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Impact Of Retail Display Case On Shelf-Life, Palatability, And Color-Stability Of Fresh Beef Steaks, Stephanie Elizabeth Shimer
Impact Of Retail Display Case On Shelf-Life, Palatability, And Color-Stability Of Fresh Beef Steaks, Stephanie Elizabeth Shimer
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The objective of the study was to determine: the impact of two retail display cases, three beef muscles, and three packaging schemes on palatability traits, flavor development, lipid oxidation, objective and subjective evaluation of color stability, and microbial shelf-life. No muscle × package × case × day interactions were observed for any instrumental or panelist color evaluation (P > 0.851). No retail case effect was observed for TBARS, consumer sensory evaluation, or cook loss (P >0.05). A muscle × case × package interaction was observed for L* and b* (P< 0.05). No muscle × case × package observations were observed for shelf-life or palatability analyses (P > 0.05). No significant two-way or three-way interactions were observed for evaluation …
Fpga-Based Overlay Accelerators With Massive Parallel Processing Units To Accelerate Deep Neural Networks, Ehsan Kabir
Fpga-Based Overlay Accelerators With Massive Parallel Processing Units To Accelerate Deep Neural Networks, Ehsan Kabir
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Deep neural networks (DNNs) are widely used in applications such as classification, prediction, and regression. Various DNN architectures, such as convolutional neural networks (CNN), multilayer perceptrons (MLP), long short-term memory (LSTM), recurrent neural networks (RNN), and transformers, have become leading machine learning techniques in these applications. They require significant computational resources and have substantial memory demands due to intensive matrix-matrix multiplications and complex data flows. Hence, efficient utilization of on-chip computational and memory resources is essential to maximize parallelism and minimize latency. Designing an optimal tiling scheme that aligns effectively with the architecture is also necessary. Modern FPGAs are equipped …
The Impact Of Politics And Identity On Instagram: Exploring The Impacts On Social Connections, Kaslyn Tidmore
The Impact Of Politics And Identity On Instagram: Exploring The Impacts On Social Connections, Kaslyn Tidmore
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
This study investigates how political and identity signals on Instagram-specifically pronoun usage, LGBTQ+ representation, support for political figures, and religious expression-influence perceptions of political leaning, perceived similarity (homophily), and willingness to connect or engage with both individuals and brands. Using a between-subjects experimental design, 222 participants were exposed to mock Instagram profiles systematically varying these indicators. Results from a chi-square test of independence revealed that political indicators in profiles significantly shaped participants’ perceptions of users’ political leanings. Among the indicators, support for a political figure repeatedly reported as the strongest predictor of perceived political leaning, social similarity, and willingness to …
The Intersection Of Race And Nativity: Exploring Criminal Justice Contact Among Black Adults In The United States., Uchenna Makuochukwu Onuoha
The Intersection Of Race And Nativity: Exploring Criminal Justice Contact Among Black Adults In The United States., Uchenna Makuochukwu Onuoha
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Black immigrants in the United States navigate a dual identity as both Black and immigrant, yet their unique experiences remain underexplored in research on immigration and crime. While prior studies have documented generational differences and negative associations between immigration and crime, the intersection of race and nativity in shaping criminal justice contact for Black immigrants is unknown. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, this study examines the role of race and nativity on various forms of criminal justice contact. Specifically, we investigate (1) the extent to which nativity plays a role in criminal legal …
Assessment Of Social Media Use And Strategies For Combating Misinformation Among Extension Educators In Arkansas, Enoch Teye Kwao Ametepey
Assessment Of Social Media Use And Strategies For Combating Misinformation Among Extension Educators In Arkansas, Enoch Teye Kwao Ametepey
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
This study assessed the use of social media by Extension educators in Arkansas and examines strategies for identifying and combating misinformation within agricultural extension services. Guided by the Uses and Gratifications Theory, the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), and the Third-Person Effect Theory for objectives one, two, and three, this research employed quantitative and qualitative approaches, specifically, two quantitative cross-sectional surveys and a qualitative focus group study developed into a three article dissertation. The first article assessed the extent to which Extension educators utilize social media for professional activities, revealing that social media is predominantly used …
Co-Creating Play:Utilizing Comics To Potentialize Participatory Self-Determination In Marginilized Young Adults, Marlin Mcknight
Co-Creating Play:Utilizing Comics To Potentialize Participatory Self-Determination In Marginilized Young Adults, Marlin Mcknight
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Storytelling has long served as a vital mechanism for preserving cultural heritage, transmitting values, and fostering intergenerational connection (Moeshlin, 2024). Despite this significance, graphic narratives such as comics and graphic novels have been historically marginalized—dismissed as trivial “children’s media” or reduced to entertainment rather than recognized as culturally resonant tools (McCloud, 1993). This marginalization intensified as comics evolved to depict adult themes and, at times, harmful stereotypes, triggering social backlash that stigmatized their utility for younger audiences (Segran, 2020). Consequently, scholarly exploration of comics’ therapeutic potential has stagnated, hindered by the medium’s tumultuous history. This study bridges this gap by …
The Role Of Managerial Human Capital In Resource Acquisition And Deployment: A Study Of The Japanese Anime Film Industry, Tsutomu Doiguchi
The Role Of Managerial Human Capital In Resource Acquisition And Deployment: A Study Of The Japanese Anime Film Industry, Tsutomu Doiguchi
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
In order to integrate resource and capability perspectives, prior literature has examined the interaction between managerial human capital (HC) and unit-level human capital resources (HCRs). A substantial body of research has demonstrated that managerial HC enhances the deployment of unit-level HCRs, thus generating synergistic values beyond those realized in their isolation. Previous literature, however, has largely overlooked the role of managerial HC in acquiring unit-level HCRs, neglecting strategic factor market theory and becoming susceptible to endogeneity issues. To address these theoretical and empirical issues, this study draws on the theoretical framework of human capital resource combinations—and proposes three distinct mechanisms …
Design, Modeling, Control, And Analysis Of A Modular Two-Wheeled Self-Balancing Robotic System, Mishek Jair Musa
Design, Modeling, Control, And Analysis Of A Modular Two-Wheeled Self-Balancing Robotic System, Mishek Jair Musa
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Two-wheeled self-balancing robots have garnered substantial attention within the realms of research and innovation in academia and industrial settings. In particular, advances in control algorithms, machine learning, reinforcement learning, and sensor technologies have played a pivotal role in their development. Although primarily recognized for their utility in personal transportation in the commercial sector, these robots possess potential applications across various domains, including search and rescue, healthcare, material handling, logistics, etc., due to their active stabilization and exceptional maneuvering capabilities. A particular area of interest lies in the creation of modular self-balancing robots designed for seamless reconfiguration and enhanced human interaction. …
The Future Research Direction Of Cgiar: Lessons Learned From One Cgiar, Katie Loethen
The Future Research Direction Of Cgiar: Lessons Learned From One Cgiar, Katie Loethen
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Since its founding in 1971, CGIAR (formerly the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research) has been at the forefront of agricultural innovation, credited with launching the Green Revolution and delivering 1.78 trillion USD in net present value (NPV) benefits globally, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Despite these accomplishments, CGIAR now faces internal and external pressures that threaten its future impact. The 2019 reorganization into “One CGIAR” aimed to enhance coordination but has been criticized for adding bureaucracy and reducing scientific autonomy. Simultaneously, public funding for agricultural research is shrinking, while private sector investment often overlooks low-margin, high-need areas central …
Pricing The Unknown: An Analysis Of Expected Value Of Young Horses And Price-Determining Factors, Rupasri Sura
Pricing The Unknown: An Analysis Of Expected Value Of Young Horses And Price-Determining Factors, Rupasri Sura
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
From a seller’s point of view in a market, it is crucial to plan the pricing strategies based on perceptions of buyer preferences and their willingness to purchase to ensure market success in selling and pricing. Applying this to the equine industry, this paper studies the factors determining the price of young horses (age ≤ 2 years) in digital auction platforms. Using data from Professional Horse Services, LLC (2012–2023), a Heckman’s two-step approach was employed, which involves a probit model as the first step and a hedonic price model as the second, aiming to correct for sample selection bias in …
Measuring The Impact Of Ged Preparation On Ged Testing Outcomes, Matthew Utz
Measuring The Impact Of Ged Preparation On Ged Testing Outcomes, Matthew Utz
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
This quantitative study investigates the relationship between participation in GED preparation programs and GED test outcomes among adult learners at a single Adult Basic Education (ABE) center located in an urban area of a south-central U.S. state. Recognizing the significance of the GED as an alternative credential to a traditional high school diploma, the research examines how instructional hours and structured preparation correlate with students’ final scores in mathematics, English language arts, social studies, and science. The study also describes the demographic characteristics of the learners, including gender, race, and age groups, and analyzes their performance on the Test of …
Using Interpersonal Motives To Identify Latent Profiles Of Borderline Personality Pathology: Implications For An Overcontrolled Style Of Bpd, Regina Schreiber
Using Interpersonal Motives To Identify Latent Profiles Of Borderline Personality Pathology: Implications For An Overcontrolled Style Of Bpd, Regina Schreiber
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is conceptualized as a disorder of undercontrol (i.e., behaviorally impulsive, emotionally expressive), with affective, interpersonal, and identity instability. BPD related impairment is high, yet diagnostic accuracy remains a problem for individuals who present with greater overcontrol (i.e., behavioral inhibition, expressive suppression), which occurs in some BPD subtypes. The current study used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to expand on prior research by identifying latent profiles based on interpersonal motives for agency and relatedness, desire for predictability, perceived dependency, and self-efficacy in a sample of people with elevated BPD features (n = 136). Individual differences in overcontrol, undercontrol, …
Resilience Redefined: Exploring The Impact Of Childhood Trauma On The Value Systems Of High-Achieving Corporate Men, Lana B. Henry
Resilience Redefined: Exploring The Impact Of Childhood Trauma On The Value Systems Of High-Achieving Corporate Men, Lana B. Henry
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
This qualitative study employed Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) to explore how childhood trauma influences the value systems of high-achieving corporate men. In contemporary corporate culture, where stoicism, performance, and independence are often rewarded, little attention is paid to how early adversity informs internal frameworks of meaning, leadership, and success. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with six high-achieving men, all executives and leaders in high-performing industries, who self-identified as having experienced childhood trauma. Data were analyzed using a six-step IPA process and interpreted through the lens of Schwartz’s Theory of Basic Human Values and social constructivism. Findings revealed that childhood trauma deeply …
Assessment Of Mental Health Needs For Chronically Unhoused Individuals Living In A Bridge Housing Community, Isabel Furse Augur
Assessment Of Mental Health Needs For Chronically Unhoused Individuals Living In A Bridge Housing Community, Isabel Furse Augur
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Higher rates of psychopathology and substance use are reported in individuals experiencing homelessness compared to the general population, especially in those who are chronically unhoused. Chronically homeless individuals are also less likely to access treatment for these problems because of barriers to care. Addressing housing needs is an important first step in engaging people who are homeless with the care they need. This project focused on assessing the mental health needs of a Housing First community in Northwest Arkansas, which has few barriers for entry but does not provide direct support for mental health. This project adopted a community-based participatory …
End Times: American Mortality, Death Materiality, And Social Death In The 1990s, Jordan A. Savage
End Times: American Mortality, Death Materiality, And Social Death In The 1990s, Jordan A. Savage
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The United States in the 1990s was marked by pervasive representations of death in popular culture. As death imagery became increasingly visible in entertainment, there was a growing detachment from the embodied, biological realities of death, a tension intensified by the ongoing AIDS crisis. This project explores how death is politicized and how decisions about who lives and dies are shaped by power. I draw on a constellation of theoretical frameworks that collectively illuminate the operations of state-sanctioned death and social abandonment. These include Michel Foucault’s concept of biopolitics, which examines the management of life by state power; Giorgio Agamben’s …
A Grounded Theory Investigation Of The Experiences Of Rehabilitation Administrators, Counselors, And Supervisors Providing Services To Women With Disabilities Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence, Dana Posey
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Abstract There is a noticeable gap in the literature as it relates to how rehabilitation and disability service providers have worked with women with disabilities who have experienced intimate partner violence. To address the dearth of knowledge, a qualitative grounded theory study was conducted with 12 rehabilitation administrators, counselors, and supervisors regarding their experiences providing services to women with disabilities who have been in or are in an intimate partner violence relationship. Semi-structured interviews were administered, recorded, and transcribed verbatim in an ongoing manner throughout the process. As data was collected, it was analyzed using NVIVO 15, which is a …
The Black Bombers Of Ghana: Sport, Nation-Building And Pan-Africanism, 1958 To The 21st Century, Kenneth Tagoe
The Black Bombers Of Ghana: Sport, Nation-Building And Pan-Africanism, 1958 To The 21st Century, Kenneth Tagoe
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Ghana’s Amateur Boxing Team, known as the Black Bombers, has impacted the country’s political and socio-economic development since its formation in 1958. This thesis argues that amateur boxing was one of the sports that Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana’s first president, used to promote nation-building and, more broadly, a Pan-African agenda. The team’s success in international competitions has widely projected Ghana's sporting reputation and reinforced the Pan-African principles of Black pride and excellence in the global athletics arena, and beyond. This thesis traces the origins of amateur boxing and the formation of the Black Bombers, the squad’s participation in international athletics events …
Impact Of Three Professional Development Models (Online, Face-To-Face, And Hybrid) On Bhutanese Inservice Science Teachers' Conceptions Of Aspects Of Nature Of Science (Nos) With Reports Of Translation Of Nos Content Into Classroom Teaching Practices, Pabi Maya Das
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Having a scientifically literate citizenry is an asset nationally and globally, and knowledge of the nature of science (NOS) is a crucial element in such literacy. Science teachers are a vital link if students are to understand key elements of the NOS, yet teachers themselves often lack knowledge of NOS and how to integrate NOS content into science lessons. Investigating the impact of a series of inservice professional development experiences using three distinct delivery modes (face-to-face, hybrid, online) for teachers in my home country of Bhutan is the overarching goal of the study reported here. The study used a mixed-methods …
Classifying Advanced Persistent Threat Stages And Techniques Via Graph-Enhanced Network Flow Representations, Md Taef Uddin Nadim
Classifying Advanced Persistent Threat Stages And Techniques Via Graph-Enhanced Network Flow Representations, Md Taef Uddin Nadim
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) are complex, stealthy attacks that involve multiple stages and many attack techniques used in each stage, making them difficult to defend against. Although many solutions can detect APTs, most of them only detect the existence of attack, but cannot produce fine-grained classification over the stage of the APT and the specific attack technique used. Some existing solutions can classify the stages of APT, but few of them provide attack technique classification, and existing work do not provide interpretability for the classification or countermeasures for the attack. In this thesis work, we propose a solution named CAPTure, …
Small Angle X-Ray Scattering Studies Of Collagenase H Mutant, Colh-E416q, Madelyn Millsap
Small Angle X-Ray Scattering Studies Of Collagenase H Mutant, Colh-E416q, Madelyn Millsap
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Collagenase H (ColH) from Hathewaya histolytica plays a central role in collagen degradation through endopeptidase and carboxytripeptidase reactions. To better understand how its domain architecture supports these functions, we examined the solution structure of a catalytically inactive mutant, ColH-E416Q, using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The E416Q mutant is catalytically inactive because the glutamate residue at position 416, which normally functions as a general acid/base during catalysis, is replaced by glutamine—an amide that cannot donate or accept protons effectively, thus disabling the proton transfer steps essential for peptide bond hydrolysis. SAXS results indicate that the E416Q substitution leaves overall domain architecture …
The Connection Between Workplace Wellness Activities And Job Satisfaction In Manufacturing, Lori Scott Dreiling
The Connection Between Workplace Wellness Activities And Job Satisfaction In Manufacturing, Lori Scott Dreiling
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Employers in all industries are concerned with creating and maintaining a workplace where their employees are engaged in their work. Job dissatisfaction is shown to lead to higher levels of turnover, absenteeism, and presenteeism. The purpose of this quantitative study will be to examine the connection between workplace wellness activity participation and job satisfaction, specifically for manufacturers in Southwest Missouri, Southeast Kansas, and Northeast Oklahoma. Manufacturers have experienced increased global competition in the last three decades, not just for their products or services but for quality talent. The value of this study is to show manufacturing employers that by providing …
Minor League: The Journey To The Show, Collin Anderson
Minor League: The Journey To The Show, Collin Anderson
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
When thinking about the path an athlete takes to get to the major leagues, many think of the same process: High School, College, Professional. However, the professional level includes is more than just the MLB or NBA that people would assume. Almost all professional U.S. sports leagues have a minor league system associated with them that nearly all players pass through at one point or another. Through the lens of a documentary, this portion in an athlete’s journey will be spotlighted to show what these leagues do for them, how they help them improve, and how they prepare them to …
Strain Induced Quantum Emitters In Monolayer Wse₂: Fabrication And Characterization Of Dimple Dot Devices, Garrett Maxwell Kitterman
Strain Induced Quantum Emitters In Monolayer Wse₂: Fabrication And Characterization Of Dimple Dot Devices, Garrett Maxwell Kitterman
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Strain induced defects in monolayer tungsten diselenide (WSe₂) give rise to localized exciton funnels, offering a promising approach for the development of tunable quantum emitters. The quantum devices fabricated for this thesis used a modified dimple dot geometry, in which nano indentation creates a strain profile on the monolayer WSe₂. This allows for the funneling of excitons to a confined region. These strain induced funnels enable localized emission from single excitons in WSe₂. Device fabrication was carried out through mechanical exfoliation, dry transfer, and electron beam lithography of Cr/Au gates on a SiO₂ substrate. These devices were then characterized using …
Lifetime Stressor Exposure, Race And Ethnicity, And Habitual Stress Processes: An Evaluation Of Repetitive Negative Thinking And Hair Cortisol Concentration, Harrison Dickens
Lifetime Stressor Exposure, Race And Ethnicity, And Habitual Stress Processes: An Evaluation Of Repetitive Negative Thinking And Hair Cortisol Concentration, Harrison Dickens
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Habitual stress processes are thought to influence acute stress reactivity and stress-related disease. Habitual stress processes have been shown to adapt in response to stressor exposure experienced across the lifespan. The current study seeks to explore whether two habitual stress processes, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity and repetitive negative thinking (RNT), were associated with lifetime stressor exposure (self-reported and objective neighborhood-level stressors). Additionally, the current study attempts to quantify how this process may be moderated by race and ethnicity. Participants (N = 134, Mage = 18 [SDage= 1.69], 56.7% female) consisting of White (N = 52), Black (N = 37 ), …
Improved Autofluorescence Lifetime Decay Analysis For Identification Of Cellular Autofluorescence Biomarkers For Label-Free, Single-Cell Assessment Of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential, Olivia Isabel Kolenc
Improved Autofluorescence Lifetime Decay Analysis For Identification Of Cellular Autofluorescence Biomarkers For Label-Free, Single-Cell Assessment Of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential, Olivia Isabel Kolenc
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Optical imaging of metabolism using the autofluorescence of the metabolic cofactors NADH, NADPH, and FAD has a wide range of sensitivities and the capability to collect a great deal of metabolic information. Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) is a non-invasive, label-free optical imaging technique capable of performing fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) using time correlated single photon counting (TCSPC). However, autofluorescence FLIM presents a challenge in collecting sufficient photons to provide adequate signal to noise ratios (SNR) for analysis. Additionally, the specificity of autofluorescence biomarkers of metabolism has not been well-defined. Contextualizing these autofluorescence measures using established functional biomarkers can improve interpretability of …
The Effects Of Background Child-Directed And Adult-Directed Singing On Reading Comprehension Performance, Agnes Yeboah Amfo-Adu
The Effects Of Background Child-Directed And Adult-Directed Singing On Reading Comprehension Performance, Agnes Yeboah Amfo-Adu
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Although music features in speech, such as those found in child-directed speech and song, are known to enhance language processing, the underlying mechanism of this benefit remains unclear. Prior research has primarily compared verbal materials presented in a musical, child-directed style to those in a less musical, adult-directed style, leaving it uncertain whether the benefit stems from the music style of verbal presentation or mere exposure to musical features. This study examined whether the language benefits of child-directed input persist when it is presented as background auditory stimuli rather than the primary focus of cognitive tasks. Experiment 1 found that …
Navigating Stigma And Privacy: Health-Related Communication Among Bangladeshi Women, Nazmul Shajib
Navigating Stigma And Privacy: Health-Related Communication Among Bangladeshi Women, Nazmul Shajib
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Women in Bangladesh often silently bear the burden of stigma tied to their bodies, minds, and societal roles. This study examines the coping strategies women use to manage health-related stigma and their privacy while facing issues like reproductive health, mental health, and postpartum challenges. The study was conducted by utilizing in-depth interviews with 17 Bangladeshi women. Stigma Management Communication Theory (SMC) and Communication Privacy Management Theory (CPM) are the two frameworks that guided the study. The findings of the study reveal that stigma often silences women and threatens their social identities, and women feel that having a health problem means …
Onward, Christian Soldiers: The Material Rhetoric Of Becoming Fascist In Parachurch Scouting Organizations, Madeline Aubrey Studebaker
Onward, Christian Soldiers: The Material Rhetoric Of Becoming Fascist In Parachurch Scouting Organizations, Madeline Aubrey Studebaker
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
This thesis provides a material rhetorical analysis of Trail Life USA and American Heritage Girls, two Christian nationalist scouting organizations that aim to renew and restore their cultural dominance across America. In examining how these programs route children’s bodies through ritual and affective indoctrination, I find that a fascist becoming underpins these groups’ (re)production of perfect, patriotic children. The first chapter discusses how boys enrolled in Trail Life USA become fascist as self-defense against American boyhood’s perceived eradication. Trail Life USA restores masculinity through rituals of autogenetic sovereignty, returns to originality through homosocial and affective intensity, and invocations of exceptional …
Intention To Take Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (Prep) As An Hiv Preventive Medication: An Application Of The Health Belief Model And Theory Planned Behavior, Besuthu Nakekelwa Nkambule
Intention To Take Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (Prep) As An Hiv Preventive Medication: An Application Of The Health Belief Model And Theory Planned Behavior, Besuthu Nakekelwa Nkambule
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
South Africa (SA) has 7.7 million citizens (12.6% of its 2023 population) living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The use of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) as an antiretroviral medication for HIV-negative individuals is a promising HIV prevention strategy in SA that can help the attainment of an HIV free generation. PrEP offers greater than 90% protection against HIV acquisition. Despite SA’s efforts in increasing PrEP coverage for its citizens, primarily to those at substantial risk, its adoption remains relatively low. Structural barriers related to access, costs, lack of awareness, and, more recently, US funding cuts exacerbate the challenges of PrEP’s potential …
Consumer Knowledge, Attitude, And Practice For Animal-Raising And Environment-Related Labeling Claims, Andrew Joseph Dilley
Consumer Knowledge, Attitude, And Practice For Animal-Raising And Environment-Related Labeling Claims, Andrew Joseph Dilley
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
In the fall of 2024, the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) updated its guidelines for substantiating animal-raising and environment-related claims used on meat and poultry products. The updates aim to address numerous comments and petitions from industry stakeholders by improving guidance and strengthening the documentation recommended for substantiation. While the updates included both minor and substantial revisions, the most notable addition was the strong emphasis on the inclusion of a third-party certification in the substantiating documents. The timely update comes on the heels of heightened scrutiny regarding animal-raising claims, as issues of non-compliance and agency oversight have continued to …