible dry matter intake rate. The model subdivides the pasture int_o subareas. The subareas are grazed according to a priority system where the animal shifts from one subarea to another so as …
Meeting Animal Needs From Mixed Grass-Legume Pastures, A J. Harris, D A. Clark
Meeting Animal Needs From Mixed Grass-Legume Pastures, A J. Harris, D A. Clark
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Experiments measuring plant performance and animal production from sheep at 4 climatically diverse sites in New Zealand are described. In the southern South Island grazing patterns have been developed which minimize the effect of the winter pasture production trough and make best use of the high spring/summer growth rates. High yields of animal products are achieved. In Canterbury, summer moisture stress and cool winters can have far-reaching effects on pasture and, consequently, animal performance. Use of special-purpose pastures with complementary production rhythms has allowed high productivity to be achieved in dry land. On moist North Island hill country increased stocking …
The Animal Factor In Pasture Studies, J A. Taylor
The Animal Factor In Pasture Studies, J A. Taylor
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The challenge in plant-animal interface research is to derive meaningful plant-animal relationships. This paper examines some of the assumptions and bias in conventional grazing research practices. Variations within pasture and in the activity and distribution of grazing animals are important characteristics of most grazing situations. The conventional sampling strategies do not allow for the possibility that the animal perceives vegetation in a different or more subtle way than we perceive it. A more logical approach would be to seek patterns in animal activity and distribution and relate these to variations in herbage and site attributes. This approach would provide the …
Maximizing Beef Production From Irrigated Pastures With Light Weight Steers, W W. Heinemann
Maximizing Beef Production From Irrigated Pastures With Light Weight Steers, W W. Heinemann
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
An experiment was designed to compare beef production by three successions of light weight steers continuous grazing two kinds of irrigated pastures. Two growth promotant ear implants were superimposed treatments in 1982. Successions of light weight steers were used in an effort to obtain maximum animal gain per ha, comparing rates of gain and gains per ha by trimesters. Average steer gains per ha from orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) and from perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) over a 4-year period were nearly the same. Average daily gains by steers that grazed perennial ryegrass were greater than by steers that grazed orchardgrass but …
Pastures And Pasture Management For High Animal Production In New Zealand, R W. Brougham, G P. Cosgrove
Pastures And Pasture Management For High Animal Production In New Zealand, R W. Brougham, G P. Cosgrove
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Limits to pasture and animal production from perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and white clover (Trifolium repens) pastures have been studied in systems experiments with fattening dairy beef bulls in the lowland Manawatu region of New Zealand. At high stocking rates the management system utilizes peak spring pasture growth and provides sufficient herbage for animals during periods of low growth in self contained, no conservation farmlets. High animal production of approximately 1000 kg of carcass meat/ha annually has been achieved. Accumulation of pasture reserves in autumn through long rotations and reductions in grazing pressure in summer through slaughter of fattened animals …
Mosaic Grazing - Animal Selectivity In Tropical Savannas Of Northern Australia, J J. Mott
Mosaic Grazing - Animal Selectivity In Tropical Savannas Of Northern Australia, J J. Mott
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
In set stocked, heavily grazed, unburnt, native grass/sown legume pastures in the tropical savannas of northern Australia, animals were found to graze very selectively. This contrasts with the more uniform light grazing usually occurring in the extensive, lightly grazed native grasslands which are normally burnt annually. Once heavy selective grazing of an area was initiated, this grazing pressure was maintained, while ungrazed areas grew rank and unacceptable. Although three different sized paddocks were used to give different stocking rates, the area heavily grazed was the same at all stocking rates. In unfertilised paddocks, plants died within two years when selectively …
Influence Of Herbage Mass And Structure Of Warm-Season Grass Ingestive Behavior Of Grazing Cattle, T.D A. Forbes, S W. Coleman
Influence Of Herbage Mass And Structure Of Warm-Season Grass Ingestive Behavior Of Grazing Cattle, T.D A. Forbes, S W. Coleman
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
An experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of herbage mass and height on cattle ingestive behavior and herbage intake, when grazing Asiatic bluestem (Bothriocloa spp.) swards. Three levels of herbage mass were maintained under continuous grazing, corresponding to 1.8, 2.0 and 4.4 t dry matter/ha. Estimates of diet in vitro organic matter digestibility, rate of biting, grazing time and intake per bite were used to calculate digestible organic matter intake (DOMI). Differences in herbage mass led to significant differences in grazing time, intake per bite and DOMI but not in diet digestibility or rate of biting. The …
Selection, Mastication, And Digestive Tract Response Of Cattle To Plant Canopy And Composition, D S. Fisher, K R. Pond, J C. Burns, R D. Mochrie, D H. Timothy
Selection, Mastication, And Digestive Tract Response Of Cattle To Plant Canopy And Composition, D S. Fisher, K R. Pond, J C. Burns, R D. Mochrie, D H. Timothy
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The relationship between pasture sward structure and animal intake of digestible dry matter is not well understood. To aid in developing an understanding of the plant-animal interface, flaccidgrass (Pennisetum flaccidum Griseb.) and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) swards were harvested and stratified by cutting them into 5-cm layers. Strate began 5-cm above the soil and continued to the extended height of the sward. The strate were separated into leaf blade, stem, and dead material. Samples were analyzed for dry weight and in vitro dry matter disappearance {IVDMD). Esophageal sample analysis showsd steers consumed leaf material even in swards with …
The Role Of Sward Adaptations In Buffering Herbage Production Responses To Management Manipulation, S A. Grant, J King, G T. Barthram
The Role Of Sward Adaptations In Buffering Herbage Production Responses To Management Manipulation, S A. Grant, J King, G T. Barthram
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The aim of this study is to improve understanding of sward responses to grazing manipulation so that objective guidelines for management may be provided. Rates of growth and senescence per tiller, tiller population densities and the photosynthetic efficiency of the sward canopy were measured at intervals on Lolium perenne dominated swards under contrasting management regimes involving steady-state and controlled fluctuations in sward conditions. The results suggest that the combination of changes in tiller populations, sward structure and photosynthetic efficiency and in the balance between growth and senescence per tiller act as a buffer such that net production varies little within …
Sward Utilization In Warm Season-Cool Season Grass Grazing Systems In The North-East United States, R L. Reid, G A. Jung
Sward Utilization In Warm Season-Cool Season Grass Grazing Systems In The North-East United States, R L. Reid, G A. Jung
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Grazing and behavioral trials were run over a 4-yr period to investigate use of warm season (WS) range grasses in management systems for beef cattle on marginal hill land. Grasses tested were switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman), Caucasian bluestem [Bothriochloa caucasica (Trin.) C.E. Hubb.], indiangrass [Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash] and Plains bluestem [B. ischaemum (L.) Keng var. ischaemum]. The grasses were originally planted in pure stands and evaluated as summer pasture for yearling heifers following spring grazing on native bluegrass (Poa pratensis L. )-white clover (Trifolium repens L.). Other systems tested …
Mixed Grazing By Sheep And Cattle: Effects On Herbage Production And Utilization, J Hodgson, J C. Arosteguy, T.D A. Forbes
Mixed Grazing By Sheep And Cattle: Effects On Herbage Production And Utilization, J Hodgson, J C. Arosteguy, T.D A. Forbes
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Two experiments were carried out to examine the effects of mixed stocking with cattle and sheep on aspects of herbage production and utilization from sown swards. On plots grazed down over three days both sheep and cattle tended to concentrate their grazing activity progressively on areas of sward previously grazed by the opposite species. Cattle were shown to be much less tolerant of cattle dung than of sheep dung, but sheep were relatively tolerant of both sheep and cattle dung. In a second study sheep and cattle were grazed alone, or in combination, on swards maintained at similar surface heights …
Animal Production Of Fattening Young Steers And Beef Cows By Precursor- Follower System On Two Pasture Types, Y Takimoto, K Nishimura, H Takeda, E Tsuneishi, T Suyama, T Mitamura, S Murasato
Animal Production Of Fattening Young Steers And Beef Cows By Precursor- Follower System On Two Pasture Types, Y Takimoto, K Nishimura, H Takeda, E Tsuneishi, T Suyama, T Mitamura, S Murasato
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Animal productions were compared on two pastures, i.e. PW pasture (perennial ryegrass-white clover dominant pasture) and PO pasture (perennial ryegrass-orchardgrass dominant pasture), through precursor-follower system using feeder steers and beef cows. The experiment was carried out in 1983 and 1984. After close of grazing feeder steers were fattened for 6 or 7 months, then the carcass characteristics were examined. Feeder steers used in the experiment 1983 were born in spring and grazed for 2 seasons. And in the experiment 1984 steers were born in spring and in fall. They grazed for 2 seasons and 1 season, respectivery. By the precursor-follower …
Relations Between Nitrogen Fertilization, Herbage Production And Milk Yield, E A. Lantinga, L T'Mannetje, H Schlepers
Relations Between Nitrogen Fertilization, Herbage Production And Milk Yield, E A. Lantinga, L T'Mannetje, H Schlepers
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The response to N-fertilizer of animal output and of herbage production was compared. There appeared to be no difference in the responses to applied nitrogen between intensive continuous grazing and weekly cutting in the range of 300 to 500 kg N/ha/yr. It is hypothesized that the response to applied nitrogen in a continuously grazed sward is mainly determined by the intensity of grazing and that the benefit from nitrogen circulation through excreta has little meaning for the pasture as a whole.
Modelling Grazing Intensity Studies, David I. Bransby
Modelling Grazing Intensity Studies, David I. Bransby
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Grazing intensity models have traditionally related animal production per head and per ha to stocking rate. The value of such models is limited by the omission of pasture information. In this paper the relationships between average daily gain, grazing days and standing herbage are used to develop models relating animal production per ha to standing herbage. These models can also be extended by relating changes in their parameters to additional quantifiable variables, or by using them in economic models to express profit per ha in terms of standing herbage.
Grazing As A Part Of Agroforestry, Harold F. Heady
Grazing As A Part Of Agroforestry, Harold F. Heady
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Multiple use of land by the small landholder for food crops, trees and animals, often called agroforestry, holds great promise for aiding people near poverty in developing countries, but new forages and techniques of management must be developed.
An Interdisciplinary Approach For Increasing Yield And Improving Quality Of Forages, J R. Wilson
An Interdisciplinary Approach For Increasing Yield And Improving Quality Of Forages, J R. Wilson
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The contribution of some basic plant disciplines, principally physiology and histology, to the improvement of pasture yield and quality is discussed. Studies of temperate pasture grasses have identified several sources of loss of potential yield and have provided selection criteria for increasing yield. Integration of this physiological research with studies of forage consumption on the same pastures is proving a valuable inter- disciplinary approach to defining management options for maximising pasture and/or animal productivity. In tropical grasses, research towards increasing total dry matter yield is perhaps unwarranted but there is need for more co-operative studies involving plant and animal scientists …
Prospects For Increasing Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation In Temperate Grasslands, P/ Roger Ball, J R. Crush
Prospects For Increasing Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation In Temperate Grasslands, P/ Roger Ball, J R. Crush
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The contribution of some basic plant disciplines, principally physiology and histology, to the improvement of pasture yield and quality is discussed. Studies of temperate pasture grasses have identified several sources of loss of potential yield and have provided selection criteria for increasing yield. Integration of this physiological research with studies of forage consumption on the same pastures is proving a valuable inter- disciplinary approach to defining management options for maximising pasture and/or animal productivity. In tropical grasses, research towards increasing total dry matter yield is perhaps unwarranted but there is need for more co-operative studies involving plant and animal scientists …