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Electrochemically Precipitated Struvite Effects On Soil Property And Crop Response, Tatum Simms Aug 2023

Electrochemically Precipitated Struvite Effects On Soil Property And Crop Response, Tatum Simms

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Phosphorus (P) is a vital resource that is finite and only mineable in raw-material form in a few countries worldwide. Struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O) is a mineral that can be produced from wastewater that may provide a promising alternative source of fertilizer-P for crop production, but comprehensive characterizations of struvite behavior in various soils and responses of various crops are necessary. This study aimed to determine the (1) leaching potential, (2) vertical soil profile-P distribution, (3) wheat (Triticum aestivum), corn (Zea mays), and soybean (Glycine max) response, and (4) soil property changes over time of electrochemically precipitated struvite (ECST) compared to that …

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Modeling The Egyptian Goose (Alopochen Aegyptiaca) Invasion; And Future Concerns, Percival Matzinger Marshall Aug 2023

Modeling The Egyptian Goose (Alopochen Aegyptiaca) Invasion; And Future Concerns, Percival Matzinger Marshall

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

In an increasingly interconnected world, the ecological and financial cost of invasive species is expected to continue to climb through the movement of exotic biota. Understanding the driving forces behind how a species invades, what environments promote their establishment, and what impacts they are likely to have on the invaded environment are all critical for management. Waterfowl, order Anseriformes, are one such category of invasive species of concern due to their popularity of accidental introduction, ease of movement, and propensity to affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The Egyptian Goose (Alopochen aegyptiaca) is a native to the African continent that …

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Achieving High Renewable Energy Integration In Smart Grids With Machine Learning, Yaze Li Aug 2023

Achieving High Renewable Energy Integration In Smart Grids With Machine Learning, Yaze Li

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The integration of high levels of renewable energy into smart grids is crucial for achieving a sustainable and efficient energy infrastructure. However, this integration presents significant technical and operational challenges due to the intermittent nature and inherent uncertainty of renewable energy sources (RES). Therefore, the energy storage system (ESS) has always been bound to renewable energy, and its charge and discharge control has become an important part of the integration. The addition of RES and ESS comes with their complex control, communication, and monitor capabilities, which also makes the grid more vulnerable to attacks, brings new challenges to the cybersecurity. …

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Securing Rice Safety Through Innovative Radiative Heat Treatment And Proper Storage, Faith Achieng Ouma Aug 2023

Securing Rice Safety Through Innovative Radiative Heat Treatment And Proper Storage, Faith Achieng Ouma

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Securing the microbial safety of rice is a rising priority within the food industry, especially when used as an ingredient to manufacture ready-to-eat, minimally-processed products. Mold contamination is typically the most problematic for rice because certain species of Aspergillus produce toxic secondary metabolites known as aflatoxins, rendering the grain unfit for human and animal consumption. The objectives of this study are to: (1) investigate the effectiveness of using high-power (915 MHz frequency), short-duration microwaves (MWs) to inactivate microbes on rough rice; (2) use a three-level screening design to determine which storage factors, such as temperature, relative humidity (RH), storage duration, …

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Etching Of Silicon Wafer In Preparation Of Graphene Transfer, Floyd T. Lancaster Iii Aug 2023

Etching Of Silicon Wafer In Preparation Of Graphene Transfer, Floyd T. Lancaster Iii

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Following the research done on graphene looking at its unique properties it has been found that graphene can be used as a varying capacitor. What has been observed is that graphene acts almost like a torrential ocean constantly fluctuating. What we use is a silicon wafer with multiple etched layers to create a stable platform on which to capture this energy. In this paper we will discuss the general setup and step-by-step procedures required to create a functioning variable capacitor out of graphene, gold, and Silicon dioxide (SiO2) substrate. Electron Beam Lithography (EBL) is used to create the initial design …

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Considering Contextual Factors In The Perception And Attribution Of Racial Microaggressions, Roselee Ledesma Aug 2023

Considering Contextual Factors In The Perception And Attribution Of Racial Microaggressions, Roselee Ledesma

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Black, Indigenous, People of Color (BIPOC) experience interactions with subtle or ambiguous racial undertones that may be perceived as discriminatory, benign, or even complimentary. These interactions have been labeled microaggressions or a subtle form of everyday discrimination. Microaggressions are associated with detrimental health and cognitive effects (Lui & Quezada, 2019; Ozier et al., 2019). To better understand and label microaggressions, it is important to consider contextual factors. For example, the same statement or behavior is likely interpreted differently depending on who is involved, what is said or done, when it occurs, where it takes place, and why the statement or …

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Toxicity Of Different Insecticides To Sitophilus Oryzae, Tribolium Castaeneum And Tribolium Confusum Infesting Corn, Amina Twaibu Aug 2023

Toxicity Of Different Insecticides To Sitophilus Oryzae, Tribolium Castaeneum And Tribolium Confusum Infesting Corn, Amina Twaibu

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Corn is an important cereal crop cultivated across various countries, including the United States. Corn serves multiple purposes such as human and livestock food and raw material for industrial processes. Despite being an important crop, corn production faces challenges due to factors such as weather fluctuations and the presence of insect pests and diseases, both in the field and during storage. Among these challenges, insect infestation poses a major threat, as the insect damage not only reduces the quantity and quality of the grain but also renders it unfit for human and animal consumption, leading to a decrease in market …

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The Effect Of Carbohydrate Source As Part Of A High Protein, Weight-Maintenance Diet On Outcomes Of Well-Being In Adults At Risk For Metabolic Syndrome, Mariya Hayat Aug 2023

The Effect Of Carbohydrate Source As Part Of A High Protein, Weight-Maintenance Diet On Outcomes Of Well-Being In Adults At Risk For Metabolic Syndrome, Mariya Hayat

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Obesity is a growing epidemic affecting at least 312 million people worldwide and is a major risk factor for chronic diseases such as metabolic syndrome (MetS). MetS is defined based on the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III, as having 3 or more of the following: waist circumference greater than 102 cm in men or greater than 88 cm in women; serum level of triglycerides of 150 mg/dL or greater; high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level of less than 40 mg/dL in men or less than 50 mg/dL in women; systolic/diastolic blood pressure of 130/85 mmHg or greater or …

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A Phenomenographic Analysis Of Elementary Student Teachers’ Reflections Using Tiktok As A Resource For Classroom Management, Stefanie Lynn Mckoy Aug 2023

A Phenomenographic Analysis Of Elementary Student Teachers’ Reflections Using Tiktok As A Resource For Classroom Management, Stefanie Lynn Mckoy

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

This phenomenographic study investigates how student teachers use TikTok to discover, analyze, evaluate, and adopt classroom management information and strategies. Student teachers often struggle with classroom management regarding student behavior, classroom environment, and instruction. To address these concerns, they turn to traditional print, digital, and human resources. Fifteen student teachers during the 2022-2023 school year were interviewed using a semi-structured guide. Transcripts were analyzed following a second order approach whereas the research examines student teachers’ perceptions. Four themes, resource discovery, TikTok analysis, evaluating credibility, and strategy adoption. Findings support the need for teacher preparation programs to incorporate exemplar examples of …

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Understanding Peripheral Blood Pressure Signals: A Statistical Learning Approach, Md Abul Hayat Aug 2023

Understanding Peripheral Blood Pressure Signals: A Statistical Learning Approach, Md Abul Hayat

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Proper estimation of body fluid status for human or animal subjects has always been a challenging problem. Accurate and timely estimate of body fluid can prevent life threatening conditions under trauma and severe dehydration. The main objective of this research is the estimation, classification and detection of dehydration in human and animal subjects using peripheral blood pressure (PBP) signals. Peripheral venous pressure (PVP) and peripheral arterial pressure (PAP) signals have been investigated in this research. Both PVP and PAP signals are PBP signals. A dataset of PVP signals was collected using standard peripheral intravenous catheters from human subjects suffering from …

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Enhancing Depression Screening And Treatment For Latinxs Residing In The U.S., Linda Esperanza Guzman Aug 2023

Enhancing Depression Screening And Treatment For Latinxs Residing In The U.S., Linda Esperanza Guzman

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Introduction: In the U.S., Latinxs with Spanish as their preferred language encounter two prominent structural barriers impacting access to treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD). The first is that MDD symptoms commonly go undetected in Latinxs with Spanish compared to English as their preferred language. This might be perhaps because commonly used MDD screeners lack somatic symptom survey items culturally specific in how MDD may present among Latinxs with Spanish as their preferred language. The second structural barrier is that treatment access and completion rates are lower in Spanish-speaking than English-speaking Latinxs, perhaps due to treatments lacking the structure and …

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Rice Material State Diagrams: Trends Of Contemporary Cultivars And Influence Of Nitrogen Application During Production, Evans Ameyaw Owusu Aug 2023

Rice Material State Diagrams: Trends Of Contemporary Cultivars And Influence Of Nitrogen Application During Production, Evans Ameyaw Owusu

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Rice is typically harvested at high moisture content (MC) levels which necessitates drying to low MC levels for safe storage. However, drying at inappropriate temperatures and durations can lead to deterioration of kernel quality such as fissure formation. Kernels with these fissures are typically associated with reduced head rice yields and significant economic losses. Material state diagrams for rice have been created by the University of Arkansas Rice Processing Program (UARPP) as a tool to aid in predicting the ideal temperatures to use during drying and tempering (a process of holding rice at the drying temperature for some duration). The …

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Circuitry And Semiconductor Studies For Making A Graphene Energy Harvesting Device, Ferdinand Harerimana Aug 2023

Circuitry And Semiconductor Studies For Making A Graphene Energy Harvesting Device, Ferdinand Harerimana

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Freestanding graphene has constantly moving ripples. Due to its extreme flexibility, graphene responds to ambient vibrations and changes its curvature from concave to convex and vice versa. During a ripple inversion 10,000 atoms move together, suggesting the presence of kinetic energy which can be harvested. In this study we present circuitry and semiconductor studies for harvesting energy from graphene vibrations. The goal of the study is to develop a graphene energy harvesting chip which can serve as a battery replacement in low power electronics. In the first study we determined the best circuit for harvesting vibrational low power. To do …

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Use Of X-Ray Imaging To Elucidate Impacts Of Drying Approach On Rice Seed Health, Samuel Olayiwola Olaoni Aug 2023

Use Of X-Ray Imaging To Elucidate Impacts Of Drying Approach On Rice Seed Health, Samuel Olayiwola Olaoni

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Improper drying, which causes fissuring of rice kernels, may influence the overall seed health. This study evaluated the impacts of various drying conditions on rice fissures, seed germination and vigor. A long – grain rice cultivar with a moisture content (MC) of 15.5% w.b. (wet basis) was used during the experiments. Samples were dried as thin layers at temperatures of 30 ℃, 40 ℃ and 50 ℃ with a constant relative humidity (RH) of 50% and air velocities (AV) of 0.66 m/s and 1.65 m/s. X – ray imaging was used for fissure detection before and after drying the samples …

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Radiofrequency And Gaseous Technologies For Enhancing The Microbiological Safety Of Low Moisture Food Ingredients, Surabhi Wason Aug 2023

Radiofrequency And Gaseous Technologies For Enhancing The Microbiological Safety Of Low Moisture Food Ingredients, Surabhi Wason

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

High heat resistance and long survival of Salmonella in low moisture food ingredients (LMFIs) such as spices and seeds are concerning as they are typically consumed without cooking. Therefore, it is challenging to effectively inactivate pathogenic bacteria without negatively impacting the quality of the treated product. This dissertation aimed to develop and evaluate novel intervention technologies: in-package radiofrequency steaming and non-thermal gaseous technologies to improve the microbial safety of LMFIs. The dissertation can be divided into three parts. The first part of this dissertation on the thermal inactivation kinetics of Salmonella and a surrogate, Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354on black pepper …

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The Economic Effects Of Covid-19 On Smallholder Farmers In Kenya, Sarah Hope Brasche Aug 2023

The Economic Effects Of Covid-19 On Smallholder Farmers In Kenya, Sarah Hope Brasche

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Like many Sub-Saharan African countries, the Kenyan economy heavily relies on agriculture. Agriculture in Kenya accounted for 50% of the total workforce in 2019 and 70% of the rural workforce. Though reliant on agriculture for employment and subsistence, Kenya has been historically impoverished and malnourished. Kenya has been experiencing an economic recession since 2018, which was exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Relatively speaking to other African countries, Kenya managed to escape the worst health effects of the pandemic, but the economic effects were substantial. This study analyzes survey responses from 1,059 Kenyan smallholder agricultural producers on the economic impacts they …

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A Comparison Of Intelligent Agent Technology And Traditional Preference Assessment Implementation Methods For Preservice Speech-Language Pathologists, Brenna R. Griffen Aug 2023

A Comparison Of Intelligent Agent Technology And Traditional Preference Assessment Implementation Methods For Preservice Speech-Language Pathologists, Brenna R. Griffen

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Identifying preferred stimuli is an initial step in many evidence-based educational programs for young children. Preference assessments, such as the Multiple Stimulus Without Replacement (MSWO), provide an empirically validated way of identifying and ranking these stimuli. Traditional methods of training professionals to implement MSWO often require the presence of an expert trainer, involve lengthy instructional time, require additional training to transfer skills into the clinical or classroom setting, and necessitate follow-up training to maintain skills over time. Intelligent agent technology may overcome these challenges by providing professionals with easily accessible, consistent instruction. The purpose of the current study was to …

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Fabrication And Measurement Of Lt-Gaas Photoconductive Antennas And Arrays, Zachary Paul Uttley Aug 2023

Fabrication And Measurement Of Lt-Gaas Photoconductive Antennas And Arrays, Zachary Paul Uttley

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

This thesis presents the fabrication and measurement of LT-GaAs based terahertz (THz) photo conductive antennas (PCAs) and arrays. The LT-GaAs THz PCAs are fabricated to serve as reference devices to new 2D material black phosphorous (BP) based THz PCAs. The LT-GaAs and BP devices have identical metallic electrodes, allowing for a comparison of emitted THz intensity and bandwidth. All PCAs have been measured using an open bench pulsed time-domain spectroscopy (TDS) system with a usable bandwidth from 0.1-4 THz, pumped with a 780nm Ti:Sapphire femtosecond laser. The results have shown LT-GaAs devices outperforming BP devices in signal amplitude and bandwidth …

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Use Of Microorganisms For The Enrichment Of Zn And Se By Using Solid-State Fermentation, Rashmi Rangaswamaiah Aug 2023

Use Of Microorganisms For The Enrichment Of Zn And Se By Using Solid-State Fermentation, Rashmi Rangaswamaiah

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se) are essential minerals for human health and naturally found in many food sources. However, the risk of Zn and Se deficiency has been recognized in several countries. As most people throughout the world consume rice, grains, and cereals as staple foods in their daily diet, which contain a certain amount of phytic acid (antinutrients), the phytic acid content inhibits mineral absorption (Zn and Se) by the human body. Moreover, the low levels of Zn and Se content found in the crop's soil also reduce the amount of minerals in the food sources. Therefore, it is …

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Wind Tunnel Modeling Of The Jack Rabbit Ii Mock Urban Environment Chlorine Releases Based On Comparison With Field Scale Video Record, Samuel Gallimore Aug 2023

Wind Tunnel Modeling Of The Jack Rabbit Ii Mock Urban Environment Chlorine Releases Based On Comparison With Field Scale Video Record, Samuel Gallimore

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Unintentional releases of hazardous gases have led to significant injuries and fatalities in severe cases. Field tests can be used to release hazardous gases to document and evaluate the behavior of the gases. Chlorine is an especially hazardous gas due to its toxicity. The Jack Rabbit II Phase I field tests released chlorine within a mock urban environment (MUE) consisting of Conex containers arranged in rows to simulate buildings and streets. The number of field tests is limited by both expense and time. Simulation of a field test using a wind tunnel model can provide additional data and opportunity for …

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Runoff Water Quality And Crop Growth As Affected By Wastewater-Derived Struvite, Machaela Morrison Aug 2023

Runoff Water Quality And Crop Growth As Affected By Wastewater-Derived Struvite, Machaela Morrison

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Mined phosphate rock, used to produce phosphorus (P) fertilizers, is a finite resource. Struvite (MgNH4PO4 • 6H2O) that has been synthetically produced from a stock solution of known P and nitrogen (N) concentrations has been shown to be an effective, alternative fertilizer-P source for various crops. However, little is known about the runoff-water-quality implications from and the crop response to soil application of struvite created from an actual municipal wastewater source. This study consisted of two objectives: i) to evaluate the effects of soil [i.e., Creldon (Oxyaquic Fragiudalf), Dapue (Fluventic Hapludoll), Roxana (Typic Udifluvent), and Calloway (Aquic Fraglossudalf) series], fertilizer-P …

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The Multiverse Argument For The Existence Of God, Michael Dover Aug 2023

The Multiverse Argument For The Existence Of God, Michael Dover

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The Fine-Tuning Argument for the Existence of God is one of the most powerful arguments in favor of God’s existence. Perhaps the most common objection to this argument involves the Multiverse Theory, which posits an infinite or very large multiverse, adequately explaining the fine-tuning of the universe without positing an intelligent designer. Thus, the Multiverse Theory is often posited as a way of maintaining Atheism. In this paper, I argue that the Atheistic Multiverse View is untenable: if the multiverse exists, God or gods are highly likely to exist as well. Additionally, this paper explores topics like: the conceivability of …

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Juvenile Justice System Involvement And The Transition To Early Adulthood: Does Direct Intervention Help Or Harm?, Cameron Miller Perrine Aug 2023

Juvenile Justice System Involvement And The Transition To Early Adulthood: Does Direct Intervention Help Or Harm?, Cameron Miller Perrine

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The present study examines the effects of the juvenile justice system on youth as they transition to early adulthood. The present study adds to the literature by incorporating comparison groups of youths and by testing multiple explanations of recidivism: Labeling Theory and the Life Course perspective. In total, 267 adults were recruited via online survey and sorted into three groups: Externalizing Behavior and Juvenile Justice Involved, Externalizing Behavior and Not Juvenile Justice Involved, and Not Externalizing and Not Juvenile Justice Involved. In addition to demographics, participants completed measures of past externalizing behaviors, past juvenile justice involvement, social disadvantage, deviant peer …

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Essays Examining Humanitarian Supply Chains: Investigating Operational Characteristics, Activities, And Performance, Llord Brooks Aug 2023

Essays Examining Humanitarian Supply Chains: Investigating Operational Characteristics, Activities, And Performance, Llord Brooks

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

As the frequency and severity of disasters continue to increase, the need for collaboration amongst all humanitarian stakeholders in humanitarian supply chain activities during all aspects of the disaster cycle has become more critical to the success of relief operations. Humanitarian non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are voluntary organizations operating in highly dynamic and chaotic environments to provide aid to people in need. But as the impact of disaster increases and the funding becomes more limited and competitive, they face mounting pressures from stakeholders to improve the quality of their operations. Similarly, private organizations are also under higher levels of scrutiny to …

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Poly(Ionic Liquid)S For Magnetic, Ionic, And Electrical Stimuli-Responsive Applications, Kayla Ann Foley Aug 2023

Poly(Ionic Liquid)S For Magnetic, Ionic, And Electrical Stimuli-Responsive Applications, Kayla Ann Foley

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs) are a fascinating subclass of strong polyelectrolytes formed from polymerizable ionic liquids. As a result of their unique properties and counterion exchangeability, PILs can exhibit conformation structure or material property changes in response to external stimuli such as changes in pH/ionic environment, magnetic fields, and electric potentials. In Chapter 1, a comprehensive review of PILs design as well as their stimuli-responsive behavior is provided. Additional motivation for each dissertation chapter is also discussed. In Chapter 2, magnetically responsive PILs (MPILs) are developed from complexing paramagnetic salts with a random PIL copolymer containing a metal-coordinating co-monomer, acrylamide. A …

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Spatial Layout At Isgrig: A Menard Complex Site In The Lower Arkansas River Valley, Noelle King Aug 2023

Spatial Layout At Isgrig: A Menard Complex Site In The Lower Arkansas River Valley, Noelle King

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Late Mississippian sites in the Lower Arkansas River Valley, or Menard Complex sites, are not well understood especially as they relate to the larger question of Mississippian response to colonial contact. In this thesis, I will explore how the Menard Complex manifests at Isgrig (3PU0015), a site located on the Arkansas River south of Little Rock. I will examine the spatial layout of the site and use ceramic analysis to understand if the site changed significantly over time. Finally, I will compare Isgrig with other Menard Sites in the Lower Arkansas Valley to understand regional trends in site function during …

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Live Music Venue Marketing In A Post-Covid Northwest Arkansas, Griffen Walden Aug 2023

Live Music Venue Marketing In A Post-Covid Northwest Arkansas, Griffen Walden

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

What does a medium sized music venue, nearing its centennial in a college town, do when its doors have closed for the first time since a short 2004 renovation, due to the novel Coronavirus Pandemic? George’s Majestic Lounge, the historic live music venue located in the heart of downtown Fayetteville, Arkansas, ceased operation for 134 days, its longest ever closure, and emerged into a climate massively different from what it had entered the pandemic in (Drury, et al. 2021). This venue has stood the test of time; opened in 1927 by George Pappas, it has remained in its railroad-adjacent position …

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Development Of Self-Stressing Ultra High-Performance Concrete Using Expansive Chemical Admixtures, Lane Edwards May 2023

Development Of Self-Stressing Ultra High-Performance Concrete Using Expansive Chemical Admixtures, Lane Edwards

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

This study investigated the effects of expansive chemical admixtures on ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) and self-stressing mechanisms. A literature review was performed to determine different types of expansive admixtures for feasibility of the self-prestressing concept. Ultimately it was decided that type-k cement, made by combining Komponent admixture with conventional UHPC, was the most suitable option due to its effects on wet and hardened concrete properties. Mix designs with varying amounts of Komponent were developed to test the effects the admixture had on various properties. Tested properties included, workability, compressive strength, expansion, short-term shrinkage, long-term shrinkage, and developed prestress. The development …

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Improving Tribological Properties Of Polydopamine/Polytetrafluoroethylene Coatings Through Incorporating Core-Shell Nanoparticles And Laser Surface Texturing, Firuze Soltani-Kordshuli May 2023

Improving Tribological Properties Of Polydopamine/Polytetrafluoroethylene Coatings Through Incorporating Core-Shell Nanoparticles And Laser Surface Texturing, Firuze Soltani-Kordshuli

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is a widely used polymer that has unique properties such as chemical and temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, low maintenance cost, and a very low coefficient of friction (COF). These distinctive properties have made PTFE a promising candidate for industrial applications where surfaces are in relative motion. PTFE can be utilized as a thin film solid lubricant to significantly reduce the friction between moving surfaces. However, PTFE coatings have low cohesion and poor adhesion to the substrate resulting in its low wear resistance. This fact limits the application of PTFE coatings in load-bearing situations. To address these limitations, an …

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Experimental Design For Determining The Cyclic Behavior Of Skewed Reduced Beam Section Moment Connections Having Composite Slabs, Paul Chabaud May 2023

Experimental Design For Determining The Cyclic Behavior Of Skewed Reduced Beam Section Moment Connections Having Composite Slabs, Paul Chabaud

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

This paper details the experimental design for determining the cyclic behavior of skewed Reduced Beam Section (RBS) moment connections having composite slabs. The effects of composite concrete slabs on skewed RBS connections subjected to cyclic seismic prequalification loading are addressed in this test setup. Full-scale double-sided RBS SMF specimens representing both interior and exterior column connections are designed and fabricated in this work. Experimental test fixturing and a lateral load application setup within the existing Grady E. Harvell Civil Engineering Research and Education Center (CEREC) are designed. All cyclic loading protocols required for the prequalification testing are described herein. Prequalification …

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