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Models And Protocols For Evaluation Of Fingerprint Sensors, Gaurav Gupta Jan 2005

Models And Protocols For Evaluation Of Fingerprint Sensors, Gaurav Gupta

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Generic and repeatable testing protocols that can be applied to any biometric system are essential for the development of standards in biometric system testing. The purpose of this thesis is to summarize the current understanding in the biometrics community of the best scientific practices for conducting technical performance testing for purposes of field performance estimation. The thesis identifies various scenarios affecting the performance of a general fingerprint recognition system and compares the performance of an optical and capacitive sensor in these scenarios using the developed protocols. Modeling of these performance characteristics is done in order to predict the performance of …

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Evaluating Real-World Idle Emissions From Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles, Abm Siddiqur Rahman Khan Jan 2005

Evaluating Real-World Idle Emissions From Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles, Abm Siddiqur Rahman Khan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Long haul trucks in the USA idle for extended periods at truck stops and at pickup and drop-off points. The idling consumes fuel, contributes to engine wear and reduces atmospheric quality, but it cannot simply be proscribed because in many cases cab heat or air-conditioning provides essential driver comfort. As an example, there are nearly 1.5 million interstate trucks that operate in California, where climate control is essential. A comprehensive tailpipe emissions database to describe idling impacts is not available at present, although studies have been conducted to quantify idle emissions and to project the advantages of idle reduction technologies …

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Evaluation Of Surface Mechanical Properties Of Pot Hardware Materials In Continuous Galvanizing Lines, Anand Krishnaswamy Jan 2005

Evaluation Of Surface Mechanical Properties Of Pot Hardware Materials In Continuous Galvanizing Lines, Anand Krishnaswamy

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Pot hardware in continuous galvanizing lines is subjected to harsh and corrosive environment. The application of pot hardware in such conditions can cause surface degradation of the pot hardware materials thereby decreasing their life. The surface degradation can be due to wear, decrease in hardness or change in surface elastic modulus. The 500-lb lab scale test set-up at WVU was used to simulate the conditions existing in the actual continuous galvanizing line.;Ultrasonic equipment has gained immense importance in the field of non-destructive testing. One such instrument that measures surface hardness based on the shift of an ultrasonic frequency was used …

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Development Of A Transparent Indenter Measurement System And Indentation Analysis For Material Mechanical Property Evaluation, Chuanyu Feng Jan 2005

Development Of A Transparent Indenter Measurement System And Indentation Analysis For Material Mechanical Property Evaluation, Chuanyu Feng

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Since Tabor showed the application of the spherical indentation approach to obtain material post-yielding true stress-strain curves, the indentation technique has been investigated to determine mechanical properties besides hardness measurement. With the development of various thin film materials, depth-sensing indentation is often applied to evaluate mechanical properties of thin film materials. However, indentation testing is a complicated mechanical process and analytical solutions are difficult to obtain. As a result, much of the understanding of the indentation process has been acquired through experiments and finite element simulations. Thus accurate measurement of indentation parameters is critical in the determination of surface mechanical …

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Gallium Nitride-Based Blue Laser Diodes, Sridhar Kuchibhatla Jan 2005

Gallium Nitride-Based Blue Laser Diodes, Sridhar Kuchibhatla

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Group III nitride wide band gap semiconductors have recently attracted considerable attention due to their applications for optical devices operating in the blue and UV wavelength regions. Nitride materials are stable at high temperatures and also chemically stable. Analysis of InGaN based blue laser diodes is required for the research and development of future deep UV laser diodes for bio-sensing applications. The conventional multiple quantum wells suffer from inhomogeneous carrier distribution across quantum wells. This inhomogeneous distribution increases the threshold current density of the laser diode. This project addresses the issue through the design of a novel structure for the …

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Graph Algorithms For The Haplotyping Problem, Yunkai Liu Jan 2005

Graph Algorithms For The Haplotyping Problem, Yunkai Liu

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Evidence from investigations of genetic differences among human beings shows that genetic diseases are often the results of genetic mutations. The most common form of these mutations is single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). A complete map of all SNPs in the human genome will be extremely valuable for studying the relationships between specific haplotypes and specific genetic diseases. Some recent discoveries show that the DNA sequence of human beings can be partitioned into long blocks where genetic recombination has been rare. Then, inferring both haplotypes from chromosome sequences is a biologically meaningful research topic, which has compounded mathematical and computational problems.;We …

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Numerical Modeling Of Buried Pipes With Flowable Fill As A Backfill Material, Hemachandar Mada Jan 2005

Numerical Modeling Of Buried Pipes With Flowable Fill As A Backfill Material, Hemachandar Mada

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The objective of this research work was to perform a numerical analysis of pipe deformations when flowable fill is used as a backfill material around buried plastic corrugated pipes. The flowable fill materials used in this study contained varying proportions of fly ash, bottom ash, river sand, and cement. The stiffness properties of CLSM backfill materials were back calculated from experimental data obtained under various trench width ratios. The stiffness properties of HDPE pipes were calculated based on the data provided by the pipe manufacturer. Finite element models of HDPE pipes with varying trench widths were developed for laboratory conditions. …

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Coal Hydrotreatment With Coal-Derived Solvents To Produce Carbon Product Precursors, Madhavi Nallani Chakravartula Jan 2005

Coal Hydrotreatment With Coal-Derived Solvents To Produce Carbon Product Precursors, Madhavi Nallani Chakravartula

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

It is known that many specialty carbon products can be produced from coal. Direct liquefaction (hydrotreatment) is one of the most promising processes for coal conversion. In this present work, liquefaction of Marfork coal was examined at 350°C, 400°C and 450°C and an initial pressure of 500 psig of Nitrogen or Hydrogen using coal-derived solvents Carbon Black Base (CBB) and Heavy Creosote Oil (HCO) and their hydrogenated forms. Unlike model solvents such as Tetralin, coal-derived solvents are cheaper, readily available and recoverable. The solvents were first hydrogenated using unconverted residue from coal hydrotreatment and NiO/MoO3 on alumina as catalysts. Coal …

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Investigation Of Soil-Geosynthetic Interface Properties, Jonathan Niemiec Jan 2005

Investigation Of Soil-Geosynthetic Interface Properties, Jonathan Niemiec

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to investigate and gain a better understanding of soil-geosynthetic interface properties. By using two pullout devices, designed specifically for this research study, and a direct shear device the behavior of soil-geosynthetic interfaces and pullout resistance has been investigated. The two pullout devices contained pullout boxes with dimensions 18&inches; x 12&inches; x 6&inches; (45.7cm x 30.5cm x 15.2cm) and 48&inches; x 18&inches; x 6&inches; (122cm x 45.7cm x 15.2cm). Instrumentation for measuring load and displacement was completed. Normal stresses on the soil-geosynthetic interface were applied by using rubber airbags, which were built to fit the …

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Adaptive Edge-Based Prediction For Lossless Image Compression, Rahul G. Parthe Jan 2005

Adaptive Edge-Based Prediction For Lossless Image Compression, Rahul G. Parthe

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Many lossless image compression methods have been suggested with established results hard to surpass. However there are some aspects that can be considered to improve the performance further. This research focuses on two-phase prediction-encoding method, separately studying each and suggesting new techniques.;In the prediction module, proposed Edge-Based-Predictor (EBP) and Least-Squares-Edge-Based-Predictor (LS-EBP) emphasizes on image edges and make predictions accordingly. EBP is a gradient based nonlinear adaptive predictor. EBP switches between prediction-rules based on few threshold parameters automatically determined by a pre-analysis procedure, which makes a first pass. The LS-EBP also uses these parameters, but optimizes the prediction for each pre-analysis …

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Generic Multimodal Biometric Fusion, Yash Shah Jan 2005

Generic Multimodal Biometric Fusion, Yash Shah

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Biometric systems utilize physiological or behavioral traits to automatically identify individuals. A unimodal biometric system utilizes only one source of biometric information and suffers from a variety of problems such as noisy data, intra-class variations, restricted degrees of freedom, non-universality, spoof attacks and unacceptable error rates. Multimodal biometrics refers to a system which utilizes multiple biometric information sources and can overcome some of the limitation of unimodal system. Biometric information can be combined at 4 different levels: (i) Raw data level; (ii) Feature level; (iii) Match-score level; and (iv) Decision level. Match score fusion and decision fusion have received significant …

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Aircraft Intercom System Design For Project Oculus, Jay Paul Wilhelm Jan 2005

Aircraft Intercom System Design For Project Oculus, Jay Paul Wilhelm

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Project Oculus is an ongoing development project at WVU that aims to create a quick and easy sensor platform for deployment on the C-130 aircraft. Because this platform will be operated inside the noisy cargo bay of the C-130, an intercom system needed to be designed in the operator station of Project Oculus that would allow for different types of headsets and future expandability.;An intercom system was designed, constructed, and tested that uses military and civilian headsets to communicate both internally for Project Oculus and externally to the C-130 crew and provides support for a headset to be connected externally …

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Integrated Stability Mapping System For Mines, Quanxi Wang Jan 2005

Integrated Stability Mapping System For Mines, Quanxi Wang

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The Integrated Stability Mapping System (ISMS) was developed as an engineering tool to quantify the geologic and geo-mechanical information of mines, and to integrate the critical stability influence factors into an overall stability index for use in mine planning and support design. It is generally understood that the inherent underground roof stability is determined by the interaction of both the given geologic characteristics and the local stress influences. Form this perspective, in this dissertation, the need for an integrated stability mapping system is established through investigating the traditional and current hazard mapping practices. In order to fulfill this need, computer …

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The Effects Of Hypovirulent Cryphonectria Parasitica Inoculum, Developmental Stages Of Cankers, And Time Of Year Of Wounding On The Survival Of The American Chestnut., Steven R. Jakobi Jan 2005

The Effects Of Hypovirulent Cryphonectria Parasitica Inoculum, Developmental Stages Of Cankers, And Time Of Year Of Wounding On The Survival Of The American Chestnut., Steven R. Jakobi

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The dissemination of European (Euro-7) and North American (GH2) hypovirulent (H) isolates of Cryphonectria parasitica to American chestnut saplings was investigated. Nine 0.01 ha plots were established in a clearcut. Each of 24 trees per plot received 4 punch- and 1 branch wounds in October, 1985; January, April, and July, 1986. Control plots received a virulent (V) strain of the fungus. H inocula were placed in three plots per treatment, respectively, at 2–4 month intervals. Cankers were sampled over a 2.5-year period. Isolate morphology, growth rate and sporulation were evaluated. Three hundred forty-three of the 3,456 punch wounds and 112 …

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Distributed Bragg Reflectors Based On Gallium Arsenic Nitride/Aluminum Arsenic Nitride For Long Wavelength Vcsels., Ramkumar Vinnakota Jan 2005

Distributed Bragg Reflectors Based On Gallium Arsenic Nitride/Aluminum Arsenic Nitride For Long Wavelength Vcsels., Ramkumar Vinnakota

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) operating at long wavelength (1.3-1.55 µm) are of great interest as inexpensive, high-performance light sources for optical communication systems. Surface emission and the small dimensions of the laser cavity are advantageous for on-chip testing, packaging, effective fibre coupling and potential low-cost fabrication. Long wavelength operation is favorable in fiber optic communications because of efficient transmission of data in silica fibres at that wavelength. However, when compared to GaAs-based VCSELs operating at wavelengths below 1000nm, which have seen a tremendous development in recent years, the progress for the long-wavelength devices has been much slower. The limited refractive …

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Investigation Of The Effects Of Thermal Enrichment And Acid Mine Drainage On Sensitive Aquatic Biota In The Stony River, Grant County, West Virginia., Christopher D. Horn Jan 2005

Investigation Of The Effects Of Thermal Enrichment And Acid Mine Drainage On Sensitive Aquatic Biota In The Stony River, Grant County, West Virginia., Christopher D. Horn

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Recent surveys have indicated that populations of fishes and crayfish are small in the Stony River, Grant Co., WV. The Stony River is influenced by thermal enrichment and acid mine drainage (AMD) within a 13 km stream reach, downstream of Mt. Storm Lake. In an attempt to determine the influence of each anthropogenic disturbance on these affected taxa, studies of their distribution and survival were undertaken. A crayfish trapping survey was conducted along a gradient of thermal and AMD influences in the Stony River system. Cambarus bartonii was the only species captured, although two subspecies of C. bartonii living in …

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Remote Sensing Of Corridor Landscapes: A Case Study Of The National Road, Wheeling, West Virginia., Brian N. Renzella Jan 2005

Remote Sensing Of Corridor Landscapes: A Case Study Of The National Road, Wheeling, West Virginia., Brian N. Renzella

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This research is an investigation of how remote sensing can be used to supplement traditional methods of corridor management planning. Cultural resource inventory for corridor and interpretive management practices is an important component of applications for the designation of a selected route as Scenic Historic American Byways through the National Scenic Byways Program. A case study of a section of the National Road near Wheeling, West Virginia, showed that contemporary and historic aerial photography can facilitate the identification of possible impacts on a route’s historic integrity. A previously designated historic route, the National Road was America’s first federally funded interstate …

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"Old England In Perfection": Historical Arguments In The Jewish Naturalization Controversy Of 1753., Philip J. Hnatkovich Jan 2005

"Old England In Perfection": Historical Arguments In The Jewish Naturalization Controversy Of 1753., Philip J. Hnatkovich

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study explores the role of historical arguments in the pamphlets of the Jewish Naturalization Controversy of 1753. Arguments made from the basis of medieval English history were among the most common in the controversy and they are key to explaining not only the origins and outcome of the Jew Bill episode, but also the underlying religious and political assumptions of the eighteenth-century English political nation. An examination of these pamphlets suggests that the conflict was due to latent antisemitism and a distinctive form of political identity, both of which were inextricably connected with Constitutionalist traditions of history and law. …

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The Impact Of Error Propagation On Software Reliability Analysis Of Component-Based Systems., Petar Popic Jan 2005

The Impact Of Error Propagation On Software Reliability Analysis Of Component-Based Systems., Petar Popic

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Component based development is gaining popularity in the software engineering community. The reliability of components affects the reliability of the system. Different models and theories have been developed to estimate system reliability given the information about system architecture and the quality of the components. Almost always in these models, one of the key attributes of component-based systems, the error propagation between the components, is overlooked or not taken into account in reliability calculation. This thesis extends previous work on the Bayesian approach to reliability estimation and assessment of component-based systems by introducing the Error Propagation Probability into the model. The …

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A Study Of The Continuum Of Integration Of Mathematics Content With Science Concepts At The Middle School Level In West Virginia., Edna Marie Meisel Jan 2005

A Study Of The Continuum Of Integration Of Mathematics Content With Science Concepts At The Middle School Level In West Virginia., Edna Marie Meisel

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to examine the practices and perceptions of regular education seventh grade middle school mathematics teachers in West Virginia concerning the integration of mathematics objectives with science concepts. In addition, this study also emphasized the use of integrated curriculum continuum models to study mathematics teachers' practices and perceptions for teaching mathematics objectives in connection with science concepts. It was argued that the integrated curriculum continuum model can be used to help educators begin to form a common definition of integrated curriculum. The population was described as the regular education seventh grade middle school mathematics teachers …

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Political Economy Of Railway Extensions In Kenya: The Case Of The Uasin Gishu Railway 1901-1930, John Mwaniki Mwaruvie Jan 2005

Political Economy Of Railway Extensions In Kenya: The Case Of The Uasin Gishu Railway 1901-1930, John Mwaniki Mwaruvie

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The history of the construction of the Uasin Gishu railway demonstrates the complexity of formulating and implementing a colonial development project. It involved an array of actors with divergent interests. As result, the project became the most controversial railway extension in Kenya, which some critics have called a "colonial scandal." The main areas of controversy involved the altering of the original route for the Kisumu to Mumias railway, which was meant to serve the most productive African district in favor of a line starting from Nakuru via Uasin Gishu to Mumias to cater for the interests of European settlers who …

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Arithmetic And Algebra Word Problems: Preservice Teachers' Content Knowledge, Attitudes, And Appreciation Of Students' Strategies, Marc D. Michael Jan 2005

Arithmetic And Algebra Word Problems: Preservice Teachers' Content Knowledge, Attitudes, And Appreciation Of Students' Strategies, Marc D. Michael

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The arithmetic and algebraic word problem-solving skills, strategy preferences, and attitudes of preservice elementary and secondary teachers were investigated using a mixed methodology. Teachers' appreciations of student solutions were also examined. Prospective elementary teachers demonstrated flexible problem-solving behaviors while their secondary counterparts tended to prefer algebraic strategies exclusively. In general, the prospective teachers did not demonstrate a greater appreciation for those types of strategies that were typical to their level of training. When communicating the characteristics of an effective strategy, preservice teachers were concerned with organization and clarity rather than the mathematical relevance or appropriateness of the strategy itself. The …

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Circuit Analysis Tools For Evaluating Separation Efficiency Of Dense Medium Separators, Hongyan Sun Jan 2005

Circuit Analysis Tools For Evaluating Separation Efficiency Of Dense Medium Separators, Hongyan Sun

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In order to evaluate the relative separation efficiency among various circuits, a modified circuit analysis tools has been developed and applied to some circuits based upon dense medium separation. The results indicated that this circuit analysis method could predict separation efficiency of different circuit configuration without using washability data.;Based on the selective function for one stage separation, the selective functions for multi-stage circuit configurations were derived, and used to simulate the various circuit configurations. The simulation results demonstrated that some circuit configurations can improve the separation efficiency.;In-plant data for two-stage dense medium cylindrical and conical cyclone circuits without recirculation were …

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Dynamic Learning With Neural Networks And Support Vector Machines, Liang Tian Jan 2005

Dynamic Learning With Neural Networks And Support Vector Machines, Liang Tian

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Neural network approach has proven to be a universal approximator for nonlinear continuous functions with an arbitrary accuracy. It has been found to be very successful for various learning and prediction tasks. However, supervised learning using neural networks has some limitations because of the black box nature of their solutions, experimental network parameter selection, danger of overfitting, and convergence to local minima instead of global minima. In certain applications, the fixed neural network structures do not address the effect on the performance of prediction as the number of available data increases. Three new approaches are proposed with respect to these …

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Fatigue Life Prediction Of Gfrp Composite Material At Coupon And Component Level, Praveenkumar Munagala Jan 2005

Fatigue Life Prediction Of Gfrp Composite Material At Coupon And Component Level, Praveenkumar Munagala

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In this study unidirectional, bidirectional glass fabric reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites were tested under fatigue loads to determine their fatigue life. The experimental fatigue life of FRP coupons was compared with the predicted fatigue life which was evaluated based on the internal strain energy model proposed by GangaRao and Natarajan (2003). It was found from the strain energy model that the power law accurately describes the relationship between energy release rate, DeltaU and normalized strain, x (applied strain to ultimate strain) as DeltaU = ax b, where 'a' and 'b' are the fatigue coefficients.;Further rectangular single cell and multi-cell GFRP …

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Identification Of Athd2c As A Novel Regulator Of Aba Signaling In Arabidopsis Thaliana, Sunandini Sridhar Jan 2005

Identification Of Athd2c As A Novel Regulator Of Aba Signaling In Arabidopsis Thaliana, Sunandini Sridhar

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This report describes AtHD2C as a regulator of the ABA controlled events. AtHD2C is a member of the HD2-type histone deacetylase family. Results indicated an overall physiological significance for the HD2 proteins as well as a possible involvement in embryo development. In continuum with this, seeds overexpressing AtHD2C were insensitive to ABA, NaCl and mannitol at germination. This phenotype was supported by ABA-responsive gene expression patterns in the transgenic plants that implicated a negative role for AtHD2C in ABA response regulation in this developmental window. Additionally, the AtHD2C transcript accumulation was down-regulated by ABA that was reflected by the down-regulation …

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Friction Stir Welding (Fsw) Simulation Using An Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (Ale) Moving Mesh Approach, Hua Zhao Jan 2005

Friction Stir Welding (Fsw) Simulation Using An Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (Ale) Moving Mesh Approach, Hua Zhao

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Material flow in the solid-state Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is quite a complex process. The Investigation of the material flow can be carried out either by experimentation or by numerical simulation. However, compared to experimentation, numerical simulation is inexpensive, efficient and convenient, but quite challenging to model.;This work concerns the choice and development of numerical methods for efficient and reliable simulation of the material flow during FSW. The two objectives of this work are: to develop a mesh motion scheme for simulating the large deformations of the workpieces during FSW and to assess the material flow behavior of the rigid-elastoplastic …

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Gallium Nitride Light-Emitting Diodes And A Study Of Etching Techniques, Smiti Bhattacharya Jan 2005

Gallium Nitride Light-Emitting Diodes And A Study Of Etching Techniques, Smiti Bhattacharya

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In the recent years Light Emitting Diodes of impressive longevity and high efficiency have been produced. Gallium Nitride in particular is used in the manufacture of Blue Light Emitting Diodes because it is a direct band gap semiconductor which can be alloyed with AlN and InN allowing band gap energies to range from 1.9eV to 6.2eV, which allows the emission of short wavelengths like that of blue light. A new structure for a GaN blue LED has been proposed. The difficulty faced in wet etching GaN resulted in the study of viable dry etching techniques. This study has looked into …

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Development Of An Optimized Short-Span Steel Bridge Package, Lora B. Freeman Jan 2005

Development Of An Optimized Short-Span Steel Bridge Package, Lora B. Freeman

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

A recent study from the West Virginia Department of Transportation indicates that a number of existing bridges in West Virginia are structurally deficient or functionally obsolete. As there are not sufficient funds to replace or rehabilitate all of the insufficient structures a means of economically replacing the inadequate structures in a time efficient manner is necessary. One method of conserving time and resources is by employing standardized bridge plans. Therefore, the focus of this effort is on the development of a optimized short-span steel bridge package.;This study focused on developing optimized plans for two roadway cross-sections for spans between 40 …

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Effects Of Heating, Breathing, Hair Style, Posture, And Air Velocity On Breathing Zone Concentrations For An Anthropometrically-Correct Manikin In A Wind Tunnel, Waleed Mahmoud Elnahas Jan 2005

Effects Of Heating, Breathing, Hair Style, Posture, And Air Velocity On Breathing Zone Concentrations For An Anthropometrically-Correct Manikin In A Wind Tunnel, Waleed Mahmoud Elnahas

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Ethanol concentrations were measured on an anthropometrically correct, heated, breathing manikin holding a source in its hands at waist height while both sitting and standing in a wind tunnel. The manikin was oriented with its back to the cross draft velocity. Sampling probes were placed at the manikin's mouth, nose, forehead, neck, both collars, center chest and both lapels. Samples were taken from each probe concurrently for 15 minutes by drawing air at 0.15 L/min into separate Teflon(TM) bags using separate sampling lines. The work was divided into two studies each having factorial study designs and two replications of each …

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