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Exploring The Effects Of N,N-Dimethylbiguanide And Ω-3 Pufas On Muscle Stem Cell Differentiation, Enayah Alhshim
Exploring The Effects Of N,N-Dimethylbiguanide And Ω-3 Pufas On Muscle Stem Cell Differentiation, Enayah Alhshim
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The impacts of omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acid and metformin hydrochloride (Met-HCl) on muscle stem cells differentiation, mimicking the fetal muscle development under gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), were investigated. ω-3 fatty acids have been known for their ability to regulate adipogenic transcription factors such as Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protien (SREBPs) and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs). This regulation resulted in gene expression modification for lipid metabolism and adipocyte differentiation, thus preventing excessive fat accumulation. Additionally, emerging evidence suggested that ω-3 fatty acids may also exert direct effects on myogenic processes that influence muscle stem cells proliferation, differentiation, and maturation. Meanwhile, Met-HCl, an …
Evaluating The Effects Of 6-Day And 7-Day Fixed-Time Artificial Insemination Protocols Using Sex-Sorted Semen On Pregnancy In Beef Cattle, Nicole Noel Noga
Evaluating The Effects Of 6-Day And 7-Day Fixed-Time Artificial Insemination Protocols Using Sex-Sorted Semen On Pregnancy In Beef Cattle, Nicole Noel Noga
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
In this study, 527 beef heifers from three locations across two states were enrolled between November 2020 and May 2021 for experiment 1, divided into three sub-experiments: 1A (n = 85), 1B (n = 383), and 1C (n = 59). These heifers were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups. Treatments 1 and 2 involved a 6-day CO-Synch + CIDR protocol, including administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH; 100 μg IM; Factrel; Zoetis Animal Health, Parssipany, NJ) and a CIDR insert (EAZI-BREED CIDR; 1.38g P4; Zoetis Animal Health) on Day 0, followed by prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α; …
Derived Jet Schemes And Arc Spaces, And Arithmetic Arc Space Representability, C. Eric Overton-Walker
Derived Jet Schemes And Arc Spaces, And Arithmetic Arc Space Representability, C. Eric Overton-Walker
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Associated to a given scheme X one can define geometric and arithmetic notions of jet schemes and arc spaces. We develop a construction of the geometric jets and arcs in the setting of derived schemes and explore consequences thereof. In particular, we prove an analogous theorem to that of one by Tommaso de Fernex and Roi Docampo concerning the cotangent sheaves of geometric jets and arcs. Our version then produces many subsequent results which allow us to prove stronger versions of results concerning geometric jets and arcs by removing unnecessary hypotheses. Separately, we explore evidence as to why, in contrast …
Identifying Grassland Cores In The Southeast: Relating Spatial Covariance To Avian Communities And Vegetation Structure, Lauren L. Berry
Identifying Grassland Cores In The Southeast: Relating Spatial Covariance To Avian Communities And Vegetation Structure, Lauren L. Berry
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Globally, grasslands are declining in range, which is leading to a decline in grassland-dependent taxa. These declines can be attributed to a variety of issues, a major one being the encroachment of woody species into historic grasslands. There is a new framework for strategizing grassland management, referred to as “Defend the Core,” which calls for proactive management of intact grasslands, meaning conserving remaining grasslands by preventing woody encroachment in the first place. To successfully defend the core, it is imperative that we develop rapid methods to identify intact grassland cores for management priority. One method that can be used for …
Effects Of Varied Fertilization, Tillage, And Supplementation Strategies On Grazing Steers And Wheat Pasture Performance, Cody Everett Gruber
Effects Of Varied Fertilization, Tillage, And Supplementation Strategies On Grazing Steers And Wheat Pasture Performance, Cody Everett Gruber
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The objectives for the two experiments were to determine the impact of nitrogen (N) fertilizer rate, establishment method through no-till (NT) or clean-till (CT), and supplementation on stocker, wheat stand, and economic performance. Within study 1, 24, 1.62-ha pastures, were used over a two-year period. Pasture treatments consisted of a combination of N fertilization rate (100.88, 134.5, or 168.12 kg/ha), applied as broadcast urea and split between two equal applications of 50% at planting and the remaining 50% in the spring when daytime average temperatures trend above 10°C, and of NT establishment or CT establishment. Steers were weighed on arrival, …
Affinity-Enhanced Microdialysis Using Covalent Organic Frameworks (Cofs) Applied To Various Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (Nsaids) And Their Metabolites, Kehinde Adedeji Olubanjo
Affinity-Enhanced Microdialysis Using Covalent Organic Frameworks (Cofs) Applied To Various Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (Nsaids) And Their Metabolites, Kehinde Adedeji Olubanjo
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Microdialysis is a valuable tool in neurosciences and pharmaceutical sciences, aiding research in drug-related areas. However, it faces a notable limitation in sampling hydrophobic analytes due to their adherence to the probe materials brought about by non-specific adsorption, thereby reducing relative recovery or overall extraction. In this work, two affinity agents, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) beads suspended in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant and covalent organic frameworks I(COFs) were employed as affinity agents in microdialysis for the extraction of hydrophobic drugs. When PDMS beads were employed as affinity agents, at the flow rate of 1 µL/min the relative recovery of both the …
Evaluation Of Protein Turnover, Lipid Turnover, And Calcium Utilization On Broiler Breeder Performance, Cole Umberson
Evaluation Of Protein Turnover, Lipid Turnover, And Calcium Utilization On Broiler Breeder Performance, Cole Umberson
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Broiler breeder performance is based upon egg production. Breeders are reared from day of hatch to ovulation with the main goal of controlling body weight. Maintaining body weight in breeders is highly emphasized prior to first egg as to reach optimum peak production feeding increases dramatically to meet energy needs. Energy is supplied to the breeder in three forms carbohydrates (fast energy), protein (medium energy), and fat (slow energy). Carbohydrates are quickly used by the breeders, while protein is constantly being utilized by the breeder for growth and egg production, fat is stored and used lastly as the energy requirements …
Development Of Genomic Resources And Group Specific Markers For Evaluation Of Genetic Diversity Of Pathogenic Rhizoctonia Species, Juanita Gil Bedoya
Development Of Genomic Resources And Group Specific Markers For Evaluation Of Genetic Diversity Of Pathogenic Rhizoctonia Species, Juanita Gil Bedoya
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Rhizoctonia is a complex genus in the phylum Basidiomycota comprised of several taxa distributed across different families in the order Cantharellales. Many species in the genus have been identified as plant pathogens, saprobes, or beneficial mycorrhizal symbionts of orchids. Rhizoctonia isolates are divided into binucleate and multinucleate and then classified into anastomosis groups (AGs) based on the ability of compatible hyphae to fuse. Binucleate Rhizoctonia species (Ceratobasidium spp.) are classified into 21 AGs identified with letters (AG-A to AG-U). Multinucleate Rhizoctonia species (Thanatephorus spp.) are identified with numbers and classified into 14 anastomosis groups (AG-1 to AG-13, and bridging group …
Where Will I Be From, Melissa Loney
Where Will I Be From, Melissa Loney
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Where Will I Be From is an exhibition and film centered around the intersections of generational grief and technology. I documented domestic locations connected to my family across the Great Plains. This on-site photo documentation was then used to create photogrammetric renderings of these locations and their structures, recorded in the open-source CAD software Blender. Together, these familial places, separated by hundreds of miles, were digitally compiled to make one collective world. The aesthetic of this project connects the visual languages of Southern Gothic and Low-Poly Video games. The Gothic nature exposes an isolated decaying presence within a rural landscape. …
Oscillith Matara, James Reilly Dickens-Hoffman
Oscillith Matara, James Reilly Dickens-Hoffman
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Oscillith Matara is a series of improvisational acousmatic compositions that explore themes of birth, death, trauma and transformation. Each composition is an entry from a log of my daily practice. This practice is a meditation using electronic instruments as feedback devices to explore my states of consciousness as it relates to my present situation and personal history. The sound generated through this process of reflecting and responding acts as a cathartic medium for processing depression, anxiety and chronic pain. As a thesis exhibition Oscillith Matara is presented as a group of selected works and is performed as a fixed duration …
Assessing The Evaporation Method For Soil-Water Retention Curve Development And Comparison Of Soil-Water Characteristics Across Different Tillage Practices In A Furrow-Irrigated Corn (Zea Mays L.) System, Jeferson Prass Pimentel
Assessing The Evaporation Method For Soil-Water Retention Curve Development And Comparison Of Soil-Water Characteristics Across Different Tillage Practices In A Furrow-Irrigated Corn (Zea Mays L.) System, Jeferson Prass Pimentel
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The thesis comprises three studies. The first study in this thesis (Chapter I) focused on a six-year corn field experiment to assess the influence of conservation agricultural practices on soil properties and their long-term effects on water-use efficiency and yield. Non-tillage management did not significantly reduce soil bulk density compared to conventional tillage, as no differences were observed between non-tillage and tillage systems throughout the 6-year experiment. There was no difference in total water-use efficiency among soil management practices in 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021. Even though in one year of the study, a significant 24 kg ha-1 mm-1 improvement …
Cellular Control Of Proteostasis, Cytoskeleton Organization, And Polarity Remodeling During Infection-Related Development By The Rice Blast Fungus, Audra Rogers
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Understanding the intricate processes underlying fungal infection-related development is crucial for combating plant pathogens. In this study, we investigate the coordination of morphogenetic transitions during plant infection by Magnaporthe oryzae, the blast fungus. We focus on three key aspects: protein quality control, cytoplasmic microtubule organization, and cell-end marker proteins. M. oryzae forms a specialized infection cell known as an appressorium. The proper formation of this cell is crucial for the pathogen to infect a susceptible host. First, we investigate protein quality control mechanisms during infection-related development. Our findings demonstrate that aggregated proteins are sequestered into quality control compartments within conidia …
How I Came To Jam With The Angels Of The Dirty South: A Journey Into Art And Art Education, Miki Skak
How I Came To Jam With The Angels Of The Dirty South: A Journey Into Art And Art Education, Miki Skak
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
This paper dives into my personal journey from a far-left activist youth into becoming an artist. It explains how a poet saw artistic potential within me, introduced me to the world of art and eventually art education. I reflect on the art education I have received from several different art schools and how they try to adapt to the demands of the contemporary art world that has been in a constant condition of reshaping itself since Marcel Duchamp’s readymade. As an artist who is less focused on the techniques of traditional artistic mediums, I investigate how the state of art …
Evaluation Of Water Hardness And Ph On Soybean And Cotton Insecticide Efficacy, Taylor Davis
Evaluation Of Water Hardness And Ph On Soybean And Cotton Insecticide Efficacy, Taylor Davis
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Insecticide efficacy often varies by location and year. Many factors can influence an insecticide’s efficacy, but an often-overlooked factor is the quality of water in a carrier solution. Water quality includes many parameters, but two important ones are water hardness and pH. Research has shown that water hardness and pH can affect some pesticides. Multiple experiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of water hardness and pH on insecticide efficacy. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of water hardness and pH on the efficacy and residual control of chlorantraniliprole for the control of corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). Leaf …
Tree-Ring Reconstruction Of Ouachita River Streamflow, Keaton Cade Jenkins-Joyce
Tree-Ring Reconstruction Of Ouachita River Streamflow, Keaton Cade Jenkins-Joyce
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The Ouachita River drains the Ouachita Mountains and Upper Coastal Plain in Arkansas and Louisiana. The Ouachita River is used for navigation, power generation, recreation, water supply, and wastewater treatment. The river has been prone to low flows during drought and extreme flooding, which were principal justifications for the construction of three large multipurpose dams on the stream. It is likely that the use of the Ouachita River will be stressed by future population growth, economic expansion, and climate change. For this study, tree-ring chronologies from various locations in and near the Ouachita River drainage basin were used to reconstruct …
Human-Bat Interactions In A Disease Emergence Hotspot: Implications For Human Health And Bat Conservation, Reilly Tempest Jackson
Human-Bat Interactions In A Disease Emergence Hotspot: Implications For Human Health And Bat Conservation, Reilly Tempest Jackson
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Bats are an ecologically important taxon that can host zoonotic pathogens. Globally, many bat species are synanthropic and live closely with humans, often roosting in man-made structures. The spatial overlap between humans and bats creates opportunities for human-bat contact, which can lead to human exposure to bat-borne pathogens and conflicts that cause bat mortality. Despite this risk, little is known about the drivers and characteristics of these human-bat interactions in buildings and work is needed to understand this aspect of the wildlife-urban interface. In Chapter I, I present a literature review that identifies the geographic and taxonomic trends in reported …
The Effects Of Probiotics And Environment On The Swine Gut Microbiome, Bin Zuo
The Effects Of Probiotics And Environment On The Swine Gut Microbiome, Bin Zuo
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The gastrointestinal tract is crucial for nutrient absorption and immune system functionality. It employs a synergistic approach, merging physical and biochemical defenses, to counteract pathogens that enter through dietary or other external routes. This system also facilitates the breakdown of complex carbohydrates, a process beyond the host's innate capacity. In swine, gut microbiota early colonization plays a significant role in several physiological developments, shaped by a variety of determinants including maternal factors and environmental conditions. In the swine industry, the shift to indoor pig farming enhances efficiency but limits soil interaction, potentially impacting gut microbiota diversity. Additionally, the practice of …
Habitat Associations Of Plains Spotted Skunk (Spilogale Interrupta) Across The Plains Ecoregion. And The Landcover Occupancy Models Of The Gray Fox (Urocyon Cinereoargenteus) In The Southeastern Plains Region In Arkansas, Michael Shaw
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Much of the landscape of the United States has been altered by humans, leading to the eradication of most populations of large mammalian predators. Consequently, many species of mammalian mesopredators (medium-sized mammalian predators) have come to dominate the landscape. Species such as the gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) may appear to be on the rise and doing well due to their widespread range, but at a local scale may need monitoring and less is known in areas of its range. Others such as the plains spotted skunk have a wide range across the plains but are on the decline even with …
Tissue-Engineered Models For Investigating Nerve Infiltration In Fibrotic Microenvironments, Nikolas Ala-Kokko
Tissue-Engineered Models For Investigating Nerve Infiltration In Fibrotic Microenvironments, Nikolas Ala-Kokko
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Neuron infiltration is involved in a multitude of diseased states and is critical in the regeneration of physiologic conditions. Modeling of innervation in three-dimensional, heterogenous, environments would allow early investigation in the crosstalk of neurons and native cells in normal and pathophysiologic microenvironments to gain an understanding of mechanistic functions. This would allow for greater insight into the role of metabolism, cell adhesion, microenvironmental alternations, cellular crosstalk, and signaling pathways that play a role in the promotion and prevention of neurite growth. In this thesis, with the construction of collagen-based hydrogels as the foundation for cell culture, we investigate cell …
Social Media Impacts On Arkansas Consumer Perceptions Of Gmos, Elizabeth R. Berner
Social Media Impacts On Arkansas Consumer Perceptions Of Gmos, Elizabeth R. Berner
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
This study builds upon previous consumer perceptions of GMOs studies. A need existed to determine what, if any, effects social media messages about GMOs had on consumer perceptions in Arkansas. The study utilized a qualitative approach with three focus groups. Data were analyzed using descriptive code. Participants were found to have a general understanding of GMOs, though discussion about what a GMO product was took an uncertain tone. Most participants did not consider GMOs as a factor when purchasing products. Rather participants considered characteristics such as price, quality, and convenience. Participants did not believe the infographics had changed their opinions …
Effect Of Onion Peel Bioactive Compounds On Gut Microbiome Of Obese Adults, Saad Al-Din Sifat
Effect Of Onion Peel Bioactive Compounds On Gut Microbiome Of Obese Adults, Saad Al-Din Sifat
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Obesity, a pervasive global health concern, involves a complex interplay between genetic factors, dietary patterns, and the gut microbiota. Onion peels are rich in polyphenols and known for their antioxidant properties. However, the effects of in-vitro digested onion peel extract has not been investigated thus far. This study therefore assesses the effects of digested bioactive compounds from onion peels, emphasizing gut microbiota shift and metabolites. Onion peel extract (OPE), digested onion peel extract (DOPE), and solid-phase-extracted digested onion peel extracts (SPE-DOPE) were analyzed for total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity. SPE-DOPE exhibited the highest TPC and antioxidant activity. Fecal …
Increasing Accessibility For Hard-To-Reach Cultural Heritage Sites Using Low-Cost Drone Photogrammetry, Eray Can
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
New recording technologies have ushered in a transformative era in archaeological research, with drone photogrammetry emerging as a pioneering tool in this field. This innovative approach leverages unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with high-resolution cameras to capture precise aerial imagery of archaeological sites. Drone photogrammetry offers numerous advantages, such as cost-efficiency, rapid data collection, and the ability to access remote or challenging terrain. By seamlessly integrating photogrammetric techniques, these technologies offer archaeologists the ability to create highly detailed 3D models. This study delves into the principles and applications of low-cost drone photogrammetry in archaeology, highlighting its potential to enhance site …
Developing Recommendations For Broad Mite, Polyphagotarsonemus Latus Banks, In Blackberry, Rubus Subgenus Rubus, Jared Bradley Linn
Developing Recommendations For Broad Mite, Polyphagotarsonemus Latus Banks, In Blackberry, Rubus Subgenus Rubus, Jared Bradley Linn
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Broad mite, (Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks) (Acari: Tarsonemidae), is an economically important pest of blackberry production across the world. Since it was first reported on primocane-fruiting blackberries in 2010, little work has gone into developing IPM tools and understanding impact on floricane-fruiting cultivars. The objective of this thesis was to evaluate the effect of broad mite feeding on floricane-fruiting cultivars of blackberry, develop an efficient and accurate field scouting strategy, and investigate the impact of cultivar and trellising technique on the development of broad mite populations. Experiments consisted of evaluating floricane fruiting cultivars by quantifying broad mite populations and cataloging their …
Patterns In Winter Stonefly Distribution Along A River Continuum And Land-Use Gradient In Northwest Arkansas Streams, Zachary Tipton
Patterns In Winter Stonefly Distribution Along A River Continuum And Land-Use Gradient In Northwest Arkansas Streams, Zachary Tipton
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Freshwater ecosystems are facing a crisis with extinction rates of aquatic species exceeding those of their terrestrial counterparts by up to fivefold. This decline is predominantly attributed to evolving land use patterns within watersheds, leading to chemical and physical transformations in freshwater habitats. Northwest Arkansas (NWA) represents one of the fastest-growing regions in the United States, undergoing substantial shifts in land use. Consequently, the status of aquatic life in this region remains uncertain. Addressing this concern, the latest Arkansas Wildlife Action Plan emphasizes the necessity of distribution and population data to guide conservation efforts for Species of Greatest Conservation Need …
Characteristics Of Award-Winning Children’S Books About Agriculture: An Analysis Of Content, And The Perspectives Of Authors, Illustrators, And Publishers, Addison L. Beckham
Characteristics Of Award-Winning Children’S Books About Agriculture: An Analysis Of Content, And The Perspectives Of Authors, Illustrators, And Publishers, Addison L. Beckham
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this two-article qualitative study was to characterize children's literature about agriculture and to describe the perceptions of authors and illustrators who are responsible for writing and designing these successful publications. This will result in the ability of organizations like Feeding Minds Press to provide writers, illustrators, and publishers with effective strategies and techniques to improve the accuracy and overall quality of children’s literature about agriculture. Few parameters exist for authors of children’s books about agriculture (Biser, 2007). These parameters are necessary to ensure the quality and accuracy of these educational efforts (Serafini, 2012). Though Feeding Minds Press …
Assessment Of Needs And Priorities For Precision Agriculture And Soil Testing In Arkansas, Solomon Frimpong
Assessment Of Needs And Priorities For Precision Agriculture And Soil Testing In Arkansas, Solomon Frimpong
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Optimum crop production is needed to meet the growing population's food, water, fiber, and energy needs. However, agricultural productivity is hampered by many destabilizing factors such as pest management challenges, declining water quantity, and climate change which threaten long-term food security. Maximizing productivity will require optimizing resources through Precision Agriculture (PA) by supplying inputs based on crop needs. Precision Agriculture offers tools that can be used to optimize crop management practices globally. However, stakeholders’ perceptions and the lack of data-driven site-specific recommendations limit stakeholders’ ability to fully harness the potential benefits of PA. Identification of stakeholder needs and approaches to …
Characterization Of Human Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 Variant To Determine Effects On Structure, Stability, And Cell Proliferation, Ryan Layes
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a family of cell signaling proteins conserved across multiple species. Each individual FGF elicits different cellular functions including, but not limited to, proliferation, migration, differentiation, angiogenesis, and wound healing. One of the most studied members, fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), has demonstrated substantial wound healing capacity in a wide range of tissues including skeletal, muscular, neural, respiratory, epithelial, and cardiovascular. This ability makes FGF2 a potential therapeutic for a wide range of conditions and injuries. However, due to a short half-life at room temperature, therapeutic use of FGF2 is limited. It has been demonstrated that …
Diminishing Creative Returns: Predicting Optimal Creative Performance Via Individual Differences In Executive Functioning, Kent F. Hubert
Diminishing Creative Returns: Predicting Optimal Creative Performance Via Individual Differences In Executive Functioning, Kent F. Hubert
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
A robust finding in creativity research is that during idea generation, later (vs. earlier) responses on a divergent thinking task tend to be more creative, while the number of responses start off quickly, and then slow down over time, termed the serial order effect. Divergent thinking and time may follow a diminishing returns curve, where there is an optimal amount of time that should be spent while generating ideas. Executive functions (inhibition, updating, and shifting) have been associated with divergent thinking, specifically with the idea generation phase, but the effect of individual differences on the temporal dynamics of divergent thinking …
A Generic Qualitative Inquiry Of The Challenges For Black African American Men Who Have Experienced Trauma, Randall Lee Maurice Shakir
A Generic Qualitative Inquiry Of The Challenges For Black African American Men Who Have Experienced Trauma, Randall Lee Maurice Shakir
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Black African American Men (BAAM) suffer disproportionately from trauma related challenges and have a higher risk of encountering trauma across the lifespan. The negative impact of trauma is a major public health concern in the United States, evidence suggests trauma negatively impacts the physical well-being, mental health, and mortality rate. BAAM have increased rates of trauma exposure and their traumatic experience is historically complex involving a variety of contemporary issues (i.e. Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), depression, victimization and desensitization, stress). This research aims to explore the complex nature of their trauma-related challenges among a purposeful sample of BAAM participants in …
Geospatial Analysis Of Weathering And Recession On Architectural Limestone At The 1891 Powerhouse/Icehouse In Eureka Springs, Arkansas, Stuart Bruce Wright
Geospatial Analysis Of Weathering And Recession On Architectural Limestone At The 1891 Powerhouse/Icehouse In Eureka Springs, Arkansas, Stuart Bruce Wright
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The objective of this study of the architectural limestone of the 1891 Powerhouse/Icehouse in Eureka Springs, Arkansas was to analyze the environmental factors that influenced the deterioration and surface recession of this historical stone structure. The focus of this research was to examine and establish a baseline study that may assist in future monitoring and documentation of this historic limestone structure on stone weathering. A replicable methodology was specifically created toward this baseline research in hopes that it represented a solid baseline study. Observations and data analyses revealed the relationship between the architectural limestone building structure and the dominating recession …